皱纹盘鲍（Haliotis Discus Hannai Ino）矿物元素（K、Mg、Se、Cu）及糖类营养生理的研究
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摘要
本论文首先介绍了二十世纪六十年代以来国内外有关水生动物矿物元素K、Mg、Se、Cu及糖类营养生理学研究的结果及最新进展，并以我国北方主要经济养殖贝类皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai Ino)为研究对象，围绕着矿物元素K、Mg、Se、Cu及糖类营养生理这一主题，探讨饲料中的矿物元素和不同的糖源对其生长、利用和免疫反应的影响，并深入研究了其对糖类的代谢反应。主要研究内容包括：(1)皱纹盘鲍幼鲍对饲料中钾的需要量及生理反应的研究；(2)皱纹盘鲍幼鲍对饲料中镁的需要量及生理反应的研究；(3)饲料中镁和蛋白质水平对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍生长及体成分的影响；(4)皱纹盘鲍对饲料中硒的需要量及其免疫反应的研究；(5)皱纹盘鲍对饲料中铜的需要量及其免疫反应的研究；(6)饲料中不同糖源对皱纹盘鲍生长及糖代谢影响的研究；(7)饲料中不同糖源对皱纹盘鲍脂类及脂肪酸代谢反应的影响。研究结果总结如下：
(1)研究在以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源的半精制基础饲料中添加不同梯度的钾对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍Haliotis discus hannai Ino生长、存活和体成分的影响，以确定其对钾的营养需求及其在长期适应饲料中不同水平钾的过程中的生理反应。饲料中钾的添加梯度分别为0、2、4、8、16和32 g钾／kg(对应的饲料中实测钾含量分别为：0．10±0．01、2．12±0．02、4．39±0．53、9．79±1．00、20．08±1．14、27．26±1．72g钾／kg)。实验共分6组，每组设3个重复，每个重复放养40只幼鲍(平均壳长：12．24±0．04 mm；平均体重：0．24±0．00 g)；在水温12-23℃，海水钾含量为472．94±3．59 mg／l的条件下进行为期15周的流水养殖实验。结果表明，饲料中不同含量的钾对皱纹盘鲍的增重率(WGR)、贝壳日增长(DISL)及存活率没有显著影响(P＞0．05)。体成分分析表明，不同含量的钾对皱纹盘鲍软体部的水分、粗脂肪和贝壳的灰分含量均没有显著影响(P＞0．05)，但当饲料中钾添加量大于等于4 g钾／kg时，与0 g钾／kg添加组相比，皱纹盘鲍软体部粗蛋白含量显著升高(P＜0．05)。软体部钾的含量和贝壳中钾、钠的含量受饲料中钾水平的影响不显著(P＞0．05)，但软体部钠含量在添加量为16和32 g钾／kg饲料组显著低于其他各组(P＜0．05)。当饲料中钾的添加量为16、32 g钾／kg时，鳃Na~+-K~+ ATP酶活力与0 g钾／kg添加组相比显著降低(P＜0．05)，但与2、4、8 g钾／kg添加组相比差异不显著(P＞0．05)。据此提出没有必要在饲料中补充钾，海水中钾和饲料原料中的钾能够维持皱纹盘鲍的正常生长；体钾含量与饲料中钾含量没有相关性；长期摄食高含量钾的饲料能够降低皱纹盘鲍软体部钠含量和鳃Na~+-K~+ ATP酶活力。
(2)研究了在以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源的半精制基础饲料中添加不同梯度的镁对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍Haliotis discus hannai Ino生长、存活及体成分的影响，以确定其对镁的营养需求及其在长期适应饲料中不同水平镁的过程中的生理反应。镁的添加梯度分别为0、0．3、0．6、1．2、2．4和4．8 g镁／kg饲料(对应的饲料中实测镁含量分别为：0．12±0．01、0．81±0．02、1．49±0．04、2．56±0．04、5．06±0．10、9．41±0．10g镁／kg饲料)。实验共分6组，每组设3个重复，每个重复放养40只幼鲍(平均壳长：12．12±0．05 mm；平均体重：0．23±0．00 g)；在水温12-23℃，海水镁含量为152．75±1．86 mg／l的条件下进行为期15周的流水养殖实验。结果表明，饲料中不同含量的镁对皱纹盘鲍的增重率(WGR)、贝壳日增长(DISL)及存活率没有显著影响(P＞0．05)。体成分分析表明，饲料中不同含量的镁对皱纹盘鲍软体部的水分、粗脂肪和贝壳的灰分含量均没有显著影响(P＞0．05)，但软体部粗蛋白含量却随着饲料中镁含量的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势，并在镁添加量为0．6 g／kg饲料组达到最大值。鳃、肝胰脏和肌肉Mg~(2+)-ATP酶活力均呈现先升高后降低的趋势，鳃和肝胰脏的Mg~(2+)-ATP酶活力在镁添加量为0．3 g／kg饲料组达到最大，而肌肉Mg~(2+)-ATP酶活力在镁添加量为0．6 g／kg饲料组达到最大。软体部和贝壳中镁、钙的含量均不受饲料中镁水平的显著影响(P＞0．05)，而软体部磷含量却随着饲料中镁含量的增加稳步降低。据此提出没有必要在饲料中补充镁，海水中镁和饲料原料中的镁能够维持皱纹盘鲍的正常生长；体镁、钙含量与饲料中镁含量没有相关性；长期摄食低镁和高镁饲料能够降低皱纹盘鲍软体部粗蛋白含量和鳃、肝胰脏及肌肉Mg~(2+)-ATP酶活力；长期摄食高含量镁的饲料能够降低皱纹盘鲍软体部磷含量。
(3)利用双因素实验设计研究了在饲料中添加镁(0，0．3，1．2，2．4g／kg)和蛋白质(30％，45％)对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍Haliotis discus hannai Ino生长、存活及体成分的影响。实验共分8组，每组设3个重复，每个重复放养40只幼鲍(平均壳长：12．12±0．00 mm；平均体重：0．23±0．00 g)；在水温12-23℃，海水镁含量为152．75±1．86 mg／l的条件下进行为期15周的流水养殖实验。结果表明，饲料中镁和蛋白质水平对皱纹盘鲍的增重率(WGR)、贝壳日增长(DISL)及存活率均没有显著影响(P＞0．05)。体成分分析表明，饲料中镁和蛋白质对皱纹盘鲍软体部粗蛋白含量有显著的交互作用(P＜0．05)；软体部粗脂肪和贝壳灰分的含量仅受蛋白质水平的影响；镁和蛋白质水平对软体部水分含量没有显著影响(P＞0．05)。软体部镁含量仅受蛋白质水平的影响，并随着蛋白质含量的升高而表现出升高的趋势。镁和蛋白质水平对软体部钙含量有显著的交互作用(P＜0．05)，45％蛋白质水平组鲍鱼软体部钙含量显著高于30％蛋白质水平组(P＜0．05)；在45％蛋白质水平，镁添加量为1．2和2．4g／kg饲料组的软体部钙的含量显著高于其他各组(P＜0．05)。软体部磷的含量随着饲料中镁的增加而稳步降低，但镁和蛋白质对软体部磷含量的交互作用不显著(P＞0．05)。贝壳中的镁含量不受饲料中镁和蛋白质水平的影响(P＞0．05)。在30％和45％蛋白质水平下，随着饲料中镁添加量的升高，贝壳中钙的沉积的有增高的趋势。总之，镁和蛋白质水平对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍的生长没有显著影响，但对软体部粗蛋白和钙含量有显著的交互作用并表现为协同效应，即随着饲料中镁和蛋白质水平的升高能够相应地增加软体部粗蛋白和钙的含量，同时软体部磷的含量随着饲料中镁的增加而稳步降低。
(4)利用单因素实验设计研究了在饲料中添加不同含量的硒(添加量：0，0．3，0．6，1．2，2．4，9．6 mg／kg；实际含量：0．15，0．53，0．88，1．55，2．63，9．16 mg／kg)对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍Haliotis discus hannai Ino生长、存活、体成分及血清中与免疫相关指标的影响。实验共分6组，每组设3个重复，每个重复放养45只幼鲍(平均壳长：17．43±0．04 mm；平均体重：0．68±0．00 g)；在水温10-20℃，海水硒含量为1．46μg／l的条件下进行为期24周的流水养殖实验。结果表明，皱纹盘鲍的增重率(WGR)和贝壳日增长(DISL)分别在摄食硒含量为0．88和1．55 mg／kg饲料组里达到了最大值，而摄食9．16 mg／kg饲料鲍鱼的WGR和DISL显著降低(P＜0．05)；皱纹盘鲍软体部水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量不受饲料中硒含量的影响(P＞0．05)。免疫相关指标显示，血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活力随着饲料中硒含量的增加而显著升高，并在2．63 mg／kg饲料组达到最大值；血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酚氧化酶(PO)和溶菌酶(LSZ)活力分别在0．88和1．55 mg／kg饲料组达到了最大值后其活力都随硒含量的增加而显著降低(P＜0．05)；而饲料中硒对血清蛋白含量影响不显著(P＞0．05)。总之，饲料中添加硒能够显著地影响皱纹盘鲍的生长和免疫状态；分别以增重率(WGR)和贝壳日增长(DISL)为衡量指标，用折线模型进行回归分析，皱纹盘鲍对饲料中硒的最适需要量分别为1．17和1．09 mg Se／kg饲料；本文也报道了饲料中高含量的硒(9．16 mg／kg饲料)对皱纹盘鲍产生毒性作用，主要表现为抑制生长并显著降低血清SOD、PO、LSZ活力。
(5)利用单因素实验设计研究了在饲料中添加不同含量的铜(添加量：0，3，6，15，30，120 mg／kg；实际含量：1．08，3．76，6．54，14．80，26．84，109．41mg／kg)对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍Haliotis discus hannai Ino生长、存活、体成分及与免疫相关指标的影响，确定其对饲料中铜的需要量，并探讨铜的免疫作用机理。实验共分6组，每组设3个重复，每个重复放养45只幼鲍(平均壳长：17．21±0．04 mm；平均体重：0．65±0．00 g)；在为期24周的流水养殖实验期间，水温为10-20℃，没有检测出海水中铜的含量。实验结果表明，皱纹盘鲍的增重率(WGR)、贝壳日增长(DISL)及存活率不受饲料中铜含量的影响(P＞0．05)。饲料中不同含量的铜对皱纹盘鲍软体部水分和粗灰分含量没有显著影响(P＞0．05)。软体部粗蛋白的含量随着饲料中铜添加量的增加有升高的趋势，并在铜含量109．41mg／kg饲料组达到最大值，且显著高于1．08-14．80 mg／kg饲料组(P＜0．05)。而软体部粗脂肪含量随着饲料中铜添加量的增加有降低的趋势，并在铜添加量为26．84和109．41 mg／kg饲料组显著低于其他各组(P＜0．05)。免疫指标显示，肝胰脏铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn SOD)活力、血清CuZn SOD和血清酚氧化酶(PO)活力都随着饲料中铜的添加而升高，分别在铜含量为3．76 mg／kg、6．54mg／kg时达到最大值。血清蛋白含量随着饲料中铜添加量的增加而升高，并在铜含量109．41mg／kg饲料组达到最大值。而饲料中铜对血清溶菌酶(LSZ)活力影响不显著(P＞0．05)。总之，微量元素铜对皱纹盘鲍是必需的，以肝胰脏和血清铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn SOD)活力为判定指标，饲料中铜的适宜含量为3．76 mg／kg；饲料中铜含量为6．54 mg／kg时能够使皱纹盘鲍处于良好的免疫状态；本实验生长结果显示皱纹盘鲍对饲料中的铜有较高的耐受性并且在高铜(109．41 mg／kg)水平下没有发现对生长有负面影响。
(6)利用单因素实验设计研究了在以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源的半精制饲料中添加梯度为33．5％的不同糖源(糊精、糊化小麦淀粉、小麦淀粉、玉米淀粉、木薯淀粉、马铃薯淀粉)对皱纹盘鲍Haliotis discus hannai Ino生长及生理生化指标的影响，以确定其对饲料中不同糖源的利用及代谢情况。实验共分6组，每组设3个重复，每个重复放养30只鲍鱼(平均壳长：29．98±0．09mm；平均体重：3．42±0．02 g)；在水温18-20℃的循环系统中进行为期24周的养殖实验。结果表明：饲料中不同糖源对皱纹盘鲍贝壳日增长(DISL)及存活率没有显著影响(P＞0．05)，但对增重率(WGR)影响显著(P＜0．05)，马铃薯淀粉组的WGR最低。体成分分析表明，饲料中不同糖源对皱纹盘鲍软体部的水分、粗蛋白、粗灰分和贝壳的粗灰分含量均有显著影响(P＜0．05)，但对软体部粗脂肪含量影响不显著(P＞0．05)。摄食糊精组鲍鱼的血糖含量显著高于其他饲料组(P＜0．05)。摄食糊化小麦淀粉组鲍鱼的肌糖原的含量最高，马铃薯淀粉组的含量最低；而肝糖原的含量受饲料中的糖源影响不显著(P＞0．05)。鲍鱼的肝胰脏淀粉酶和葡糖苷酶活力在摄食糊精与马铃薯淀粉组里最低；而肝胰脏蛋白酶活力却在木薯淀粉组达到了最大值。肝胰脏己糖激酶活力在摄食糊精组鲍鱼里最低。鲍鱼血清和肝胰脏胰岛素含量在摄食马铃薯淀粉组里同步降低。这些数据表明，皱纹盘鲍能够很好的利用糊精、糊化小麦淀粉、小麦淀粉、玉米淀粉和木薯淀粉，但对这些糖源的利用有着不同的代谢反应。
(7)利用单因素实验设计研究了在以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源的半精制饲料中添加梯度为33．5％的不同糖源(糊精、糊化小麦淀粉、小麦淀粉、玉米淀粉、木薯淀粉、马铃薯淀粉)对皱纹盘鲍Haliotis discus hannai Ino脂类及脂肪酸含量的影响，探讨皱纹盘鲍对饲料中不同糖源的利用及代谢情况。实验共分6组，每组设3个重复，每个重复放养30只鲍鱼(平均壳长：29．98±0．09 mm；平均体重：3．42±0．02 g)；在水温18-20℃的循环系统中进行为期24周的养殖实验。结果表明：摄食糊精、糊化小麦淀粉和小麦淀粉组鲍鱼血清甘油三酯和胆固醇含量高于其他各组。脂肪酸分析结果表明，除摄食木薯和马铃薯淀粉组鲍鱼肌肉18：3n-3含量显著低于其他饲料组外(P＜0．05)，摄食马铃薯淀粉、木薯淀粉、玉米淀粉和小麦淀粉组鲍鱼肌肉和肝胰脏中n-3和n-6系列多不饱和脂肪酸含量要高于糊精和糊化小麦淀粉组；摄食糊精组鲍鱼肌肉和肝胰脏中饱和脂肪酸18：0含量低于其他各组；摄食玉米淀粉组鲍鱼肝胰脏中饱和脂肪酸16：0含量低于其他各组。这些数据表明，皱纹盘鲍能够很好的利用糊精、糊化小麦淀粉和小麦淀粉作为能量来源，而本实验中所用马铃薯淀粉、木薯淀粉、玉米淀粉和小麦淀粉使鲍体多不饱和脂肪酸含量升高，易给机体带来脂质过氧化的压力。
A detailed review of studying status on nutritional physiology of mineral elementK、Mg、Se、Cu and carbohydrate in aquatic animals was undertaken.A series ofexperiments were conducted to discuss the effect of mineral element K、Mg、Se、Cuand carbohydrate on growth performance and carbohydrate metabolism response inabalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino.The current studies include the followings:(1)Dietary potassium requirement and physiological responses of juvenile abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino.(2) Dietary magnesium requirement and physiologicalresponses of juvenile abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino.(3) The interaction ofdietary magnesium and protein level on growth and carcass composition of juvenileabalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino.(4) Immune responses to dietary selenium andselenium requirement of abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino.(5) Immune responses todietary copper and copper requirement of abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino.(6)Effect of dietary carbohydrate sources on growth performance and carbohydratemetabolism in abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino.(7) Effect of dietary carbohydratesources on lipid and fatty acid metabolic responses in abalone,Haliotis discus hannaiIno.The results are summarized as follows:
(1) A one-factorial experiment was conducted to determine the effects ofdietary potassium on growth,survival and carcass composition of juvenile abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino,to evaluate the minimum requirement of dietary potassiumand to study the physiological responses of abalone to dietary potassium in long termacclimation using a premium quality diet based on casein-gelatin as the proteinsources.Six semipurified diets containing graded levels of dietary potassium (0,2,4,8,16,32 g/kg providing 0.10±0.01,2.12±0.02,4.39±0.53,9.79±1.00,20.08±1.14,27.26±1.72 g/kg dry diet) were fed to juvenile abalone (average initial shell length:12.24±0.04 mm;average initial weight:0.24±0.00 g) in triplicate groups for 15 weeks in a flow-through system.During the experimental period,the water temperatureranged from 12 to 23℃and potassium concentration was 472.94±3.59 mg/l in the seawater.The results showed that there were no significant differences in the averageweight gain rate (WGR,%),daily increment in shell length (DISL,μm/day) and thesurvival of abalone among six dietary treatments (P＞0.05).There were also nosignificant differences in lipid,moisture contents of soft body and the content of shellash among six dietary treatments (P＞0.05),but the soft body protein content wassignificantly increased when the supplementation of dietary potassium was more than4 g/kg diet,compared with the treatment of 0 g/kg diet (P＜0.05).The content ofpotassium in the soft body and potassium,sodium in the shell was maintainedrelatively constant regardless of dietary treatment (P＞0.05);the soft body sodiumcontent,however,was significantly lower in 16 and 32 g K/kg diet than any othertreatments (P＜0.05).The activity of gill Na~+-K~+ ATPase was decreased steadily withthe rising of dietary potassium.These data indicated that it seems no necessary to addpotassium to the diet and the potassium in diet and sea water is sufficient for optimumgrowth for abalone;there is no apparent dose-response relationship between dietarypotassium level and whole body potassium concentration;the soft body sodiumcontent and the gill Na~+-K~+ ATPase activity were decreased when juvenile abalonewere in long term acclimation with high potassium level diets.
(2) A one-factorial experiment was conducted to determine the effects ofdietary magnesium on growth,survival and carcass composition of juvenile abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino,to evaluate the minimum requirement of dietarymagnesium using a premium quality diet based on casein-gelatin as the proteinsources and to study the physiological responses of abalone to dietary magnesium inlong term acclimation.Six semi-purified diets containing graded levels of dietarymagnesium (0,0.3,0.6,1.2,2.4,4.8 g/kg providing 0.12±0.12,0.81±0.02,1.49±0.04,2.56±0.04,5.06±0.10,9.41±0.10 g/kg dry diet) were fed to juvenile abalone (averageinitial shell length:12.12±0.05 mm;average initial weight:0.23±0.00 g) in triplicategroups for 15 weeks in a flow-through system.During the experimental period,thewater temperature ranged from 12 to 23℃and magnesium concentration was152.75±1.86 mg/1 in the sea water.The results showed that there were no significantdifferences in the average weight gain rate (WGR,%),daily increment in shell length(DISL,μm/day) and the survival of abalone among six dietary treatments (P＞0.05). There were no significant differences in lipid,moisture contents of soft body and thecontent of shell ash among six dietary treatments (P＞0.05),but the soft body proteincontent were significantly raised with the rising of dietary magnesium and with thehighest value in the treatment of 0.6 g Mg/kg dry diet.The activity of gill,hepatopancreas and muscle Mg~(2+)-ATPase was significantly (P＜0.05) affected by thedietary magnesium,the highest value of gill,hepatopancreas Mg~(2+)-ATPase appearedin the 0.3 g Mg/kg dry diet treatment while the muscle Mg~(2+)-ATPase in the treatmentof 0.6 g Mg/kg dry diet.The content of magnesium and calcium in the soft body andshell was maintained relatively constant regardless of dietary treatment (P＞0.05);thesoft body phosphorus content,however,was declined steadily with the increasing ofdietary magnesium.These data indicated that it seems no necessary to add magnesiumto the diet and the magnesium in diet and sea water is sufficient for optimum growthfor abalone;there is no apparent dose-response relationship between dietarymagnesium level and whole body magnesium and calcium concentration;the proteincontent in soft body and Mg~(2+)-ATPase activity in gill,hepatopancreas and musclewere decreased when juvenile abalone were in long term acclimation with highmagnesium level diets;the phosphorus content in soft body was also decreased whenjuvenile abalone were fed high level of dietary magnesium.
(3) A two-factorial experiment was conducted to determine the effects ofdietary magnesium and protein on growth,survival and carcass composition ofjuvenile abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino.Eight semi-purified diets containinggraded levels of dietary magnesium (0,0.3,1.2,2.4g/kg) with either 30 or 45%protein were fed to juvenile abalone (average initial shell length:12.12±0.00 mm;average initial weight:0.23±0.00 g) in triplicate groups for 15 weeks in aflow-through system.During the experimental period,the water temperature rangedfrom 12 to 23℃and magnesium concentration was 152.75±1.86 mg/l in the seawater.The results showed that there were no significant differences in the averageweight gain rate (WGR,%),daily increment in shell length (DISL,μm/day) and thesurvival of abalone among eight dietary treatments (P＞0.05).The interaction betweendietary magnesium and protein on the soft body protein content was significant(P＜0.05);the level of dietary protein only significantly influenced the lipid and shellash content of soft body (P＜0.05);there was no significant difference in water contentof soft body in all treatments (P＞0.05).The soft body magnesium content was only affected by dietary protein level,and has an increased trend with the increasing ofdietary protein level.There was significant interaction between dietary magnesiumand protein on the content of soft body calcium (P＜0.05),abalones fed 45% proteindemonstrated the significant higher soft body calcium content as compared with thosefed 30% protein;at the level of 45% protein,an increased level of dietary magnesiumresulted in significantly increased soft body calcium content.The soft bodyphosphorus content was steadily decreased with increasing dietary magnesiumcontent,however,the interaction between dietary magnesium and protein on the softbody phosphorus content was not significant (P＞0.05).The content of magnesium inthe shell was maintained relatively constant regardless of dietary treatment (P＞0.05);the content of calcium in the shell had an increased trend with the increasing ofdietary magnesium in both dietary protein level.In summary,dietary magnesium andprotein level had no significant effect on the growth performance of abalone,however,the increasing level of dietary magnesium and protein resulted in the increaseddeposition of calcium and protein content in soft body correspondingly,meanwhile,the soft body phosphorus content was steadily decreased with increasing dietarymagnesium content.
(4) A study was designed to determine the effects of dietary selenium ongrowth,survival,carcass composition and serum immune index in juvenile abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino.Six semi-purified diets containing graded levels of dietaryselenium (supplementation of 0,0.3,0.6,1.2,2.4,9.6 mg/kg providing 0.15,0.53,0.88,1.55,2.63,9.16 mg Se/kg diet) were fed to juvenile abalone (average initialshell length:17.43±0.04 mm;average initial weight:0.68±0.00 g) in triplicate groupsfor 24 weeks in a flow-through system.During the experimental period,the watertemperature ranged from 10 to 20℃and selenium concentration was 1.46μg/l in thesea water.The results of the present study indicated that the highest values of averageweight gain rate (WGR,%) and daily increment in shell length (DISL,μm/day) wereappeared in 0.88 and 1.55 mg Se/kg diet treatments respectively,however,the 9.16mg Se/kg diet treatment showed the significantly lowest values in WGR and DISLthan 1.55 mg Se/kg diet treatments (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference inmoisture content,crude protein,crude lipid and crude ash of soft body in alltreatments (P＞0.05).The immune indexes showed that the activities of serumglutathione peroxidase (GPx) was significantly increased with the rising content of dietary selenium (P＜0.05) and reached the highest value in 2.63 mg Se/kg diettreatment,meanwhile,the highest activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD),phenoloxidase (PO) and lysozyme (LSZ) in serum were found in 0.88 and 1.55 mgSe/kg diet treatments respectively,but the serum protein content maintained relativelyconstant regardless of dietary treatments (P＞0.05).These results demonstrate thatsupplementary selenium in the diet could significantly affect the growth performanceand immune status of abalone.Broken-line regression analysis of weight gain rate(WGR) and daily increment in shell length (DISL) indicates that the optimal Serequirement for abalone is 1.17 and 1.09 mg Se/kg diet,respectively.It also reportsthe toxicity of selenium to abalone which appeared to be depressed growthperformance and the significantly decreased activities of serum SOD,PO and LSZ.
(5) A study was designed to determine the effects of dietary copper on growth,survival,carcass composition and immune response in juvenile abalone,Haliotisdiscus hannai Ino.Six semi-purified diets containing graded levels of dietary copper(0,3,6,15,30,120 mg/kg providing 1.08,3.76,6.54,14.80,26.84,109.41 mg Cu/kgdiet) were fed to juvenile abalone (average initial shell length:17.21±0.04 mm;average initial weight:0.65±0.00 g) in triplicate groups for 24 weeks in a flow-through system.During the experimental period,the water temperature ranged from10 to 20℃and copper concentration was not detectable in the sea water.As the result,no significant differences were found in average weight gain rate (WGR,%),dailyincrement in shell length (DISL,μm/day) and survival of abalone among six dietarytreatments (P＞0.05).There was no significant difference in water content and crudeash of soft body in all treatments (P＞0.05).The crude protein content in soft body hada increased trend with the increasing of dietary copper level,and reached the highestvalue in the 109.41 mg Cu/kg diet group which was significantly higher than1.08-14.80 mg Cu/kg diet groups (P＜0.05).The crude lipid content in soft body had adeclined trend with the increasing of dietary copper level,the values in the 26.84 and109.41 mg Cu/kg diet groups were significantly lower than any other groups (P＜0.05).The immune indexes showed that the activities of hepatopancreas CuZn superoxidedismutase (CuZn SOD),serum CuZn.SOD and serum phenoloxidase (PO) were allincreased with the increasing supplementation of dietary copper,and the highest valuewere found in 3.76 and 6.54 mg Cu/kg diet groups,respectively.The serum proteincontent were increased with the increasing supplementation of dietary copper,and the highest value were found in 109.41 mg Cu/kg diet groups.The lysozyme activities ofserum maintained relatively constant regardless of dietary treatments (P＞0.05).Insummary,trace element copper is necessary for abalone,the adequate dietary copperconcentration in juvenile abalone is about 3.76 mg/kg based on the activity ofhepatopancreas and serum CuZn SOD;with the 6.54 mg Cu in per kilogram diet,abalone could maintain better immune response;It is also reported in this article thatabalone has a higher tolerance for dietary copper and do not show negative responseon growth performance at such high dietary copper level (109.41 mg/kg).
(6) A one-factorial experiment was conducted to determine the effects ofdietary carbohydrate sources on growth,physiological & biochemical indexes inabalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino,to evaluate the ability of abalone to utilize thedietary polysaccharides and carbohydrate metabolism in abalone using a premiumquality diet based on casein-gelatin as the protein sources.Six semi-purified dietscontaining 33.5% level of different carbohydrate sources (dextrin,pre-extrude wheatstarch,wheat starch,corn starch,tapioca starch,potato starch) were fed to abalone(average initial shell length:29.98±0.09 mm;average initial weight:3.42±0.02 g)in triplicate groups for 24 weeks in a recirculation system.During the experimentalperiod,the water temperature ranged from 18 to 20℃.The results showed that therewere no significant differences in the average daily increment in shell length (DISL,μm/day) and survival of abalone among six dietary treatments (P＞0.05),butsignificant differences were observed in the average final weight and weight gain rate(WGR,%) (P＜0.05),the poorest final weight and WGR were appeared in potatostarch group.There were also significant differences in water content,crude protein,crude ash of soft body and the content of shell crude ash among six dietary treatments(P＜0.05),but no variation was found in the soft body lipid content (P＞0.05).Theabalone fed the diet containing dextrin had the highest plasma glucose level comparedwith other groups.The abalone fed with pre-extrude wheat starch had the highestmuscle glycogen content,while the lowest content was appeared in potato starchgroups;however,the hepatopancreas glycogen content maintained relatively constantregardless of dietary carbohydrate sources (P＞0.05).The activities of hepatopancreasamylase and glucosidase in abalone fed the diets containing dextrin and potato starchshowed the lowest values,however,the hepatopancreas protease activities werereached the highest values in the abalone fed tapioca starch.Hepatopancreas hexokinase activity was lowest in abalone fed with dextrin.The serum andhepatopancreas insulin content declined simultaneously in abalone fed the dietcontaining potato starch.These data indicated that the abalone was able to efficientlyutilize dextrin,pre-extrude wheat starch,wheat starch,corn starch and tapioca starchused in present study,but showed different metabolic responses to thesecarbohydrates.
(7) A one-factorial experiment was conducted to determine the effects ofdietary carbohydrate sources on lipid and fatty acid content in abalone,Haliotisdiscus hannai Ino,to evaluate the ability of abalone to utilize the dietarypolysaccharides and carbohydrate metabolism in abalone using a premium quality dietbased on casein-gelatin as the protein sources.Six semi-purified diets containing33.5% level of different carbohydrate sources (dextrin,pre-extrude wheat starch,wheat starch,corn starch,tapioca starch,potato starch) were fed to abalone (averageinitial shell length:29.98±0.09 mm;average initial weight:3.42±0.02 g) intriplicate groups for 24 weeks in a recirculation system.During the experimentalperiod,the water temperature ranged from 18 to 20℃.The results showed that theserum triglyceride and cholesterol content in abalone fed dextrin,pre-extruded wheatstarch and wheat starch were higher than any other treatments.The n-3 and n-6 seriespolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) content in the muscle and hepatopancreas ofabalone fed potato starch,tapioca starch,corn starch and wheat starch were higherthan that fed dextrin and pre-extruded wheat starch except that the muscle 18:3n-3content in abalone fed tapioca and potato starch which were significantly lower thanany other treatments (P＜0.05);the abalone fed the diet containing dextrin showed thelowest content of saturated fatty acid 18:0 in the muscle and hepatopancreas,theabalone fed the diet containing corn starch showed the lowest content of saturatedfatty acid 16:0 only in the hepatopancreas.These data indicated that the abalone wasable to efficiently utilize the dextrin,pre-extruded wheat starch and wheat starch asthe energy source;the increasing PUFAs content in abalone resulted from the starchused in this experiment such as potato starch,tapioca starch,corn starch and wheatstarch,leads to the pressure of lipid peroxidation in abalone.
(1)研究在以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源的半精制基础饲料中添加不同梯度的钾对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍Haliotis discus hannai Ino生长、存活和体成分的影响，以确定其对钾的营养需求及其在长期适应饲料中不同水平钾的过程中的生理反应。饲料中钾的添加梯度分别为0、2、4、8、16和32 g钾／kg(对应的饲料中实测钾含量分别为：0．10±0．01、2．12±0．02、4．39±0．53、9．79±1．00、20．08±1．14、27．26±1．72g钾／kg)。实验共分6组，每组设3个重复，每个重复放养40只幼鲍(平均壳长：12．24±0．04 mm；平均体重：0．24±0．00 g)；在水温12-23℃，海水钾含量为472．94±3．59 mg／l的条件下进行为期15周的流水养殖实验。结果表明，饲料中不同含量的钾对皱纹盘鲍的增重率(WGR)、贝壳日增长(DISL)及存活率没有显著影响(P＞0．05)。体成分分析表明，不同含量的钾对皱纹盘鲍软体部的水分、粗脂肪和贝壳的灰分含量均没有显著影响(P＞0．05)，但当饲料中钾添加量大于等于4 g钾／kg时，与0 g钾／kg添加组相比，皱纹盘鲍软体部粗蛋白含量显著升高(P＜0．05)。软体部钾的含量和贝壳中钾、钠的含量受饲料中钾水平的影响不显著(P＞0．05)，但软体部钠含量在添加量为16和32 g钾／kg饲料组显著低于其他各组(P＜0．05)。当饲料中钾的添加量为16、32 g钾／kg时，鳃Na~+-K~+ ATP酶活力与0 g钾／kg添加组相比显著降低(P＜0．05)，但与2、4、8 g钾／kg添加组相比差异不显著(P＞0．05)。据此提出没有必要在饲料中补充钾，海水中钾和饲料原料中的钾能够维持皱纹盘鲍的正常生长；体钾含量与饲料中钾含量没有相关性；长期摄食高含量钾的饲料能够降低皱纹盘鲍软体部钠含量和鳃Na~+-K~+ ATP酶活力。
(2)研究了在以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源的半精制基础饲料中添加不同梯度的镁对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍Haliotis discus hannai Ino生长、存活及体成分的影响，以确定其对镁的营养需求及其在长期适应饲料中不同水平镁的过程中的生理反应。镁的添加梯度分别为0、0．3、0．6、1．2、2．4和4．8 g镁／kg饲料(对应的饲料中实测镁含量分别为：0．12±0．01、0．81±0．02、1．49±0．04、2．56±0．04、5．06±0．10、9．41±0．10g镁／kg饲料)。实验共分6组，每组设3个重复，每个重复放养40只幼鲍(平均壳长：12．12±0．05 mm；平均体重：0．23±0．00 g)；在水温12-23℃，海水镁含量为152．75±1．86 mg／l的条件下进行为期15周的流水养殖实验。结果表明，饲料中不同含量的镁对皱纹盘鲍的增重率(WGR)、贝壳日增长(DISL)及存活率没有显著影响(P＞0．05)。体成分分析表明，饲料中不同含量的镁对皱纹盘鲍软体部的水分、粗脂肪和贝壳的灰分含量均没有显著影响(P＞0．05)，但软体部粗蛋白含量却随着饲料中镁含量的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势，并在镁添加量为0．6 g／kg饲料组达到最大值。鳃、肝胰脏和肌肉Mg~(2+)-ATP酶活力均呈现先升高后降低的趋势，鳃和肝胰脏的Mg~(2+)-ATP酶活力在镁添加量为0．3 g／kg饲料组达到最大，而肌肉Mg~(2+)-ATP酶活力在镁添加量为0．6 g／kg饲料组达到最大。软体部和贝壳中镁、钙的含量均不受饲料中镁水平的显著影响(P＞0．05)，而软体部磷含量却随着饲料中镁含量的增加稳步降低。据此提出没有必要在饲料中补充镁，海水中镁和饲料原料中的镁能够维持皱纹盘鲍的正常生长；体镁、钙含量与饲料中镁含量没有相关性；长期摄食低镁和高镁饲料能够降低皱纹盘鲍软体部粗蛋白含量和鳃、肝胰脏及肌肉Mg~(2+)-ATP酶活力；长期摄食高含量镁的饲料能够降低皱纹盘鲍软体部磷含量。
(3)利用双因素实验设计研究了在饲料中添加镁(0，0．3，1．2，2．4g／kg)和蛋白质(30％，45％)对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍Haliotis discus hannai Ino生长、存活及体成分的影响。实验共分8组，每组设3个重复，每个重复放养40只幼鲍(平均壳长：12．12±0．00 mm；平均体重：0．23±0．00 g)；在水温12-23℃，海水镁含量为152．75±1．86 mg／l的条件下进行为期15周的流水养殖实验。结果表明，饲料中镁和蛋白质水平对皱纹盘鲍的增重率(WGR)、贝壳日增长(DISL)及存活率均没有显著影响(P＞0．05)。体成分分析表明，饲料中镁和蛋白质对皱纹盘鲍软体部粗蛋白含量有显著的交互作用(P＜0．05)；软体部粗脂肪和贝壳灰分的含量仅受蛋白质水平的影响；镁和蛋白质水平对软体部水分含量没有显著影响(P＞0．05)。软体部镁含量仅受蛋白质水平的影响，并随着蛋白质含量的升高而表现出升高的趋势。镁和蛋白质水平对软体部钙含量有显著的交互作用(P＜0．05)，45％蛋白质水平组鲍鱼软体部钙含量显著高于30％蛋白质水平组(P＜0．05)；在45％蛋白质水平，镁添加量为1．2和2．4g／kg饲料组的软体部钙的含量显著高于其他各组(P＜0．05)。软体部磷的含量随着饲料中镁的增加而稳步降低，但镁和蛋白质对软体部磷含量的交互作用不显著(P＞0．05)。贝壳中的镁含量不受饲料中镁和蛋白质水平的影响(P＞0．05)。在30％和45％蛋白质水平下，随着饲料中镁添加量的升高，贝壳中钙的沉积的有增高的趋势。总之，镁和蛋白质水平对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍的生长没有显著影响，但对软体部粗蛋白和钙含量有显著的交互作用并表现为协同效应，即随着饲料中镁和蛋白质水平的升高能够相应地增加软体部粗蛋白和钙的含量，同时软体部磷的含量随着饲料中镁的增加而稳步降低。
(4)利用单因素实验设计研究了在饲料中添加不同含量的硒(添加量：0，0．3，0．6，1．2，2．4，9．6 mg／kg；实际含量：0．15，0．53，0．88，1．55，2．63，9．16 mg／kg)对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍Haliotis discus hannai Ino生长、存活、体成分及血清中与免疫相关指标的影响。实验共分6组，每组设3个重复，每个重复放养45只幼鲍(平均壳长：17．43±0．04 mm；平均体重：0．68±0．00 g)；在水温10-20℃，海水硒含量为1．46μg／l的条件下进行为期24周的流水养殖实验。结果表明，皱纹盘鲍的增重率(WGR)和贝壳日增长(DISL)分别在摄食硒含量为0．88和1．55 mg／kg饲料组里达到了最大值，而摄食9．16 mg／kg饲料鲍鱼的WGR和DISL显著降低(P＜0．05)；皱纹盘鲍软体部水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量不受饲料中硒含量的影响(P＞0．05)。免疫相关指标显示，血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活力随着饲料中硒含量的增加而显著升高，并在2．63 mg／kg饲料组达到最大值；血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酚氧化酶(PO)和溶菌酶(LSZ)活力分别在0．88和1．55 mg／kg饲料组达到了最大值后其活力都随硒含量的增加而显著降低(P＜0．05)；而饲料中硒对血清蛋白含量影响不显著(P＞0．05)。总之，饲料中添加硒能够显著地影响皱纹盘鲍的生长和免疫状态；分别以增重率(WGR)和贝壳日增长(DISL)为衡量指标，用折线模型进行回归分析，皱纹盘鲍对饲料中硒的最适需要量分别为1．17和1．09 mg Se／kg饲料；本文也报道了饲料中高含量的硒(9．16 mg／kg饲料)对皱纹盘鲍产生毒性作用，主要表现为抑制生长并显著降低血清SOD、PO、LSZ活力。
(5)利用单因素实验设计研究了在饲料中添加不同含量的铜(添加量：0，3，6，15，30，120 mg／kg；实际含量：1．08，3．76，6．54，14．80，26．84，109．41mg／kg)对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍Haliotis discus hannai Ino生长、存活、体成分及与免疫相关指标的影响，确定其对饲料中铜的需要量，并探讨铜的免疫作用机理。实验共分6组，每组设3个重复，每个重复放养45只幼鲍(平均壳长：17．21±0．04 mm；平均体重：0．65±0．00 g)；在为期24周的流水养殖实验期间，水温为10-20℃，没有检测出海水中铜的含量。实验结果表明，皱纹盘鲍的增重率(WGR)、贝壳日增长(DISL)及存活率不受饲料中铜含量的影响(P＞0．05)。饲料中不同含量的铜对皱纹盘鲍软体部水分和粗灰分含量没有显著影响(P＞0．05)。软体部粗蛋白的含量随着饲料中铜添加量的增加有升高的趋势，并在铜含量109．41mg／kg饲料组达到最大值，且显著高于1．08-14．80 mg／kg饲料组(P＜0．05)。而软体部粗脂肪含量随着饲料中铜添加量的增加有降低的趋势，并在铜添加量为26．84和109．41 mg／kg饲料组显著低于其他各组(P＜0．05)。免疫指标显示，肝胰脏铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn SOD)活力、血清CuZn SOD和血清酚氧化酶(PO)活力都随着饲料中铜的添加而升高，分别在铜含量为3．76 mg／kg、6．54mg／kg时达到最大值。血清蛋白含量随着饲料中铜添加量的增加而升高，并在铜含量109．41mg／kg饲料组达到最大值。而饲料中铜对血清溶菌酶(LSZ)活力影响不显著(P＞0．05)。总之，微量元素铜对皱纹盘鲍是必需的，以肝胰脏和血清铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn SOD)活力为判定指标，饲料中铜的适宜含量为3．76 mg／kg；饲料中铜含量为6．54 mg／kg时能够使皱纹盘鲍处于良好的免疫状态；本实验生长结果显示皱纹盘鲍对饲料中的铜有较高的耐受性并且在高铜(109．41 mg／kg)水平下没有发现对生长有负面影响。
(6)利用单因素实验设计研究了在以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源的半精制饲料中添加梯度为33．5％的不同糖源(糊精、糊化小麦淀粉、小麦淀粉、玉米淀粉、木薯淀粉、马铃薯淀粉)对皱纹盘鲍Haliotis discus hannai Ino生长及生理生化指标的影响，以确定其对饲料中不同糖源的利用及代谢情况。实验共分6组，每组设3个重复，每个重复放养30只鲍鱼(平均壳长：29．98±0．09mm；平均体重：3．42±0．02 g)；在水温18-20℃的循环系统中进行为期24周的养殖实验。结果表明：饲料中不同糖源对皱纹盘鲍贝壳日增长(DISL)及存活率没有显著影响(P＞0．05)，但对增重率(WGR)影响显著(P＜0．05)，马铃薯淀粉组的WGR最低。体成分分析表明，饲料中不同糖源对皱纹盘鲍软体部的水分、粗蛋白、粗灰分和贝壳的粗灰分含量均有显著影响(P＜0．05)，但对软体部粗脂肪含量影响不显著(P＞0．05)。摄食糊精组鲍鱼的血糖含量显著高于其他饲料组(P＜0．05)。摄食糊化小麦淀粉组鲍鱼的肌糖原的含量最高，马铃薯淀粉组的含量最低；而肝糖原的含量受饲料中的糖源影响不显著(P＞0．05)。鲍鱼的肝胰脏淀粉酶和葡糖苷酶活力在摄食糊精与马铃薯淀粉组里最低；而肝胰脏蛋白酶活力却在木薯淀粉组达到了最大值。肝胰脏己糖激酶活力在摄食糊精组鲍鱼里最低。鲍鱼血清和肝胰脏胰岛素含量在摄食马铃薯淀粉组里同步降低。这些数据表明，皱纹盘鲍能够很好的利用糊精、糊化小麦淀粉、小麦淀粉、玉米淀粉和木薯淀粉，但对这些糖源的利用有着不同的代谢反应。
(7)利用单因素实验设计研究了在以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源的半精制饲料中添加梯度为33．5％的不同糖源(糊精、糊化小麦淀粉、小麦淀粉、玉米淀粉、木薯淀粉、马铃薯淀粉)对皱纹盘鲍Haliotis discus hannai Ino脂类及脂肪酸含量的影响，探讨皱纹盘鲍对饲料中不同糖源的利用及代谢情况。实验共分6组，每组设3个重复，每个重复放养30只鲍鱼(平均壳长：29．98±0．09 mm；平均体重：3．42±0．02 g)；在水温18-20℃的循环系统中进行为期24周的养殖实验。结果表明：摄食糊精、糊化小麦淀粉和小麦淀粉组鲍鱼血清甘油三酯和胆固醇含量高于其他各组。脂肪酸分析结果表明，除摄食木薯和马铃薯淀粉组鲍鱼肌肉18：3n-3含量显著低于其他饲料组外(P＜0．05)，摄食马铃薯淀粉、木薯淀粉、玉米淀粉和小麦淀粉组鲍鱼肌肉和肝胰脏中n-3和n-6系列多不饱和脂肪酸含量要高于糊精和糊化小麦淀粉组；摄食糊精组鲍鱼肌肉和肝胰脏中饱和脂肪酸18：0含量低于其他各组；摄食玉米淀粉组鲍鱼肝胰脏中饱和脂肪酸16：0含量低于其他各组。这些数据表明，皱纹盘鲍能够很好的利用糊精、糊化小麦淀粉和小麦淀粉作为能量来源，而本实验中所用马铃薯淀粉、木薯淀粉、玉米淀粉和小麦淀粉使鲍体多不饱和脂肪酸含量升高，易给机体带来脂质过氧化的压力。
A detailed review of studying status on nutritional physiology of mineral elementK、Mg、Se、Cu and carbohydrate in aquatic animals was undertaken.A series ofexperiments were conducted to discuss the effect of mineral element K、Mg、Se、Cuand carbohydrate on growth performance and carbohydrate metabolism response inabalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino.The current studies include the followings:(1)Dietary potassium requirement and physiological responses of juvenile abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino.(2) Dietary magnesium requirement and physiologicalresponses of juvenile abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino.(3) The interaction ofdietary magnesium and protein level on growth and carcass composition of juvenileabalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino.(4) Immune responses to dietary selenium andselenium requirement of abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino.(5) Immune responses todietary copper and copper requirement of abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino.(6)Effect of dietary carbohydrate sources on growth performance and carbohydratemetabolism in abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino.(7) Effect of dietary carbohydratesources on lipid and fatty acid metabolic responses in abalone,Haliotis discus hannaiIno.The results are summarized as follows:
(1) A one-factorial experiment was conducted to determine the effects ofdietary potassium on growth,survival and carcass composition of juvenile abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino,to evaluate the minimum requirement of dietary potassiumand to study the physiological responses of abalone to dietary potassium in long termacclimation using a premium quality diet based on casein-gelatin as the proteinsources.Six semipurified diets containing graded levels of dietary potassium (0,2,4,8,16,32 g/kg providing 0.10±0.01,2.12±0.02,4.39±0.53,9.79±1.00,20.08±1.14,27.26±1.72 g/kg dry diet) were fed to juvenile abalone (average initial shell length:12.24±0.04 mm;average initial weight:0.24±0.00 g) in triplicate groups for 15 weeks in a flow-through system.During the experimental period,the water temperatureranged from 12 to 23℃and potassium concentration was 472.94±3.59 mg/l in the seawater.The results showed that there were no significant differences in the averageweight gain rate (WGR,%),daily increment in shell length (DISL,μm/day) and thesurvival of abalone among six dietary treatments (P＞0.05).There were also nosignificant differences in lipid,moisture contents of soft body and the content of shellash among six dietary treatments (P＞0.05),but the soft body protein content wassignificantly increased when the supplementation of dietary potassium was more than4 g/kg diet,compared with the treatment of 0 g/kg diet (P＜0.05).The content ofpotassium in the soft body and potassium,sodium in the shell was maintainedrelatively constant regardless of dietary treatment (P＞0.05);the soft body sodiumcontent,however,was significantly lower in 16 and 32 g K/kg diet than any othertreatments (P＜0.05).The activity of gill Na~+-K~+ ATPase was decreased steadily withthe rising of dietary potassium.These data indicated that it seems no necessary to addpotassium to the diet and the potassium in diet and sea water is sufficient for optimumgrowth for abalone;there is no apparent dose-response relationship between dietarypotassium level and whole body potassium concentration;the soft body sodiumcontent and the gill Na~+-K~+ ATPase activity were decreased when juvenile abalonewere in long term acclimation with high potassium level diets.
(2) A one-factorial experiment was conducted to determine the effects ofdietary magnesium on growth,survival and carcass composition of juvenile abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino,to evaluate the minimum requirement of dietarymagnesium using a premium quality diet based on casein-gelatin as the proteinsources and to study the physiological responses of abalone to dietary magnesium inlong term acclimation.Six semi-purified diets containing graded levels of dietarymagnesium (0,0.3,0.6,1.2,2.4,4.8 g/kg providing 0.12±0.12,0.81±0.02,1.49±0.04,2.56±0.04,5.06±0.10,9.41±0.10 g/kg dry diet) were fed to juvenile abalone (averageinitial shell length:12.12±0.05 mm;average initial weight:0.23±0.00 g) in triplicategroups for 15 weeks in a flow-through system.During the experimental period,thewater temperature ranged from 12 to 23℃and magnesium concentration was152.75±1.86 mg/1 in the sea water.The results showed that there were no significantdifferences in the average weight gain rate (WGR,%),daily increment in shell length(DISL,μm/day) and the survival of abalone among six dietary treatments (P＞0.05). There were no significant differences in lipid,moisture contents of soft body and thecontent of shell ash among six dietary treatments (P＞0.05),but the soft body proteincontent were significantly raised with the rising of dietary magnesium and with thehighest value in the treatment of 0.6 g Mg/kg dry diet.The activity of gill,hepatopancreas and muscle Mg~(2+)-ATPase was significantly (P＜0.05) affected by thedietary magnesium,the highest value of gill,hepatopancreas Mg~(2+)-ATPase appearedin the 0.3 g Mg/kg dry diet treatment while the muscle Mg~(2+)-ATPase in the treatmentof 0.6 g Mg/kg dry diet.The content of magnesium and calcium in the soft body andshell was maintained relatively constant regardless of dietary treatment (P＞0.05);thesoft body phosphorus content,however,was declined steadily with the increasing ofdietary magnesium.These data indicated that it seems no necessary to add magnesiumto the diet and the magnesium in diet and sea water is sufficient for optimum growthfor abalone;there is no apparent dose-response relationship between dietarymagnesium level and whole body magnesium and calcium concentration;the proteincontent in soft body and Mg~(2+)-ATPase activity in gill,hepatopancreas and musclewere decreased when juvenile abalone were in long term acclimation with highmagnesium level diets;the phosphorus content in soft body was also decreased whenjuvenile abalone were fed high level of dietary magnesium.
(3) A two-factorial experiment was conducted to determine the effects ofdietary magnesium and protein on growth,survival and carcass composition ofjuvenile abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino.Eight semi-purified diets containinggraded levels of dietary magnesium (0,0.3,1.2,2.4g/kg) with either 30 or 45%protein were fed to juvenile abalone (average initial shell length:12.12±0.00 mm;average initial weight:0.23±0.00 g) in triplicate groups for 15 weeks in aflow-through system.During the experimental period,the water temperature rangedfrom 12 to 23℃and magnesium concentration was 152.75±1.86 mg/l in the seawater.The results showed that there were no significant differences in the averageweight gain rate (WGR,%),daily increment in shell length (DISL,μm/day) and thesurvival of abalone among eight dietary treatments (P＞0.05).The interaction betweendietary magnesium and protein on the soft body protein content was significant(P＜0.05);the level of dietary protein only significantly influenced the lipid and shellash content of soft body (P＜0.05);there was no significant difference in water contentof soft body in all treatments (P＞0.05).The soft body magnesium content was only affected by dietary protein level,and has an increased trend with the increasing ofdietary protein level.There was significant interaction between dietary magnesiumand protein on the content of soft body calcium (P＜0.05),abalones fed 45% proteindemonstrated the significant higher soft body calcium content as compared with thosefed 30% protein;at the level of 45% protein,an increased level of dietary magnesiumresulted in significantly increased soft body calcium content.The soft bodyphosphorus content was steadily decreased with increasing dietary magnesiumcontent,however,the interaction between dietary magnesium and protein on the softbody phosphorus content was not significant (P＞0.05).The content of magnesium inthe shell was maintained relatively constant regardless of dietary treatment (P＞0.05);the content of calcium in the shell had an increased trend with the increasing ofdietary magnesium in both dietary protein level.In summary,dietary magnesium andprotein level had no significant effect on the growth performance of abalone,however,the increasing level of dietary magnesium and protein resulted in the increaseddeposition of calcium and protein content in soft body correspondingly,meanwhile,the soft body phosphorus content was steadily decreased with increasing dietarymagnesium content.
(4) A study was designed to determine the effects of dietary selenium ongrowth,survival,carcass composition and serum immune index in juvenile abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino.Six semi-purified diets containing graded levels of dietaryselenium (supplementation of 0,0.3,0.6,1.2,2.4,9.6 mg/kg providing 0.15,0.53,0.88,1.55,2.63,9.16 mg Se/kg diet) were fed to juvenile abalone (average initialshell length:17.43±0.04 mm;average initial weight:0.68±0.00 g) in triplicate groupsfor 24 weeks in a flow-through system.During the experimental period,the watertemperature ranged from 10 to 20℃and selenium concentration was 1.46μg/l in thesea water.The results of the present study indicated that the highest values of averageweight gain rate (WGR,%) and daily increment in shell length (DISL,μm/day) wereappeared in 0.88 and 1.55 mg Se/kg diet treatments respectively,however,the 9.16mg Se/kg diet treatment showed the significantly lowest values in WGR and DISLthan 1.55 mg Se/kg diet treatments (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference inmoisture content,crude protein,crude lipid and crude ash of soft body in alltreatments (P＞0.05).The immune indexes showed that the activities of serumglutathione peroxidase (GPx) was significantly increased with the rising content of dietary selenium (P＜0.05) and reached the highest value in 2.63 mg Se/kg diettreatment,meanwhile,the highest activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD),phenoloxidase (PO) and lysozyme (LSZ) in serum were found in 0.88 and 1.55 mgSe/kg diet treatments respectively,but the serum protein content maintained relativelyconstant regardless of dietary treatments (P＞0.05).These results demonstrate thatsupplementary selenium in the diet could significantly affect the growth performanceand immune status of abalone.Broken-line regression analysis of weight gain rate(WGR) and daily increment in shell length (DISL) indicates that the optimal Serequirement for abalone is 1.17 and 1.09 mg Se/kg diet,respectively.It also reportsthe toxicity of selenium to abalone which appeared to be depressed growthperformance and the significantly decreased activities of serum SOD,PO and LSZ.
(5) A study was designed to determine the effects of dietary copper on growth,survival,carcass composition and immune response in juvenile abalone,Haliotisdiscus hannai Ino.Six semi-purified diets containing graded levels of dietary copper(0,3,6,15,30,120 mg/kg providing 1.08,3.76,6.54,14.80,26.84,109.41 mg Cu/kgdiet) were fed to juvenile abalone (average initial shell length:17.21±0.04 mm;average initial weight:0.65±0.00 g) in triplicate groups for 24 weeks in a flow-through system.During the experimental period,the water temperature ranged from10 to 20℃and copper concentration was not detectable in the sea water.As the result,no significant differences were found in average weight gain rate (WGR,%),dailyincrement in shell length (DISL,μm/day) and survival of abalone among six dietarytreatments (P＞0.05).There was no significant difference in water content and crudeash of soft body in all treatments (P＞0.05).The crude protein content in soft body hada increased trend with the increasing of dietary copper level,and reached the highestvalue in the 109.41 mg Cu/kg diet group which was significantly higher than1.08-14.80 mg Cu/kg diet groups (P＜0.05).The crude lipid content in soft body had adeclined trend with the increasing of dietary copper level,the values in the 26.84 and109.41 mg Cu/kg diet groups were significantly lower than any other groups (P＜0.05).The immune indexes showed that the activities of hepatopancreas CuZn superoxidedismutase (CuZn SOD),serum CuZn.SOD and serum phenoloxidase (PO) were allincreased with the increasing supplementation of dietary copper,and the highest valuewere found in 3.76 and 6.54 mg Cu/kg diet groups,respectively.The serum proteincontent were increased with the increasing supplementation of dietary copper,and the highest value were found in 109.41 mg Cu/kg diet groups.The lysozyme activities ofserum maintained relatively constant regardless of dietary treatments (P＞0.05).Insummary,trace element copper is necessary for abalone,the adequate dietary copperconcentration in juvenile abalone is about 3.76 mg/kg based on the activity ofhepatopancreas and serum CuZn SOD;with the 6.54 mg Cu in per kilogram diet,abalone could maintain better immune response;It is also reported in this article thatabalone has a higher tolerance for dietary copper and do not show negative responseon growth performance at such high dietary copper level (109.41 mg/kg).
(6) A one-factorial experiment was conducted to determine the effects ofdietary carbohydrate sources on growth,physiological & biochemical indexes inabalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino,to evaluate the ability of abalone to utilize thedietary polysaccharides and carbohydrate metabolism in abalone using a premiumquality diet based on casein-gelatin as the protein sources.Six semi-purified dietscontaining 33.5% level of different carbohydrate sources (dextrin,pre-extrude wheatstarch,wheat starch,corn starch,tapioca starch,potato starch) were fed to abalone(average initial shell length:29.98±0.09 mm;average initial weight:3.42±0.02 g)in triplicate groups for 24 weeks in a recirculation system.During the experimentalperiod,the water temperature ranged from 18 to 20℃.The results showed that therewere no significant differences in the average daily increment in shell length (DISL,μm/day) and survival of abalone among six dietary treatments (P＞0.05),butsignificant differences were observed in the average final weight and weight gain rate(WGR,%) (P＜0.05),the poorest final weight and WGR were appeared in potatostarch group.There were also significant differences in water content,crude protein,crude ash of soft body and the content of shell crude ash among six dietary treatments(P＜0.05),but no variation was found in the soft body lipid content (P＞0.05).Theabalone fed the diet containing dextrin had the highest plasma glucose level comparedwith other groups.The abalone fed with pre-extrude wheat starch had the highestmuscle glycogen content,while the lowest content was appeared in potato starchgroups;however,the hepatopancreas glycogen content maintained relatively constantregardless of dietary carbohydrate sources (P＞0.05).The activities of hepatopancreasamylase and glucosidase in abalone fed the diets containing dextrin and potato starchshowed the lowest values,however,the hepatopancreas protease activities werereached the highest values in the abalone fed tapioca starch.Hepatopancreas hexokinase activity was lowest in abalone fed with dextrin.The serum andhepatopancreas insulin content declined simultaneously in abalone fed the dietcontaining potato starch.These data indicated that the abalone was able to efficientlyutilize dextrin,pre-extrude wheat starch,wheat starch,corn starch and tapioca starchused in present study,but showed different metabolic responses to thesecarbohydrates.
(7) A one-factorial experiment was conducted to determine the effects ofdietary carbohydrate sources on lipid and fatty acid content in abalone,Haliotisdiscus hannai Ino,to evaluate the ability of abalone to utilize the dietarypolysaccharides and carbohydrate metabolism in abalone using a premium quality dietbased on casein-gelatin as the protein sources.Six semi-purified diets containing33.5% level of different carbohydrate sources (dextrin,pre-extrude wheat starch,wheat starch,corn starch,tapioca starch,potato starch) were fed to abalone (averageinitial shell length:29.98±0.09 mm;average initial weight:3.42±0.02 g) intriplicate groups for 24 weeks in a recirculation system.During the experimentalperiod,the water temperature ranged from 18 to 20℃.The results showed that theserum triglyceride and cholesterol content in abalone fed dextrin,pre-extruded wheatstarch and wheat starch were higher than any other treatments.The n-3 and n-6 seriespolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) content in the muscle and hepatopancreas ofabalone fed potato starch,tapioca starch,corn starch and wheat starch were higherthan that fed dextrin and pre-extruded wheat starch except that the muscle 18:3n-3content in abalone fed tapioca and potato starch which were significantly lower thanany other treatments (P＜0.05);the abalone fed the diet containing dextrin showed thelowest content of saturated fatty acid 18:0 in the muscle and hepatopancreas,theabalone fed the diet containing corn starch showed the lowest content of saturatedfatty acid 16:0 only in the hepatopancreas.These data indicated that the abalone wasable to efficiently utilize the dextrin,pre-extruded wheat starch and wheat starch asthe energy source;the increasing PUFAs content in abalone resulted from the starchused in this experiment such as potato starch,tapioca starch,corn starch and wheatstarch,leads to the pressure of lipid peroxidation in abalone.
引文
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