基于地震波衰减理论的地层吸收参数提取方法研究
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摘要
随着我国油气勘探、开发工作的不断发展,地震勘探重点由原来的构造油气藏向岩性油气藏、隐蔽油气藏转移,非均匀粘弹性介质中的地震波衰减也因此成为近年来研究的热点。尤其是在隐蔽岩性天然气藏的预测中,地层吸收参数被认为是最为敏感、可靠的依据之一。因此,研究、估算和补偿地下介质对地震波的吸收不仅对叠前地震资料处理、提高地震成像精度、合理解释AVO效应和正确反演介质物理属性等是极其重要的,而且近几年来,地层吸收参数作为一个地层固有属性在预测岩性、油气藏的位置和范围方面具有更重要的意义。
根据目前地震波衰减理论的研究现状及发展方向,结合实际生产中天然气藏预测技术的需要,论文在对地震波衰减特征进行数值模拟分析的基础上开展了地层吸收参数提取方法的研究。首先,在研究讨论了粘弹性介质基本理论的基础上,分别采用交错网格高阶有限差分法与单程波数值模拟方法进行了粘弹性介质的地震波传播数值模拟,从不同角度分析了粘弹性介质中地震波传播特征,总结了地震波各种传播特征随着地层吸收影响的变化规律;其次,利用目前较为先进的谱分解技术(S变换)推导了地震波传播方程在S域的能量密度函数,并且在S域分析得到了地震波能量、频率等信息变化与Q值之间的对应关系,从而结合前面数值模拟得到的结论规律,在时频域提出了三种不同的地层吸收参数提取方法,并在此基础上给出了地层吸收综合参数的概念;此外,为了从视衰减中分离出地层的固有衰减属性,论文还探索性的研究了利用基于贝叶斯理论的非线性波形反演来进行Q值反演的方法,以及在AVO响应分析中加入Q值的影响因素,进行AVO-Q分析,得到了初步的认识成果。最后,将上述的各种方法在模型数据和东部某油田中深层天然气藏勘探中做了检验和应用。应用效果表明,文中讨论的地层吸收参数提取方法是可行和有效的。
With development of oil and gas exploration, more and more research has been done on the lithologic and concealed hydrocarbon reservoir rather than structural hydrocarbon reservoir. Thus studying on the seismic wave attenuation in viscoelastic medium has becoming a hotspot in recent years. Especially in the prediction of concealed lithologic natural gas reservoirs, absorption parameter was regarded as one of the most sensitive and reliable indicators. Therefore, study, evaluate and compensate for the absorption of seismic waves by underground medium is of great significance for processing prestack seismic data, improving the seismic imaging precision, explaining AVO effect logically and inversing physical attributes correctly. In recent years, earth layer absorption parameters as an intrinsical attribute of earth layer, has a significant meaning in prediction of lithology, location and range of oil and gas reservoirs.
According to the development of seismic attenuation theories, and the technical requirements of natural gas prediction in real production, this thesis investigate the extraction of earth layer absorption parameters based on numerical simulation analysis the characteristic of seismic attenuation .First of all, based on the viscoelasticity medium theory, using two different ways the staggered-grid high-order finite difference method and one-way wave-equation numerical simulation method, seismic wave propagation of viscoelastic medium were simulated in this paper. From different aspect, we analyzed seismic wave characteristics and changes of seismic waves affected by earth layer absorption. Secondly, using a more advanced spectrum decomposition technology (S transform) inferred energy density function of the seismic wave propagation equation in the S domain, and analyzed the relationship between seismic wave energy, frequency and the Q value in the S domain. Combined with the numerical simulation we have conducted before, three different methods of earth layer absorption parameters extraction were proposed in time-frequency domain, and the concept of earth layer absorption comprehensive parameters were given in this paper. Moreover, in order to separate the intrinsic attenuation attribute from the decay, a Q value inversion method was put forwarded based on nonlinear waveform inversion of Bayes theory. Meanwhile, the Q value influencing factor was also added into the AVO response analysis to do the AVO-Q a nalysis in this study.
Based on the above research, all the research methods and models were tested and applied to the exploration of middle-deep layer anatural gas reservoirs in an oilfield in east china. The result shows that methods of extracting attenuation parameters discussed in this paper are feasible and effective.
根据目前地震波衰减理论的研究现状及发展方向,结合实际生产中天然气藏预测技术的需要,论文在对地震波衰减特征进行数值模拟分析的基础上开展了地层吸收参数提取方法的研究。首先,在研究讨论了粘弹性介质基本理论的基础上,分别采用交错网格高阶有限差分法与单程波数值模拟方法进行了粘弹性介质的地震波传播数值模拟,从不同角度分析了粘弹性介质中地震波传播特征,总结了地震波各种传播特征随着地层吸收影响的变化规律;其次,利用目前较为先进的谱分解技术(S变换)推导了地震波传播方程在S域的能量密度函数,并且在S域分析得到了地震波能量、频率等信息变化与Q值之间的对应关系,从而结合前面数值模拟得到的结论规律,在时频域提出了三种不同的地层吸收参数提取方法,并在此基础上给出了地层吸收综合参数的概念;此外,为了从视衰减中分离出地层的固有衰减属性,论文还探索性的研究了利用基于贝叶斯理论的非线性波形反演来进行Q值反演的方法,以及在AVO响应分析中加入Q值的影响因素,进行AVO-Q分析,得到了初步的认识成果。最后,将上述的各种方法在模型数据和东部某油田中深层天然气藏勘探中做了检验和应用。应用效果表明,文中讨论的地层吸收参数提取方法是可行和有效的。
With development of oil and gas exploration, more and more research has been done on the lithologic and concealed hydrocarbon reservoir rather than structural hydrocarbon reservoir. Thus studying on the seismic wave attenuation in viscoelastic medium has becoming a hotspot in recent years. Especially in the prediction of concealed lithologic natural gas reservoirs, absorption parameter was regarded as one of the most sensitive and reliable indicators. Therefore, study, evaluate and compensate for the absorption of seismic waves by underground medium is of great significance for processing prestack seismic data, improving the seismic imaging precision, explaining AVO effect logically and inversing physical attributes correctly. In recent years, earth layer absorption parameters as an intrinsical attribute of earth layer, has a significant meaning in prediction of lithology, location and range of oil and gas reservoirs.
According to the development of seismic attenuation theories, and the technical requirements of natural gas prediction in real production, this thesis investigate the extraction of earth layer absorption parameters based on numerical simulation analysis the characteristic of seismic attenuation .First of all, based on the viscoelasticity medium theory, using two different ways the staggered-grid high-order finite difference method and one-way wave-equation numerical simulation method, seismic wave propagation of viscoelastic medium were simulated in this paper. From different aspect, we analyzed seismic wave characteristics and changes of seismic waves affected by earth layer absorption. Secondly, using a more advanced spectrum decomposition technology (S transform) inferred energy density function of the seismic wave propagation equation in the S domain, and analyzed the relationship between seismic wave energy, frequency and the Q value in the S domain. Combined with the numerical simulation we have conducted before, three different methods of earth layer absorption parameters extraction were proposed in time-frequency domain, and the concept of earth layer absorption comprehensive parameters were given in this paper. Moreover, in order to separate the intrinsic attenuation attribute from the decay, a Q value inversion method was put forwarded based on nonlinear waveform inversion of Bayes theory. Meanwhile, the Q value influencing factor was also added into the AVO response analysis to do the AVO-Q a nalysis in this study.
Based on the above research, all the research methods and models were tested and applied to the exploration of middle-deep layer anatural gas reservoirs in an oilfield in east china. The result shows that methods of extracting attenuation parameters discussed in this paper are feasible and effective.
引文
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[2] Ricker , Norman. The form and laws of propagation of seismic wavelets[J]. Geophysics, 1952, 18:10-40
[3]杨伟刚.基于地震波衰减属性的主参数分析研究[D].成都:成都理工大学,2007
[4]俞寿朋.高分辨率地震勘探[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1993:35-56
[5]陆基孟.地震勘探原理[M].山东东营:石油大学出版社,1993:261-270
[6] ShengJie Sun. Determination of seismic attenuation from surface and downhole measurements[D]. Oklahoma:University of Oklahoma Graduate College,2000
[7] Biot M. A .,1956, Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluid saturated porous solid ,II, Higher frequency range[J]. J ,Acoust. Soc. Am., v .28,p. 179-191
[8] McDonal F J,Angona F A,Mills R L,et al. Attenuation of shear and compressional waves if Pierre shale[J]. Geophysics, 1958, 23(2):421-439.
[9] Futterman W I. Dispersive body waves[J]. Geophys Res,1962,7(13): 5279-5291
[10] White J E. Comuted seismic speeds and attenuation in rocks with partial saturation[J]. Geophysics, 1975, 40(2):224-232
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[13] Palmer I D, Treaviolia M L. Attenuation by squirt flow in undersaturated gas sands[J]. Geophysics, 1980, 45(11):1780-1792
[14] Jones T D. Pore fluids and frequency-dependent wave propagation in rocks[J]. Geophysics, 1986,51(12):1939-1953
[15] Murphy W F,Winkler K W,Kleinberg R L. Acoustic relaxation in sedimentary rocks:Dependence on grain contacts and fluid saturation[J]. Geophysics, 1986, 51(4): 757-766
[16] Dvokin J,Nur A. Dynamic poroelastisity: a unified model with the squirt and the Boit mechanisns[J]. Geophysics, 1993, 58(3):524-543
[17] Toksoz M N,Jackson D H,Timur A. Attenuation of Seismic wave in dry and saturated rocks I:Laboratory measurements[J].Geophysics, 1979, 44(4):671-680
[18] Dutta N C,Ode H. Attenuation and dispersion of compressional waves in fluid-filled porous rocks with partial gas saturation(White model)-Part I:Biot theory[J].Geophysics, 1979, 44(11):1777-1788
[19] Grant A G.. Fluid effect on velocity and attenuation in sandstone[J]. J. Acoust Soc.Am., 1994, 96(2):1158-1173
[20]马昭军,刘洋.地震波衰减反演研究综述[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(4):1074-1082
[21] Carcione J M. Wave propagation in a linear viscoustic medium[J]. Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc., 1988, Vol.93
[22]韩文功,印兴耀等.地震技术新进展(上)[M].山东东营:中国石油大学出版社,2006:73-122
[23] Carcione J M,Kosloff D,Kosloff R. Viscoacoustic wave propagation simulation in the earth[J].Geophysics,1988,53:769-777
[24] Tal-EzerH,Carcione J M,Kosloff D. An accurate and efficient scheme for wave propagation in linear ciscoelastic media[J]. Geophysics, 1990, 55:1366-1379
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