东北地区产业集群及发展研究
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摘要
东北产业集群的发展历史由来已久,建国前,东北初步形成了重工业地域的雏形。建国后,东北依靠国家的倾斜政策和巨额投资,以地域生产综合体的产业集群模式建设发展成为我国的重工业基地,宏观尺度上,东北地区是一个庞大的地域生产综合体,集中分布着技术关联紧密的重型工业,成为我国最完整和最强大的重工业区;中观尺度上,以自然资源为基础建设了众多资源型城市;微观尺度上,形成了以资源型工业和重型工业为产业特征,以国有大型企业为核心,众多大中小型企业和相关机构的地理集聚体,即东北最早意义上的产业集群,并促进了东北地区和全国的经济发展。改革开放后,东北产业集群逐渐衰退,“老体制”、 工业区”、“老企业”等诸多问题日益严重,东北 “老经济如何发展,已经成为一个急待解决的问题。
本文从东北产业集群的历史发展脉络出发,结合国内外关于产业集群理论的研究成果,以长春汽车产业集群和通化医药产业集群的实证研究为支撑,从东北产业集群的问题分析切入,探索限制东北产业集群发展的制约因素,以及东北产业集群发展的未来方向。论文共分为五部分,篇章结构如下:
第一章,东北产业集群发展的历史脉络。这是本文的基础章节。本章沿着历史发展的脉络,首先回顾了建国前,东北在殖民地制度下形成的重工业地域的雏形。然后论述了社会主义计划经济时期东北产业集群的形成及其特征,其中也综述了我国选择重工业发展道路的理论解释。最后则分析在由计划经济向市场经济转轨时期东北产业集群面临的制度约束,以及制度约束下东北产业集群的发展困境。
第二章,关于产业集群的理论研究。这是本文的理论章节。首先从产业集群形成的机制出发,综述了国外产业集群理论的演进,然后探讨了与产业集群理论相关的热点问题,最后总结了国内产业集群理论的研究成果。
第三章,东北产业集群问题分析。这是本文的重点章节,主要进行问题分析。首先与东部沿海地区的区域环境进行了比较研究,然后分别基于地域生产综合体的视角和制度变迁的视角分析东北产业集群问题的症结所在,最后分析了东北发展产业集群的障碍因素。
第四章,东北产业集群实证研究。这是本文的案例章节,也是本文的支撑部分。分别从现状、特征和制约因素出发,通过长春汽车产业集群和通化医药产业集群的实证研究,继续分析东北产业集群发展中存在的问题,并在本章最后提出要培育东北区域制度环境,发展东北产业集群。
第五章,发展东北产业集群的战略研究,这是本文的结论章节,也是本文的重点部
分。我国在改革进程中,选择了“增量改革”的战略,东北地区由于国有经济包袱重,事实上,已经成为“增量改革”的边缘地区。虽然大型企业在东北改革和发展过程中的地位不容置疑,但是如果仅仅依靠大型企业,由于缺乏有效的改革路径,加之体制等障碍性因素难以逾越,发展的阻力很大。因此,东北的改革也可以借鉴“增量改革”的成功经验,在技术经济关联的基础上发展装备制造业产业集群,发展配套产业,激活东北经济存量,寻求东北的发展;发展多种所有制形式的中小企业集群,寻求东北的改革,即寻求体制外的增量发展和制度环境建设,以突破多年来国有经济垄断东北的局面。本章主要分为三节:第一节,构筑基于国家装备制造业基地目标的产业集群。首先论证了东北具备成为国家装备制造业基地的条件,然后分析了装备制造业在东北的区位选择。第二节,构筑基于新型工业化目标的中小企业集群。首先总结了中小企业集群与经济发展的理论和经验研究,然后分析中小企业集群之于东北经济发展的重要性,最后是中小企业集群的产业选择。第三节,东北地区中小企业集群发展的三个战略方向,分别是基于装备制造业发展而成的中小企业集群、繁荣东北中小城镇的中小企业集群和依托开发区发展的中小企业集群。
The Northeast industrial clusters have enjoyed a long history. Before the foundation ofPRC, an embryonic form of heavy industry has already come into being in Northeast. Afterthe establishment, the Northeast, relying on national priority policy and vast investment, hasbecome national heavy industrial base. The industrial clusters of territorial productioncomplex are its model. In macro-scale, the Northeast district is a huge territorial productioncomplex. Heavy industries with closely related technologies mainly distribute here. It hasbecome the most integrated and strongest heavy industrial region in China. In medium-scale,the Northeast has developed many resource-oriented cities based on natural resources. Inmicro-scale, a great many enterprises of various scales and geographical agglomerations, etc,the earliest industrial clusters in the Northeast, have formed. The geographicalagglomerations are characterized by resource-oriented industries and heavy industries.Large-scaled state-owned enterprises are its core. It has promoted the economic developmentof northeast district and the whole nation. After the reform and opening-up policy, theNortheast industrial clusters has gradually declined. The problems of ‘old institution’, ‘oldindustrial region’, and ‘old state-owned enterprises’ have become more and more serious.How to develop the economics of northeast becomes an urgent issue, needing to be resolved.
This paper begins with the historical development of the Northeast industrial clusters.Supported by the examples of Changchun automobile industrial clusters and Tonghuamedical industrial clusters, it combines theoretical research achievements on industrialclusters home and abroad .It first analyzes the issue of the Northeast industrial clusters. Andthen looks into the factors that restricted the development of the Northeast industrial clustersand its future developmental trend. The paper consists of five sections:
Section One: The historical development of the Northeast industrial clusters. It is the basicsection of this paper. With the historical sequence, it first reviewed the initial heavy industrialregion of Northeast under the colonial system before China was founded. Then it dissertatesthe formation of the Northeast industrial clusters and its characters during socialist plannedeconomic system. It also summarizes the theoretical explanations of China’s choice on heavyindustry. Finally it analyzes the systematical restrictions and the difficult position that the
economy.
Section Two: The theoretical research on industrial clusters. It is theoretical section of thispaper. Starting from the formation of industrial clusters, it summarizes the evolution ofindustrial clusters theories abroad. Then it discusses the hot issue about the industrial clustertheories. At last it sums up domestic research achievements on industrial clusters.
Section Three: The analysis of industrial clusters. It is the key section. It mainly analyzes theproblems. First, it makes a comparative study with regional environment of eastern coastalzones. Then from the angle of territorial production complex and institutional changes, itanalyzes the sticking points of the Northeast industrial clusters problems. Finally it analyzesthe blocking elements that the Northeast industrial clusters face.
Section Four: Research on the examples of the Northeast industrial clusters. It is about thecases and it is the supportive section. From current situations, features and developmentalrestricted factors, and through the research on Changchun automobile industrial clusters andTonghua medical industrial clusters, it further proofs the conclusion that has been analyzed insection three. At the end of this section, it put forward a point on cultivating northeastregional environment and developing its industrial clusters.Section Five: The strategic research on developing northeast industrial clusters. This is theconclusive section. It is also a key section.
This section is mainly divided into three parts: Part One, constructing industrial clustersba
本文从东北产业集群的历史发展脉络出发,结合国内外关于产业集群理论的研究成果,以长春汽车产业集群和通化医药产业集群的实证研究为支撑,从东北产业集群的问题分析切入,探索限制东北产业集群发展的制约因素,以及东北产业集群发展的未来方向。论文共分为五部分,篇章结构如下:
第一章,东北产业集群发展的历史脉络。这是本文的基础章节。本章沿着历史发展的脉络,首先回顾了建国前,东北在殖民地制度下形成的重工业地域的雏形。然后论述了社会主义计划经济时期东北产业集群的形成及其特征,其中也综述了我国选择重工业发展道路的理论解释。最后则分析在由计划经济向市场经济转轨时期东北产业集群面临的制度约束,以及制度约束下东北产业集群的发展困境。
第二章,关于产业集群的理论研究。这是本文的理论章节。首先从产业集群形成的机制出发,综述了国外产业集群理论的演进,然后探讨了与产业集群理论相关的热点问题,最后总结了国内产业集群理论的研究成果。
第三章,东北产业集群问题分析。这是本文的重点章节,主要进行问题分析。首先与东部沿海地区的区域环境进行了比较研究,然后分别基于地域生产综合体的视角和制度变迁的视角分析东北产业集群问题的症结所在,最后分析了东北发展产业集群的障碍因素。
第四章,东北产业集群实证研究。这是本文的案例章节,也是本文的支撑部分。分别从现状、特征和制约因素出发,通过长春汽车产业集群和通化医药产业集群的实证研究,继续分析东北产业集群发展中存在的问题,并在本章最后提出要培育东北区域制度环境,发展东北产业集群。
第五章,发展东北产业集群的战略研究,这是本文的结论章节,也是本文的重点部
分。我国在改革进程中,选择了“增量改革”的战略,东北地区由于国有经济包袱重,事实上,已经成为“增量改革”的边缘地区。虽然大型企业在东北改革和发展过程中的地位不容置疑,但是如果仅仅依靠大型企业,由于缺乏有效的改革路径,加之体制等障碍性因素难以逾越,发展的阻力很大。因此,东北的改革也可以借鉴“增量改革”的成功经验,在技术经济关联的基础上发展装备制造业产业集群,发展配套产业,激活东北经济存量,寻求东北的发展;发展多种所有制形式的中小企业集群,寻求东北的改革,即寻求体制外的增量发展和制度环境建设,以突破多年来国有经济垄断东北的局面。本章主要分为三节:第一节,构筑基于国家装备制造业基地目标的产业集群。首先论证了东北具备成为国家装备制造业基地的条件,然后分析了装备制造业在东北的区位选择。第二节,构筑基于新型工业化目标的中小企业集群。首先总结了中小企业集群与经济发展的理论和经验研究,然后分析中小企业集群之于东北经济发展的重要性,最后是中小企业集群的产业选择。第三节,东北地区中小企业集群发展的三个战略方向,分别是基于装备制造业发展而成的中小企业集群、繁荣东北中小城镇的中小企业集群和依托开发区发展的中小企业集群。
The Northeast industrial clusters have enjoyed a long history. Before the foundation ofPRC, an embryonic form of heavy industry has already come into being in Northeast. Afterthe establishment, the Northeast, relying on national priority policy and vast investment, hasbecome national heavy industrial base. The industrial clusters of territorial productioncomplex are its model. In macro-scale, the Northeast district is a huge territorial productioncomplex. Heavy industries with closely related technologies mainly distribute here. It hasbecome the most integrated and strongest heavy industrial region in China. In medium-scale,the Northeast has developed many resource-oriented cities based on natural resources. Inmicro-scale, a great many enterprises of various scales and geographical agglomerations, etc,the earliest industrial clusters in the Northeast, have formed. The geographicalagglomerations are characterized by resource-oriented industries and heavy industries.Large-scaled state-owned enterprises are its core. It has promoted the economic developmentof northeast district and the whole nation. After the reform and opening-up policy, theNortheast industrial clusters has gradually declined. The problems of ‘old institution’, ‘oldindustrial region’, and ‘old state-owned enterprises’ have become more and more serious.How to develop the economics of northeast becomes an urgent issue, needing to be resolved.
This paper begins with the historical development of the Northeast industrial clusters.Supported by the examples of Changchun automobile industrial clusters and Tonghuamedical industrial clusters, it combines theoretical research achievements on industrialclusters home and abroad .It first analyzes the issue of the Northeast industrial clusters. Andthen looks into the factors that restricted the development of the Northeast industrial clustersand its future developmental trend. The paper consists of five sections:
Section One: The historical development of the Northeast industrial clusters. It is the basicsection of this paper. With the historical sequence, it first reviewed the initial heavy industrialregion of Northeast under the colonial system before China was founded. Then it dissertatesthe formation of the Northeast industrial clusters and its characters during socialist plannedeconomic system. It also summarizes the theoretical explanations of China’s choice on heavyindustry. Finally it analyzes the systematical restrictions and the difficult position that the
economy.
Section Two: The theoretical research on industrial clusters. It is theoretical section of thispaper. Starting from the formation of industrial clusters, it summarizes the evolution ofindustrial clusters theories abroad. Then it discusses the hot issue about the industrial clustertheories. At last it sums up domestic research achievements on industrial clusters.
Section Three: The analysis of industrial clusters. It is the key section. It mainly analyzes theproblems. First, it makes a comparative study with regional environment of eastern coastalzones. Then from the angle of territorial production complex and institutional changes, itanalyzes the sticking points of the Northeast industrial clusters problems. Finally it analyzesthe blocking elements that the Northeast industrial clusters face.
Section Four: Research on the examples of the Northeast industrial clusters. It is about thecases and it is the supportive section. From current situations, features and developmentalrestricted factors, and through the research on Changchun automobile industrial clusters andTonghua medical industrial clusters, it further proofs the conclusion that has been analyzed insection three. At the end of this section, it put forward a point on cultivating northeastregional environment and developing its industrial clusters.Section Five: The strategic research on developing northeast industrial clusters. This is theconclusive section. It is also a key section.
This section is mainly divided into three parts: Part One, constructing industrial clustersba
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