饲料Cu、Mn补充量对异育银鲫生长、部分生理机能及器官中微量元素含量的影响
|
摘要
本研究以异育银鲫[Carassius auratus gibelio]为研究对象,在实用饲料中添加不同水平的Cu和Mn,研究了微量元素Cu、Mn对异育银鲫的生长性能(饲料系数FCR、特定生长率SGR)、部分生理机能(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、溶菌酶LSZ、谷丙转氨酶GPT、谷草转氨酶GOT、血红蛋白含量Hb)、器官中微量元素(Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn)含量的影响,同时探讨在异育银鲫饲料中Cu和Mn的适宜补充量和饲料中的总量。
试验一主要是通过在饲料中添加CuSO_4·5H_2O,补充量分别按照2mg/kg、4mg/kg、6mg/kg、8mg/kg、10 mg/kg五个浓度梯度设计,经过8周养殖试验,进行生长、部分生理指标和14种器官组织中Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn含量测定,并进行饲料Cu补充量和器官组织中的Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn含量的相关性分析:试验结果表明,补充2～10mg/kg的Cu,饲料Cu含量为18.89～27.63mg/kg对异育银鲫生长性能的影响无显著差异(P>0.05)。特定生长率在6mg/kg组(饲料Cu总量为23.05mg/kg)达到最大值,为1.76±0.05 %/d;随着饲料Cu补充量的增加,饲料系数表现出先增加后降低的趋势,饲料系数在饲料Cu补充量为6mg/kg(饲料Cu总量为23.05mg/kg)时达到最小值,为2.00±0.08。各试验组溶菌酶活力、转氨酶活力无显著差异;饲料中Cu的补充量高于4mg/kg时,鱼体全血血红蛋白含量随饲料中Cu补充量的增加而下降,补充量达到8mg/kg以上时出现明显差异。肝胰脏是Cu的主要储存场所,而Zn主要储存于肠道中。全鱼、肌肉、肝胰脏中Cu含量随饲料中Cu补充量的增加呈上升后趋于稳定的趋势。当饲料中Cu的补充量为8mg/kg时,全鱼、肝胰脏、脊椎骨的Fe、Mn、Zn含量明显降低或达到平台。根据特定生长率、饲料系数、肝胰脏和脊椎骨Cu含量的回归分析,考虑到饲料Cu对鱼体部分生理机能及对全鱼、肝胰脏、脊椎骨的Fe、Mn、Zn含量的影响,建议在异育银鲫饲料中Cu的补充量为7.33mg/kg、饲料中Cu的实际含量为24.18mg/kg,以此作为饲料Cu含量的控制标准。
试验二主要是通过在饲料中添加MnSO_4·H_2O,补充量分别按照20mg/kg、40mg/kg、60mg/kg、80mg/kg、100 mg/kg五个浓度梯度设计,经过8周养殖试验,进行生长、生理指标和14种器官组织中Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn含量的测定,并进行饲料Mn补充量和器官组织中的Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn含量的相关性分析:试验结果表明,随着饲料中Mn补充量的增加,异育银鲫特定生长率呈现出先下降后上升再下降的趋势;特定生长率在80mg/kg组(饲料Mn总量为139.88mg/kg)达到最大值,为1.78±0.04 %/d;随着饲料Mn补充量的增加,饲料系数表现出先上升后下降的趋势,饲料系数在饲料Mn补充量为80mg/kg(饲料Mn总量为139.88mg/kg)时达到最小值,为1.96±0.07。20mg/kg组血清GPT活力9.88±4.11 U/10ml显著高于40mg/kg、80mg/kg、100mg/kg组(p<0.05);20mg/kg组肝胰脏GPT活力216.71±45.54U/10ml显著高于其他各试验组(p<0.05);血清GOT活力40mg/kg组112.46±13.52 U/10ml显著高于20mg/kg、100mg/kg组(p<0.05);肝胰脏GOT活力60mg/kg组137.37±29.10 U/10ml显著高于40mg/kg、80mg/kg组(p<0.05)。Mn元素的分布,主要集中在脊椎骨、鳃盖骨、头骨、肾脏,心脏。随饲料中Mn元素补充量的增加鳍条、脾脏、脊椎骨、鳞片、全鱼、肠道中Mn元素的含量呈上升的趋势,全鱼、脑、肝胰脏中Cu元素的含量呈下降后趋于稳定的趋势,肠道中Fe元素的含量先上升后下降趋于平稳,各器官组织中Zn元素的含量相对稳定,当Mn补充量为80mg/kg(饲料Mn总量为139.88mg/kg)时全鱼Zn含量最高。根据脊椎骨中Mn含量的折线模型分析,考虑到饲料Mn对鱼体生长、部分生理机能及对全鱼、肝胰脏、脊椎骨的Fe、Cu、Zn含量的影响,建议在异育银鲫饲料中Mn的补充量为80mg/kg,饲料中Mn的实际含量为139.88mg/kg,以此作为饲料Mn含量的控制标准。
This present research was to evaluated the effect of different levels of dietary Cu and Mn to the growth performance(FCR,SGR),physiological enginery(SOD,LSZ, GPT,GOT,Hb),organic microelement on gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio).And this research was also to investigate the condign supplement quantity on the diet for gibel carp.
In experiment 1,during the 8 weeks,the effect of different levels of Cu(2,4,6,8,10 mg/kg)in dietary on the the growth performance,physiological enginery(SOD,LSZ, GPT,GOT,Hb),microelemen(Cu,Fe,Mn,Zn)in 14 kinds of organs was investigated,and the relativity between the dietary’s and the organic’s Cu,Fe,Mn,Zn was else tested. The result suggested that the fish in group 6mg/kg (dietary Cu was 23.05mg/kg) perform the best SGR(1.76±0.05 %/d);As the growth of the supplement of Cu,FCR perform the increased current first and then decreased current,which performed the the best(2.00±0.08) in group 6mg/kg (dietary Cu was 23.05mg/kg).There is no difference in SOD,GOT and GPT among the groups;When the supplement of Cu exceeded 4mg/kg,the level of Hb decresed as the increase of the supplement of Cu;And the supplement of Cu was 8mg/kg,the difference in Hb was significant among groups;Liver and pancrease were the main apparatues for reserving Cu,while intestine was the main apparatues for zincZn. the level of Cu increased as the increase of the supplement of Cu in the whole body,muscle and hepatopancreas. And the supplement of Cu was 8mg/kg,the level of Fe,Mn,Zn decreased significant in the whole body, hepatopancreas and vertebra.This research suggested the condign supplement of Cu was 7.33mg/kg(dietary Cu was 24.18mg/kg).This result was based on SGR,FCR, regression of Cu in the hepatopancreas and vertebra, physiological enginery,the content of Fe,Mn,Zn in the whole body, hepatopancreas and vertebra.
In experiment 2,during the 8 weeks,the effect of different levels of Mn(20,40,60, 80,100mg/kg)in dietary on the the growth performance,physiological enginery (SOD, LSZ,GPT,GOT,Hb),microelemen(Cu,Fe,Mn,Zn) in 14 kinds of apparatus was investigated ,and the relativity between the dietary’s and the organic’s Cu,Fe,Mn,Zn was else tested.The result suggested that the fish in group (dietary Mn was 80mg/kg) perform the best SGR(1.78±0.04%/d);As the growth of the supplement of Mn,,FCR perform the increased current first and then decreased current,which performed the the best in group 80mg/kg (dietary Mn was 139.88mg/kg).There is no difference in SOD,LSZ and Hb among the groups;When the supplement of Mn 20mg/kg, the level of serum GPT (9.88±4.11 U/10ml) was significantly higher than groups 40mg/kg, 80mg/kg,100mg/kg(p<0.05);And the supplement of Mn was 20mg/kg,the difference in Hepatopancreas GPT (216.71±45.54U/10ml) was significant among groups (p<0.05);When the supplement of Mn 40mg/kg,the level of serum GOT (112.46±13.52 U/10ml) was significantly higher than groups 20mg/kg, 100mg/kg(p<0.05); And the supplement of Mn was 60mg/kg,the level of Hepatopancreas GOT (137.37±29.10 U/10ml) was significantly higher than groups 40mg/kg,80mg/kg(p<0.05). Vertebra,Branchial bone,Crania, Kidney and Heart were the main apparatues for reserving Mn. The level of Mn increased as the increase of the supplement of Mn in the fim,spleen,vertebra, squama,whole body,intestines. The level of Cu decreased as the increase of the supplement of Mn in the whole body,brain, hepatopancreas. The level of Fe increased as the increase of the supplement of Mn in the intestines. As the increase of the supplement of Mn,the level of Zn was stabilization. This research suggested the condign supplement of Mn was 80mg/kg (dietary Mn was 139.88mg/kg). This result was based on SGR,FCR,regression of Mn in the vertebra,growth performance, physiological enginery,the content of Fe,Cu,Zn in the whole body, hepatopancreas and vertebra.
试验一主要是通过在饲料中添加CuSO_4·5H_2O,补充量分别按照2mg/kg、4mg/kg、6mg/kg、8mg/kg、10 mg/kg五个浓度梯度设计,经过8周养殖试验,进行生长、部分生理指标和14种器官组织中Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn含量测定,并进行饲料Cu补充量和器官组织中的Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn含量的相关性分析:试验结果表明,补充2～10mg/kg的Cu,饲料Cu含量为18.89～27.63mg/kg对异育银鲫生长性能的影响无显著差异(P>0.05)。特定生长率在6mg/kg组(饲料Cu总量为23.05mg/kg)达到最大值,为1.76±0.05 %/d;随着饲料Cu补充量的增加,饲料系数表现出先增加后降低的趋势,饲料系数在饲料Cu补充量为6mg/kg(饲料Cu总量为23.05mg/kg)时达到最小值,为2.00±0.08。各试验组溶菌酶活力、转氨酶活力无显著差异;饲料中Cu的补充量高于4mg/kg时,鱼体全血血红蛋白含量随饲料中Cu补充量的增加而下降,补充量达到8mg/kg以上时出现明显差异。肝胰脏是Cu的主要储存场所,而Zn主要储存于肠道中。全鱼、肌肉、肝胰脏中Cu含量随饲料中Cu补充量的增加呈上升后趋于稳定的趋势。当饲料中Cu的补充量为8mg/kg时,全鱼、肝胰脏、脊椎骨的Fe、Mn、Zn含量明显降低或达到平台。根据特定生长率、饲料系数、肝胰脏和脊椎骨Cu含量的回归分析,考虑到饲料Cu对鱼体部分生理机能及对全鱼、肝胰脏、脊椎骨的Fe、Mn、Zn含量的影响,建议在异育银鲫饲料中Cu的补充量为7.33mg/kg、饲料中Cu的实际含量为24.18mg/kg,以此作为饲料Cu含量的控制标准。
试验二主要是通过在饲料中添加MnSO_4·H_2O,补充量分别按照20mg/kg、40mg/kg、60mg/kg、80mg/kg、100 mg/kg五个浓度梯度设计,经过8周养殖试验,进行生长、生理指标和14种器官组织中Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn含量的测定,并进行饲料Mn补充量和器官组织中的Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn含量的相关性分析:试验结果表明,随着饲料中Mn补充量的增加,异育银鲫特定生长率呈现出先下降后上升再下降的趋势;特定生长率在80mg/kg组(饲料Mn总量为139.88mg/kg)达到最大值,为1.78±0.04 %/d;随着饲料Mn补充量的增加,饲料系数表现出先上升后下降的趋势,饲料系数在饲料Mn补充量为80mg/kg(饲料Mn总量为139.88mg/kg)时达到最小值,为1.96±0.07。20mg/kg组血清GPT活力9.88±4.11 U/10ml显著高于40mg/kg、80mg/kg、100mg/kg组(p<0.05);20mg/kg组肝胰脏GPT活力216.71±45.54U/10ml显著高于其他各试验组(p<0.05);血清GOT活力40mg/kg组112.46±13.52 U/10ml显著高于20mg/kg、100mg/kg组(p<0.05);肝胰脏GOT活力60mg/kg组137.37±29.10 U/10ml显著高于40mg/kg、80mg/kg组(p<0.05)。Mn元素的分布,主要集中在脊椎骨、鳃盖骨、头骨、肾脏,心脏。随饲料中Mn元素补充量的增加鳍条、脾脏、脊椎骨、鳞片、全鱼、肠道中Mn元素的含量呈上升的趋势,全鱼、脑、肝胰脏中Cu元素的含量呈下降后趋于稳定的趋势,肠道中Fe元素的含量先上升后下降趋于平稳,各器官组织中Zn元素的含量相对稳定,当Mn补充量为80mg/kg(饲料Mn总量为139.88mg/kg)时全鱼Zn含量最高。根据脊椎骨中Mn含量的折线模型分析,考虑到饲料Mn对鱼体生长、部分生理机能及对全鱼、肝胰脏、脊椎骨的Fe、Cu、Zn含量的影响,建议在异育银鲫饲料中Mn的补充量为80mg/kg,饲料中Mn的实际含量为139.88mg/kg,以此作为饲料Mn含量的控制标准。
This present research was to evaluated the effect of different levels of dietary Cu and Mn to the growth performance(FCR,SGR),physiological enginery(SOD,LSZ, GPT,GOT,Hb),organic microelement on gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio).And this research was also to investigate the condign supplement quantity on the diet for gibel carp.
In experiment 1,during the 8 weeks,the effect of different levels of Cu(2,4,6,8,10 mg/kg)in dietary on the the growth performance,physiological enginery(SOD,LSZ, GPT,GOT,Hb),microelemen(Cu,Fe,Mn,Zn)in 14 kinds of organs was investigated,and the relativity between the dietary’s and the organic’s Cu,Fe,Mn,Zn was else tested. The result suggested that the fish in group 6mg/kg (dietary Cu was 23.05mg/kg) perform the best SGR(1.76±0.05 %/d);As the growth of the supplement of Cu,FCR perform the increased current first and then decreased current,which performed the the best(2.00±0.08) in group 6mg/kg (dietary Cu was 23.05mg/kg).There is no difference in SOD,GOT and GPT among the groups;When the supplement of Cu exceeded 4mg/kg,the level of Hb decresed as the increase of the supplement of Cu;And the supplement of Cu was 8mg/kg,the difference in Hb was significant among groups;Liver and pancrease were the main apparatues for reserving Cu,while intestine was the main apparatues for zincZn. the level of Cu increased as the increase of the supplement of Cu in the whole body,muscle and hepatopancreas. And the supplement of Cu was 8mg/kg,the level of Fe,Mn,Zn decreased significant in the whole body, hepatopancreas and vertebra.This research suggested the condign supplement of Cu was 7.33mg/kg(dietary Cu was 24.18mg/kg).This result was based on SGR,FCR, regression of Cu in the hepatopancreas and vertebra, physiological enginery,the content of Fe,Mn,Zn in the whole body, hepatopancreas and vertebra.
In experiment 2,during the 8 weeks,the effect of different levels of Mn(20,40,60, 80,100mg/kg)in dietary on the the growth performance,physiological enginery (SOD, LSZ,GPT,GOT,Hb),microelemen(Cu,Fe,Mn,Zn) in 14 kinds of apparatus was investigated ,and the relativity between the dietary’s and the organic’s Cu,Fe,Mn,Zn was else tested.The result suggested that the fish in group (dietary Mn was 80mg/kg) perform the best SGR(1.78±0.04%/d);As the growth of the supplement of Mn,,FCR perform the increased current first and then decreased current,which performed the the best in group 80mg/kg (dietary Mn was 139.88mg/kg).There is no difference in SOD,LSZ and Hb among the groups;When the supplement of Mn 20mg/kg, the level of serum GPT (9.88±4.11 U/10ml) was significantly higher than groups 40mg/kg, 80mg/kg,100mg/kg(p<0.05);And the supplement of Mn was 20mg/kg,the difference in Hepatopancreas GPT (216.71±45.54U/10ml) was significant among groups (p<0.05);When the supplement of Mn 40mg/kg,the level of serum GOT (112.46±13.52 U/10ml) was significantly higher than groups 20mg/kg, 100mg/kg(p<0.05); And the supplement of Mn was 60mg/kg,the level of Hepatopancreas GOT (137.37±29.10 U/10ml) was significantly higher than groups 40mg/kg,80mg/kg(p<0.05). Vertebra,Branchial bone,Crania, Kidney and Heart were the main apparatues for reserving Mn. The level of Mn increased as the increase of the supplement of Mn in the fim,spleen,vertebra, squama,whole body,intestines. The level of Cu decreased as the increase of the supplement of Mn in the whole body,brain, hepatopancreas. The level of Fe increased as the increase of the supplement of Mn in the intestines. As the increase of the supplement of Mn,the level of Zn was stabilization. This research suggested the condign supplement of Mn was 80mg/kg (dietary Mn was 139.88mg/kg). This result was based on SGR,FCR,regression of Mn in the vertebra,growth performance, physiological enginery,the content of Fe,Cu,Zn in the whole body, hepatopancreas and vertebra.
引文
[1] 黄耀桐,刘永坚.草鱼种无机盐需要量之研究.水生生物学报.1989,13(2):134-151.
[2] 周文玉,戴祥庆,陈迪虎等.青鱼配合饲料中五种矿物元素适宜含量的研究.1990.
[3] 侯永清.鲤鱼饲料中磷、Fe、Zn、镁的最适添加水平.武汉食品工业学院学报.1996,1:7-15.
[4] 王辉亮,李荷芳,梁德海等.黑鲷对 Fe、Zn、Cu 和 I 的营养需求.海洋科学集刊.1996,37:143-150.
[5] 石文雷,刘梅珍,陆茂英,黄凤钦.团头鲂对几种主要无机盐需要量的研究.水产学报.1997,21(4):458-461.
[6] 魏万全等.饲料中添加 Fe 对牙鲆幼鱼生长的影响.水产学报.1999,23 增刊:100-103
[7] Nutrition Requirement of Fish (NRC).1993,19-20.
[8] Nose T, Arai S. Recent advances in studies on mineral nutrition of fish in Japan [J]. Aquaculture, 1976.12-13.
[9] 吴锐全,肖学铮.鳗鲡的营养需求与饲料配制.饲料研究,1999,7:1-3
[10] 瞿明仁,黎观红.微量元素对动物免疫功能的影响及作用机制[J].江苏农业大学学报,1988,20(4):472-475
[11] 刘惠芳,宋志刚.饲料微量元素的免疫功能[J].中国饲料,2002,12:19-21
[12] Syed, M.A.andCoombs, T.L., 1982.Copper metabolism in the place Pleurone- ctes platessa(L)[J].Exp.Mar.Biol.Ecol.,63:281-286
[13] Lanno R. P., S. J. Slinger and J. W. Hilton, 1985. Maximum tolerable and toxicity levels of dietary copper in rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri Richardson)[J]. Aquaculture, 49:257-268
[14] 周运涛,艾晓辉,刘长征.水体中 Cu 在鲫鱼体内的积累[J].水产学报,2004,12(28):157-201
[15] 王三根.微量元素与健康[M].上海科学普及出版社出版,2004:29
[16] Yamamoto, K.,Ishii,T., Sato M, and Ikeda, S.,1977.Effect of dietary ascorbic acid on the accumulations of copper in carp[J].Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 43:989-995
[17] Yamamoto, K., Hayama, K.,,and Ikeda,S.,1981. Effect of dietary ascorbic acid on copper poisoning in rainbow trout[J]. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi,47:1085-1089
[18] 黄汉军,贾振军,穆晓梅等.影响饲料中矿物元素吸收利用的因素[J].畜牧兽医杂志,2002,21(5):16-18.
[19] 李爱杰,李静,王凤雷等.不同剂型微量元素对杂食性鱼生长和消化率的影响[J].中国饲料,1994.7:15-18
[20] 宋进美,王介银,王玉先等.不同剂型微量元素对鲤生长及肌肉营养状况的影响[J].水利渔业,2002,22(6):5～7
[21] 袁万安,杨松全,陈建等.蛋氨酸微量元素螯合物在大口黑鲈饲料中的应用效果[J].中国水产科学,2003,10(5):409-413
[22] Lanno,R.P., Slinger, S.J.and Hilton ,J. W., 1985b.Maximum tolerable and toxicity levels of dietary copper in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson[J]. Aquaculture, 49:257-268
[23] Gatlin, D. M.,III, and R. P. Wilson, 1986b.Dietary copper requirement of fingerling channel catfish[J]. Aquaculture, 54:277-285
[24] Murai T., Andrews J.W. and Smith R. G.Jr.,1981. Effects of dietary copper on channel catfish[J]. Aquaculture, 22:353-357
[25] Knox, D., C. B. Cowey, and J. W. Adron, 1984 Effects of dietary zinc intake upon copper metabolism in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnero)[J]. Aquaculture, 40:199-207
[26] Satoh, S..Izume, K.Takeuchi, T.and Watanbe, T., 1992a.Effect of supplemental tricalcium phosphate on zinc and manganese avaibility to common carp[J]. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 57:99-104
[27] 沈维华.鱼类 Fe、Cu、Zn 营养研究进展[J].湖北渔业,1989,4:21-24
[28] 陈冬梅,刘维德.Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn 不同组合水平对鲤鱼生长的影响[J].饲料工业, 2003,24(4):50-52
[29] 吴锐全,肖学铮.鳗鲡的营养需求与饲料配制[J].饲料研究,1999,7:1-3
[30] 陈建明.我国养殖鱼类对矿物元素的需要量[J].饲料博览.2000,2:45
[31] 蒋蓉.Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn 对黄颡鱼生长及其生理机能的影响[D].苏州大学硕士学位论文
[32] 魏万权,李爱杰,李德尚.牙鲆幼鱼饲料中添加 Cu 的适宜补充量研究[J].海洋湖沼通报.2001,2:54-59
[33] 段堃,谢南南,原素芳.微量元素维生素与疾病[M].北京:中国人口出版社,1998:8
[34] 麻益良,李敬,张军.动物必需微量元素营养研究进展[J].山东家禽,2001,6:12-15
[35] Srivastava, A.K.and Agrawal, S.J.1983.Changes induced by manganese in fish testis[J]. Experientia,39:1309-1310
[36] Romanenko, V.D., 1984.Metabolic aspects of warmwarter culture of the carp. Cyprinus carpio[J].Aquaculture,38:307-314
[37] Satoh, S.Takeuchi, T.and Watanbe, T.,1991.Avaibility of manganese and magnes- ium contained in white fishmeal to rainbow trout Oncorhynechus mykiss[J]. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 58:539-545
[38] 赵元凤,赵睿,吕景才等.氨基酸螯合盐对罗非鱼鲤鱼的促生长效果[J].西南农业大学学报,2000,22(2):131～133
[39] 佐藤秀一.关于鱼类对微量元素利用特性的研究[J].饲料研究,1997,4:14～17.
[40] Ishac, M.M.and Dollar, A.M.,1968.Studied on manganese uptake in Tilapia mossmbica and Salmogairdneri.I. Growth of Tilapia mossmbica in response to man- ganese[J]. Hydrobiologia, 31:572-584
[41] Knox, D.,Cowey,C.B.and Adron.J. W.,1981. The effect of low dietary man- ganese intake on rainbow trout(Salmo gairdneri).Br.J.Nutr.,46:495-501
[42] Gatlin, Ⅲ, D.M. and Wilson.R.P.1984b.Studies on the manganese requirement of fingerling channel catfish[J].Aquaculture,41:85-92
[43] Takeuchi, T,. Watanabe, T.,Ogino C.,Saito,M.,Nishimura,K.and Nose,T.,1981. Effects of low protein-high calorie diets and deletion of trace elements from a fish meal diet on reproduction of rainbow trout[J].Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi,47:645-654
[44] Lall, S.P.,1989.The minerals.In:J.E.Halver(Editor),Fish Nutrition,2nd edn. Ac- ademic Press, NeW York,pp.219-257
[45] 魏万权,李爱杰,李德尚.牙鲆幼鱼饲料中 Mn、Co 适宜补充量的初步研究[J].浙江海洋学院学报,2001,20(增刊):83-87
[46] 王道尊,赵亮.一龄草鱼对 Mn 的需要量[J].上海水产大学学报,1994,Z1
[47] 李荷芳,王辉亮,梁海德等.黑鲷对 Ca,P,K,Mg 和 Mn 的营养需求[J].海洋科学集刊,1996,00
[48] 张养梅.微量元素在人体中的生物利用率及元素间关联的研究.中国原子能科学研究院.硕士研究生毕业论文.2002 年 5 月.p1-62
[49] 张子仪主编.中国饲料学.中国农业出版社[M].2000.p175.
[50] Engel DW, Brouwer M. Metallothionein-like proteins physiological importance. In: Advances in Comparative and Enviromental Physology, Springer-Verlay, Berlin, 1989, 53
[51] 周新文、朱国念等.Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)组织 DNA毒性的研究.核农学报. 2001,15(3):167~173.
[52] 沈骅,王晓蓉,张景飞.应用应激蛋白 HSP70 作为生物标志物研究 Zn、Cu 及其联合毒性对鲫鱼肝胰脏的影响.环 境 科 学 学 报.2004,24(5):895-899.
[53] 周永欣,章宗涉.水生生物毒性试验方法[M].北京:农业出版社,1989:109-143.
[54] Knox D., Cowey C.B. and Adron J W. Effects of dietary copper and copper: Zinc ratio on rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri.Aquaculture. 1982. 27(2): 111-119.
[55] 杨云贵, 刘俊华, 刘四芽.配合饲料中四种微量元素的添加剂量监测 [J]. 黄牛杂志.1994, 20(71): 53~55.
[56] 吕其昌, 安汝义,李绍钰等.河南省饲料中微量元素含量盈缺的研究[J]. 河南农业科学.1997(9):34~37.
[57] 祈凌云, 李邵玉. 我国畜禽必须微量元素盈缺分析[J]. 中国饲料.1994(10): 10~12.
[58] Satoh, S.Takeuchi, T.and Watanbe, T.,1983a.Effect on growth and mineral composition of rainbow trout on deletion of trace elements or magnesium from fish meal diet[J].Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 49:425-429
[59] 叶元土,林仕梅,罗莉等.矿物质元素对斑点叉尾鮰生长的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2003,30(2):28-32
[60] 叶元土,陈昌齐.水产集约化健康养殖技术.北京:中国农业出版社,2007
[61] 龙华. 水生动物 10 种非特异性免疫分子的研究进展[J].长江大学学报(自科版),2005,2(11):67～72.
[62] 王雷,李光友,毛远兴.口服免疫药物后中国对虾某些血淋巴因子的测定及方法研究[J].海洋与湖沼,1995,26(1):34～42.
[63] 陈超然,陈萱,陈昌福,等.酵母 β 葡聚糖对受免异育银鲫免疫应答的增强作用[J].华中农业大学学报,2003,22(4):380～384.
[64] 郭玉娟,陈学年. A3α 肽聚糖对彭泽鲫生长及非特异免疫机能的影响[J].水产科学,2006,25(2):65～68.
[65] 川原逸郎,楠田理一.主要养殖鱼类のリゾチ ム活性[J].日本水产学会誌,1988,54(4):581 584
[66] 陈竞春,石安静.贝类免疫生物学研究概况[J].水生生物学报,1996,20(1):74～78.
[67] 曹宜 , 董自波 . 茵陈蒿汤对小鼠肝损伤的保护作用 [J]. 浙江中医学院学报,2002,26(001):41～43.
[68] 刘福岭等.食品物理与化学分析方法[M]. 轻工业出版社,1987
[69] 梁思等,王爱波.鱼类对 Cu 和 Zn 的需求和缺乏症[J].广东饲料,1996,(5):21
[70] 颜世铭,熊丽萍.元素间的相互影响.广东微量元素科学.2000,7(11)1-5)
[71] Maage A., Sveier H. and Julshamn K..A comparison of growth rate and trace element accumulation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry fed four different commerical diets. Aquaculture. 1989, 79(1-4): 267-273
[72] 赵海涛,张其中,赵海鹏等.南方鲇幼鱼和成鱼血液指标的比较. 动物学杂志, 2006,41(1):94-99
[73] 周玉,郭文杨,杨振国等.欧洲鳗鲡血液某些生物化学指标的测定.动物学杂志, 2002,37(1):50-52
[74] 徐镜波,张淑月.鲤鱼血清谷丙转氨酶活性和活性抑制的测定.松辽学刊(自然科学版),1999,4:4-8
[75] 张桂兰.虹鳟鱼血液学指标的测定.鲑鳟渔业,1991,4(2):80-84
[76] 罗毅平,袁伦强,曹振东,谢小军.嘉陵江大鳍鱯和瓦式黄颡鱼血液指标的研究.水生生物学报,2005,29(2):161-166
[77] 陈刚,周晖,张健东等.军曹鱼血液指标及血细胞发生的观察.水生生物学报,2005,29(5):564-570
[2] 周文玉,戴祥庆,陈迪虎等.青鱼配合饲料中五种矿物元素适宜含量的研究.1990.
[3] 侯永清.鲤鱼饲料中磷、Fe、Zn、镁的最适添加水平.武汉食品工业学院学报.1996,1:7-15.
[4] 王辉亮,李荷芳,梁德海等.黑鲷对 Fe、Zn、Cu 和 I 的营养需求.海洋科学集刊.1996,37:143-150.
[5] 石文雷,刘梅珍,陆茂英,黄凤钦.团头鲂对几种主要无机盐需要量的研究.水产学报.1997,21(4):458-461.
[6] 魏万全等.饲料中添加 Fe 对牙鲆幼鱼生长的影响.水产学报.1999,23 增刊:100-103
[7] Nutrition Requirement of Fish (NRC).1993,19-20.
[8] Nose T, Arai S. Recent advances in studies on mineral nutrition of fish in Japan [J]. Aquaculture, 1976.12-13.
[9] 吴锐全,肖学铮.鳗鲡的营养需求与饲料配制.饲料研究,1999,7:1-3
[10] 瞿明仁,黎观红.微量元素对动物免疫功能的影响及作用机制[J].江苏农业大学学报,1988,20(4):472-475
[11] 刘惠芳,宋志刚.饲料微量元素的免疫功能[J].中国饲料,2002,12:19-21
[12] Syed, M.A.andCoombs, T.L., 1982.Copper metabolism in the place Pleurone- ctes platessa(L)[J].Exp.Mar.Biol.Ecol.,63:281-286
[13] Lanno R. P., S. J. Slinger and J. W. Hilton, 1985. Maximum tolerable and toxicity levels of dietary copper in rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri Richardson)[J]. Aquaculture, 49:257-268
[14] 周运涛,艾晓辉,刘长征.水体中 Cu 在鲫鱼体内的积累[J].水产学报,2004,12(28):157-201
[15] 王三根.微量元素与健康[M].上海科学普及出版社出版,2004:29
[16] Yamamoto, K.,Ishii,T., Sato M, and Ikeda, S.,1977.Effect of dietary ascorbic acid on the accumulations of copper in carp[J].Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 43:989-995
[17] Yamamoto, K., Hayama, K.,,and Ikeda,S.,1981. Effect of dietary ascorbic acid on copper poisoning in rainbow trout[J]. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi,47:1085-1089
[18] 黄汉军,贾振军,穆晓梅等.影响饲料中矿物元素吸收利用的因素[J].畜牧兽医杂志,2002,21(5):16-18.
[19] 李爱杰,李静,王凤雷等.不同剂型微量元素对杂食性鱼生长和消化率的影响[J].中国饲料,1994.7:15-18
[20] 宋进美,王介银,王玉先等.不同剂型微量元素对鲤生长及肌肉营养状况的影响[J].水利渔业,2002,22(6):5～7
[21] 袁万安,杨松全,陈建等.蛋氨酸微量元素螯合物在大口黑鲈饲料中的应用效果[J].中国水产科学,2003,10(5):409-413
[22] Lanno,R.P., Slinger, S.J.and Hilton ,J. W., 1985b.Maximum tolerable and toxicity levels of dietary copper in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson[J]. Aquaculture, 49:257-268
[23] Gatlin, D. M.,III, and R. P. Wilson, 1986b.Dietary copper requirement of fingerling channel catfish[J]. Aquaculture, 54:277-285
[24] Murai T., Andrews J.W. and Smith R. G.Jr.,1981. Effects of dietary copper on channel catfish[J]. Aquaculture, 22:353-357
[25] Knox, D., C. B. Cowey, and J. W. Adron, 1984 Effects of dietary zinc intake upon copper metabolism in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnero)[J]. Aquaculture, 40:199-207
[26] Satoh, S..Izume, K.Takeuchi, T.and Watanbe, T., 1992a.Effect of supplemental tricalcium phosphate on zinc and manganese avaibility to common carp[J]. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 57:99-104
[27] 沈维华.鱼类 Fe、Cu、Zn 营养研究进展[J].湖北渔业,1989,4:21-24
[28] 陈冬梅,刘维德.Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn 不同组合水平对鲤鱼生长的影响[J].饲料工业, 2003,24(4):50-52
[29] 吴锐全,肖学铮.鳗鲡的营养需求与饲料配制[J].饲料研究,1999,7:1-3
[30] 陈建明.我国养殖鱼类对矿物元素的需要量[J].饲料博览.2000,2:45
[31] 蒋蓉.Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn 对黄颡鱼生长及其生理机能的影响[D].苏州大学硕士学位论文
[32] 魏万权,李爱杰,李德尚.牙鲆幼鱼饲料中添加 Cu 的适宜补充量研究[J].海洋湖沼通报.2001,2:54-59
[33] 段堃,谢南南,原素芳.微量元素维生素与疾病[M].北京:中国人口出版社,1998:8
[34] 麻益良,李敬,张军.动物必需微量元素营养研究进展[J].山东家禽,2001,6:12-15
[35] Srivastava, A.K.and Agrawal, S.J.1983.Changes induced by manganese in fish testis[J]. Experientia,39:1309-1310
[36] Romanenko, V.D., 1984.Metabolic aspects of warmwarter culture of the carp. Cyprinus carpio[J].Aquaculture,38:307-314
[37] Satoh, S.Takeuchi, T.and Watanbe, T.,1991.Avaibility of manganese and magnes- ium contained in white fishmeal to rainbow trout Oncorhynechus mykiss[J]. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 58:539-545
[38] 赵元凤,赵睿,吕景才等.氨基酸螯合盐对罗非鱼鲤鱼的促生长效果[J].西南农业大学学报,2000,22(2):131～133
[39] 佐藤秀一.关于鱼类对微量元素利用特性的研究[J].饲料研究,1997,4:14～17.
[40] Ishac, M.M.and Dollar, A.M.,1968.Studied on manganese uptake in Tilapia mossmbica and Salmogairdneri.I. Growth of Tilapia mossmbica in response to man- ganese[J]. Hydrobiologia, 31:572-584
[41] Knox, D.,Cowey,C.B.and Adron.J. W.,1981. The effect of low dietary man- ganese intake on rainbow trout(Salmo gairdneri).Br.J.Nutr.,46:495-501
[42] Gatlin, Ⅲ, D.M. and Wilson.R.P.1984b.Studies on the manganese requirement of fingerling channel catfish[J].Aquaculture,41:85-92
[43] Takeuchi, T,. Watanabe, T.,Ogino C.,Saito,M.,Nishimura,K.and Nose,T.,1981. Effects of low protein-high calorie diets and deletion of trace elements from a fish meal diet on reproduction of rainbow trout[J].Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi,47:645-654
[44] Lall, S.P.,1989.The minerals.In:J.E.Halver(Editor),Fish Nutrition,2nd edn. Ac- ademic Press, NeW York,pp.219-257
[45] 魏万权,李爱杰,李德尚.牙鲆幼鱼饲料中 Mn、Co 适宜补充量的初步研究[J].浙江海洋学院学报,2001,20(增刊):83-87
[46] 王道尊,赵亮.一龄草鱼对 Mn 的需要量[J].上海水产大学学报,1994,Z1
[47] 李荷芳,王辉亮,梁海德等.黑鲷对 Ca,P,K,Mg 和 Mn 的营养需求[J].海洋科学集刊,1996,00
[48] 张养梅.微量元素在人体中的生物利用率及元素间关联的研究.中国原子能科学研究院.硕士研究生毕业论文.2002 年 5 月.p1-62
[49] 张子仪主编.中国饲料学.中国农业出版社[M].2000.p175.
[50] Engel DW, Brouwer M. Metallothionein-like proteins physiological importance. In: Advances in Comparative and Enviromental Physology, Springer-Verlay, Berlin, 1989, 53
[51] 周新文、朱国念等.Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)组织 DNA毒性的研究.核农学报. 2001,15(3):167~173.
[52] 沈骅,王晓蓉,张景飞.应用应激蛋白 HSP70 作为生物标志物研究 Zn、Cu 及其联合毒性对鲫鱼肝胰脏的影响.环 境 科 学 学 报.2004,24(5):895-899.
[53] 周永欣,章宗涉.水生生物毒性试验方法[M].北京:农业出版社,1989:109-143.
[54] Knox D., Cowey C.B. and Adron J W. Effects of dietary copper and copper: Zinc ratio on rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri.Aquaculture. 1982. 27(2): 111-119.
[55] 杨云贵, 刘俊华, 刘四芽.配合饲料中四种微量元素的添加剂量监测 [J]. 黄牛杂志.1994, 20(71): 53~55.
[56] 吕其昌, 安汝义,李绍钰等.河南省饲料中微量元素含量盈缺的研究[J]. 河南农业科学.1997(9):34~37.
[57] 祈凌云, 李邵玉. 我国畜禽必须微量元素盈缺分析[J]. 中国饲料.1994(10): 10~12.
[58] Satoh, S.Takeuchi, T.and Watanbe, T.,1983a.Effect on growth and mineral composition of rainbow trout on deletion of trace elements or magnesium from fish meal diet[J].Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 49:425-429
[59] 叶元土,林仕梅,罗莉等.矿物质元素对斑点叉尾鮰生长的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2003,30(2):28-32
[60] 叶元土,陈昌齐.水产集约化健康养殖技术.北京:中国农业出版社,2007
[61] 龙华. 水生动物 10 种非特异性免疫分子的研究进展[J].长江大学学报(自科版),2005,2(11):67～72.
[62] 王雷,李光友,毛远兴.口服免疫药物后中国对虾某些血淋巴因子的测定及方法研究[J].海洋与湖沼,1995,26(1):34～42.
[63] 陈超然,陈萱,陈昌福,等.酵母 β 葡聚糖对受免异育银鲫免疫应答的增强作用[J].华中农业大学学报,2003,22(4):380～384.
[64] 郭玉娟,陈学年. A3α 肽聚糖对彭泽鲫生长及非特异免疫机能的影响[J].水产科学,2006,25(2):65～68.
[65] 川原逸郎,楠田理一.主要养殖鱼类のリゾチ ム活性[J].日本水产学会誌,1988,54(4):581 584
[66] 陈竞春,石安静.贝类免疫生物学研究概况[J].水生生物学报,1996,20(1):74～78.
[67] 曹宜 , 董自波 . 茵陈蒿汤对小鼠肝损伤的保护作用 [J]. 浙江中医学院学报,2002,26(001):41～43.
[68] 刘福岭等.食品物理与化学分析方法[M]. 轻工业出版社,1987
[69] 梁思等,王爱波.鱼类对 Cu 和 Zn 的需求和缺乏症[J].广东饲料,1996,(5):21
[70] 颜世铭,熊丽萍.元素间的相互影响.广东微量元素科学.2000,7(11)1-5)
[71] Maage A., Sveier H. and Julshamn K..A comparison of growth rate and trace element accumulation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry fed four different commerical diets. Aquaculture. 1989, 79(1-4): 267-273
[72] 赵海涛,张其中,赵海鹏等.南方鲇幼鱼和成鱼血液指标的比较. 动物学杂志, 2006,41(1):94-99
[73] 周玉,郭文杨,杨振国等.欧洲鳗鲡血液某些生物化学指标的测定.动物学杂志, 2002,37(1):50-52
[74] 徐镜波,张淑月.鲤鱼血清谷丙转氨酶活性和活性抑制的测定.松辽学刊(自然科学版),1999,4:4-8
[75] 张桂兰.虹鳟鱼血液学指标的测定.鲑鳟渔业,1991,4(2):80-84
[76] 罗毅平,袁伦强,曹振东,谢小军.嘉陵江大鳍鱯和瓦式黄颡鱼血液指标的研究.水生生物学报,2005,29(2):161-166
[77] 陈刚,周晖,张健东等.军曹鱼血液指标及血细胞发生的观察.水生生物学报,2005,29(5):564-570