矿山法水底隧道渗流力学特征及分区防排水研究
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摘要
目前,我国跨江海水底隧道正蓬勃发展,然而水底隧道的修建与一般山岭隧道有所不同,采用矿山法修建存在一定的技术空白,同时,对水底隧道分区防排水关键技术的研究也很少。因此,展开对矿山法修建的水底隧道施工期间渗流力学特征以及分区防排水关键技术的研究就显得十分急迫。
论文采用有限差分软件FLAC3D,基于流-固耦合作用机理,同时结合“厦门-翔安”海底隧道及浏阳河水底隧道,主要对矿山法修建水底隧道施工期间的渗流力学特征及分区防排水关键技术进行研究。研究内容和研究成果如下：
(1)综述分析了水压对水底隧道工程的力学效应、渗流场与力学场的耦合计算机理以及流-固耦合分析的等效连续介质数学模型。本文采用等效连续介质模型进行相关的研究。
(2)基于流-固耦合机理,对限量排放条件下,二次衬砌背后孔隙水压力进行了研究,得出了排水量与二衬背后孔隙水压力的关系曲线；同时,还对全排条件下,支护结构内力进行了研究,得出了注浆圈的施设对支护结构受力的影响。
(3)基于流-固耦合机理,对矿山法修建的采用不同排水边界的水底隧道进行了对比分析,得出了水底隧道施工期间的围岩及支护结构的渗流力学特征。
(4)对水底隧道采用分区防排水技术时,支护结构及垫层背后孔隙水压力和围岩内渗流场的分布规律进行了研究；同时,针对水底隧道支护结构背后孔隙水压力及排水段的排水量,分析了过渡段垫层渗透系数对其的影响；最后,对计算尚未收敛时,过渡段初衬背后孔隙水压力进行了分析,得出了在孔隙水压力收敛过程中,特别容易发生水流积聚现象的部位。
Currently, underwater tunnels of our country is in flourish development. However, constructions of underwater tunnels is very different from common mountain tunnels. The lack of techniques on construcing underwater tunnels by mining method, and researches on sectional waterproofing and water-drainage tecnique are little both at home and abroad. Therefore, it is urgent for practical constructions to research seepage mechanics characteristics in construction period and sectional waterproofing and water-drainage of underwater tunnels by mining method.
With the help of finite difference software FLAC3D, based on the theory on the fluid-mechanical interaction, combined with the Xiamen-Xiang'an subsea tunnel, and Liuyanghe underwater tunnel, the thesis mainly implements research on seepage mechanics characteristics in construction period and sectional waterproofing and water-drainage of underwater tunnels by mining method. The contents and the conclusions are listed as following:
1. Introduced mechanical effects of high hydraulic pressure on underwater tunnels, fluid-mechanical interaction principia, equivalent continuum mathematical model of fluid-mechanical interaction. This thesis adopted equivalent continual material to study the relevant contents.
2. Based on the fluid-mechanical interaction principia, the thesis researches on pore-water pressure acted on secondary lining on condition of limited drainage, and the results reveal the relationship of discharge of water and average pore-water pressure on secondary lining. Meanwhile, the thesis also make a research on structural internal forces on condition of complete-drainage, and the results reveal the effects of grouting circle on mechanical behavior of secondary lining.
3. Based on the fluid-mechanical interaction principia, the thesis also makes a comparative analysis to some underwater tunnel by mining method which employes different drainage boundaries, and the results reveal seepage mechanics characteristics of surrounding rocks and supporting structures in construction period of underwater tunnel by mining method.
4. The thesis also makes a research on pore-water pressure acted on the outer boundaries of supporting structure and cushion, and on the distribution regularity of seepage field of surrounding rocks, when the technology of sectional waterproofing and water-drainage is employed in underwater tunnel. Thereafter, the thesis researches on effects of the permeability coefficient of cushion in transitional section on pore-water pressure acted on surpporting structure and cushion, and on the discharge of water in drainage section. Finally, the thesis analyzes the pore-water pressure acted on primary lining when the calculation is not in convergency, and the result tells us the positions in which water accumulates easily on process of convergency.
论文采用有限差分软件FLAC3D,基于流-固耦合作用机理,同时结合“厦门-翔安”海底隧道及浏阳河水底隧道,主要对矿山法修建水底隧道施工期间的渗流力学特征及分区防排水关键技术进行研究。研究内容和研究成果如下：
(1)综述分析了水压对水底隧道工程的力学效应、渗流场与力学场的耦合计算机理以及流-固耦合分析的等效连续介质数学模型。本文采用等效连续介质模型进行相关的研究。
(2)基于流-固耦合机理,对限量排放条件下,二次衬砌背后孔隙水压力进行了研究,得出了排水量与二衬背后孔隙水压力的关系曲线；同时,还对全排条件下,支护结构内力进行了研究,得出了注浆圈的施设对支护结构受力的影响。
(3)基于流-固耦合机理,对矿山法修建的采用不同排水边界的水底隧道进行了对比分析,得出了水底隧道施工期间的围岩及支护结构的渗流力学特征。
(4)对水底隧道采用分区防排水技术时,支护结构及垫层背后孔隙水压力和围岩内渗流场的分布规律进行了研究；同时,针对水底隧道支护结构背后孔隙水压力及排水段的排水量,分析了过渡段垫层渗透系数对其的影响；最后,对计算尚未收敛时,过渡段初衬背后孔隙水压力进行了分析,得出了在孔隙水压力收敛过程中,特别容易发生水流积聚现象的部位。
Currently, underwater tunnels of our country is in flourish development. However, constructions of underwater tunnels is very different from common mountain tunnels. The lack of techniques on construcing underwater tunnels by mining method, and researches on sectional waterproofing and water-drainage tecnique are little both at home and abroad. Therefore, it is urgent for practical constructions to research seepage mechanics characteristics in construction period and sectional waterproofing and water-drainage of underwater tunnels by mining method.
With the help of finite difference software FLAC3D, based on the theory on the fluid-mechanical interaction, combined with the Xiamen-Xiang'an subsea tunnel, and Liuyanghe underwater tunnel, the thesis mainly implements research on seepage mechanics characteristics in construction period and sectional waterproofing and water-drainage of underwater tunnels by mining method. The contents and the conclusions are listed as following:
1. Introduced mechanical effects of high hydraulic pressure on underwater tunnels, fluid-mechanical interaction principia, equivalent continuum mathematical model of fluid-mechanical interaction. This thesis adopted equivalent continual material to study the relevant contents.
2. Based on the fluid-mechanical interaction principia, the thesis researches on pore-water pressure acted on secondary lining on condition of limited drainage, and the results reveal the relationship of discharge of water and average pore-water pressure on secondary lining. Meanwhile, the thesis also make a research on structural internal forces on condition of complete-drainage, and the results reveal the effects of grouting circle on mechanical behavior of secondary lining.
3. Based on the fluid-mechanical interaction principia, the thesis also makes a comparative analysis to some underwater tunnel by mining method which employes different drainage boundaries, and the results reveal seepage mechanics characteristics of surrounding rocks and supporting structures in construction period of underwater tunnel by mining method.
4. The thesis also makes a research on pore-water pressure acted on the outer boundaries of supporting structure and cushion, and on the distribution regularity of seepage field of surrounding rocks, when the technology of sectional waterproofing and water-drainage is employed in underwater tunnel. Thereafter, the thesis researches on effects of the permeability coefficient of cushion in transitional section on pore-water pressure acted on surpporting structure and cushion, and on the discharge of water in drainage section. Finally, the thesis analyzes the pore-water pressure acted on primary lining when the calculation is not in convergency, and the result tells us the positions in which water accumulates easily on process of convergency.
引文
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[2]宋克志,王梦恕.国内外水下隧道修建技术发展动态及其对渤海海峡跨海通道建设的经验借鉴[J].鲁东大学学报,2009,25(2)：182-187.
[3]王梦恕.台湾海峡海底铁路隧道建设方案[J].隧道建设,2008,28(5)：517-526.
[4]王梦恕.水下交通隧道发展现状与技术难题[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(11)：2161-2172.
[5]何川,谢红强.多场耦合分析在隧道工程中的应用[M].成都：西南交通大学出版社,2007.
[6]Eisenstein Z. Large undersea tunnels and the progress of tunneling technology [J]. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology,1994,9(3):283-292.
[7]王梦恕.水下交通隧道的设计与施工[J].中国工程科学,2009,11(7)：4-10.
[8]张常委.采用矿山法修建水底隧道的支护体系研究[D]：[硕士论文].成都：西南交通大学,2008.
[9]Biot M A. General solution of the equation of elasticity and consolidation for porous material[J]. Jour. Appl. Mech.,1956(78):91-96.
[10]Terzaghi K. Theoretical soil mechanics[M]. New York, Tiho Wiley,1943.
[11]Noorishad J. Coupled thermal-hydraulic-mechanical phenomena in saturated fractured porous[J]. Numerical approach.J.Geoph.Res,1989(B12).
[12]Oda M. An equivalent continum model for coupled stress and fluid flow analysis in jointed rock masses[J]. Water Resources Research,1986(13).
[13]柴军瑞.大坝及其周围地质体中渗流与应力场耦合分析[D]：[博士论文].西安：西安理工大学,2000.
[14]仵彦卿,张倬元.岩体水力学导论[M].成都：西南交通大学出版社,1995.
[15]Snow D T. Anisotropic permeability of fractured media[J]. Water Resource Res,1969,5(6):1273-1289.
[16]Verruijt. Elastic storage of aquifers[A]. In:Flow Through Porous Media[C]. R J M. New York:Tiho Wiley,1969:5-65.
[17]Gangi A F. The variation of mechanical and transport properties of cracked rock with pressure[J]. Proc.22nd, U.S.Rock Mech,1981.
[18]Killsall P C, et al. Evaluation of excavation induced changes in rock permeability [J]. Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.,1984(3).
[19]J. H. Shin, et al. PRESSURES ON LININGS FOR UNDERSEA TUNNELS[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(增2)：3682-3688.
[20]王媛,速宝玉,徐智英.等效连续裂隙岩体渗流与应力全耦合分析[J].河海大学学报,1998,26(2)：
[21]黄涛.渗流场与应力场耦合环境下裂隙围岩型隧道涌水量预测的研究[D]：[博士论文].成都：西南交通大学,1997.
[22]黄涛,杨立中.工程岩体地下水渗流-应力-温度耦合作用数学模型的研究[J].西南交通大学学报,1999,34(1)：11-15.
[23]杨明举.地下水封裸洞储存LPG耦合问题的变分原理及应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003(4).
[24]TB 10003—2005铁路隧道设计规范[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2005.
[25]JTG D70-2004公路隧道设计规范[M].北京：人民交通出版社发行,2004.
[26]王梦恕,皇甫明.海底隧道修建中的关键问题[J].建筑科学与工程学报,2005,22(4).
[27]王建宇.隧道围岩渗流和衬砌水压力荷载[J].铁道建筑技术,2008(2)：1-6.
[28]张有天.岩石隧道衬砌外水压力问题的讨论[J].现代隧道技术2003,40(3).
[29]关宝树.隧道工程设计要点集[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2003.
[30]王建宇.再谈隧道衬砌水压力[J].现代隧道技术,2003,40(3)：5-10.
[31]张有天.岩石隧道衬砌外水压力问题的讨论.现代隧道技术.2003,40(3)：1-4.
[32]张有天.水工隧洞及压力管道外水压力修正系数[J].水力发电,1996(12)：30-35.
[33]关宝树译.青函隧道土压研究报告——第八章隧道衬砌上的压力[M].隧道译丛,1980,10：38-50.
[34]张成平,张顶立,王梦恕,郭小红.厦门海底隧道防排水系统研究与工程应用[J].中国公路学报,2008,21(3)：69-75.
[35]张成平.隧道衬砌水压及相关问题研究[D].北京：北京交通大学,2002.
[36]王建宇.对隧道衬砌水压力荷载的讨论[J].现代隧道技术,2006(增)：67-73.
[37]王秀英,王梦恕,张弥.山岭隧道堵水限排衬砌外水压力研究[J].岩土工程学报,2005,27(1)：125-127.
[38]吕康成,崔凌秋.隧道防排水工程指南[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2005.
[39]梁诏斌.矿山法修建水底隧道纵向结构特征及设计方法研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2009.
[40]贾嘉陵,刘维宁,李兴高.水压在隧道工程水环境中的力学效应机理初探[J].中国安全科学学报,2003,13(8)：29-33.
[41]GB 50517-2003地铁设计规范[M].北京：中国计划出版社,2003.
[42]Lee I. M. Nam S. W.& Lee M. J. Analysis and design of soft-ground tunnels subject to steady-state groundwater flow[J]. Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society,1994,10(2):41-56.
[43]Lee I.M.Park K. J.& Nam S. W. Analysis of an underwater tunnel with the consideration of seepage forces[C]. Proceeding of the world tunnel congress'98 on tunnels and metropolises. Tunnels and Metropolises, Negro Jr & erreira(ed.), Balkema/Rotterdam, SAOPAULO/BRAZIL,1998:315-319.
[44]谢红强.隧道工程热液固多场耦合效应研究[D]：[博士学位论文].成都：西南交通大学,2006.
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[53]刘成宇.土力学[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2005.
[2]宋克志,王梦恕.国内外水下隧道修建技术发展动态及其对渤海海峡跨海通道建设的经验借鉴[J].鲁东大学学报,2009,25(2)：182-187.
[3]王梦恕.台湾海峡海底铁路隧道建设方案[J].隧道建设,2008,28(5)：517-526.
[4]王梦恕.水下交通隧道发展现状与技术难题[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(11)：2161-2172.
[5]何川,谢红强.多场耦合分析在隧道工程中的应用[M].成都：西南交通大学出版社,2007.
[6]Eisenstein Z. Large undersea tunnels and the progress of tunneling technology [J]. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology,1994,9(3):283-292.
[7]王梦恕.水下交通隧道的设计与施工[J].中国工程科学,2009,11(7)：4-10.
[8]张常委.采用矿山法修建水底隧道的支护体系研究[D]：[硕士论文].成都：西南交通大学,2008.
[9]Biot M A. General solution of the equation of elasticity and consolidation for porous material[J]. Jour. Appl. Mech.,1956(78):91-96.
[10]Terzaghi K. Theoretical soil mechanics[M]. New York, Tiho Wiley,1943.
[11]Noorishad J. Coupled thermal-hydraulic-mechanical phenomena in saturated fractured porous[J]. Numerical approach.J.Geoph.Res,1989(B12).
[12]Oda M. An equivalent continum model for coupled stress and fluid flow analysis in jointed rock masses[J]. Water Resources Research,1986(13).
[13]柴军瑞.大坝及其周围地质体中渗流与应力场耦合分析[D]：[博士论文].西安：西安理工大学,2000.
[14]仵彦卿,张倬元.岩体水力学导论[M].成都：西南交通大学出版社,1995.
[15]Snow D T. Anisotropic permeability of fractured media[J]. Water Resource Res,1969,5(6):1273-1289.
[16]Verruijt. Elastic storage of aquifers[A]. In:Flow Through Porous Media[C]. R J M. New York:Tiho Wiley,1969:5-65.
[17]Gangi A F. The variation of mechanical and transport properties of cracked rock with pressure[J]. Proc.22nd, U.S.Rock Mech,1981.
[18]Killsall P C, et al. Evaluation of excavation induced changes in rock permeability [J]. Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.,1984(3).
[19]J. H. Shin, et al. PRESSURES ON LININGS FOR UNDERSEA TUNNELS[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(增2)：3682-3688.
[20]王媛,速宝玉,徐智英.等效连续裂隙岩体渗流与应力全耦合分析[J].河海大学学报,1998,26(2)：
[21]黄涛.渗流场与应力场耦合环境下裂隙围岩型隧道涌水量预测的研究[D]：[博士论文].成都：西南交通大学,1997.
[22]黄涛,杨立中.工程岩体地下水渗流-应力-温度耦合作用数学模型的研究[J].西南交通大学学报,1999,34(1)：11-15.
[23]杨明举.地下水封裸洞储存LPG耦合问题的变分原理及应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003(4).
[24]TB 10003—2005铁路隧道设计规范[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2005.
[25]JTG D70-2004公路隧道设计规范[M].北京：人民交通出版社发行,2004.
[26]王梦恕,皇甫明.海底隧道修建中的关键问题[J].建筑科学与工程学报,2005,22(4).
[27]王建宇.隧道围岩渗流和衬砌水压力荷载[J].铁道建筑技术,2008(2)：1-6.
[28]张有天.岩石隧道衬砌外水压力问题的讨论[J].现代隧道技术2003,40(3).
[29]关宝树.隧道工程设计要点集[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2003.
[30]王建宇.再谈隧道衬砌水压力[J].现代隧道技术,2003,40(3)：5-10.
[31]张有天.岩石隧道衬砌外水压力问题的讨论.现代隧道技术.2003,40(3)：1-4.
[32]张有天.水工隧洞及压力管道外水压力修正系数[J].水力发电,1996(12)：30-35.
[33]关宝树译.青函隧道土压研究报告——第八章隧道衬砌上的压力[M].隧道译丛,1980,10：38-50.
[34]张成平,张顶立,王梦恕,郭小红.厦门海底隧道防排水系统研究与工程应用[J].中国公路学报,2008,21(3)：69-75.
[35]张成平.隧道衬砌水压及相关问题研究[D].北京：北京交通大学,2002.
[36]王建宇.对隧道衬砌水压力荷载的讨论[J].现代隧道技术,2006(增)：67-73.
[37]王秀英,王梦恕,张弥.山岭隧道堵水限排衬砌外水压力研究[J].岩土工程学报,2005,27(1)：125-127.
[38]吕康成,崔凌秋.隧道防排水工程指南[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2005.
[39]梁诏斌.矿山法修建水底隧道纵向结构特征及设计方法研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2009.
[40]贾嘉陵,刘维宁,李兴高.水压在隧道工程水环境中的力学效应机理初探[J].中国安全科学学报,2003,13(8)：29-33.
[41]GB 50517-2003地铁设计规范[M].北京：中国计划出版社,2003.
[42]Lee I. M. Nam S. W.& Lee M. J. Analysis and design of soft-ground tunnels subject to steady-state groundwater flow[J]. Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society,1994,10(2):41-56.
[43]Lee I.M.Park K. J.& Nam S. W. Analysis of an underwater tunnel with the consideration of seepage forces[C]. Proceeding of the world tunnel congress'98 on tunnels and metropolises. Tunnels and Metropolises, Negro Jr & erreira(ed.), Balkema/Rotterdam, SAOPAULO/BRAZIL,1998:315-319.
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