节水控氮对宁夏不同土壤—蔬菜体系中氮素平衡及NO_3~--N淋失的影响
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摘要
针对宁夏灌区蔬菜生产中过量施用氮肥的问题,采用田间试验、室内分析和生物统计相结合的方法,以空白和单施有机肥为对照,露地蔬菜选择有代表性的春小麦-白菜、芹菜-白菜两种轮作体系,研究不同水氮措施对轮作体系中氮素利用与平衡的影响;设施蔬菜以番茄-番茄-黄瓜-番茄轮作,研究滴灌条件下不同施氮量对两年蔬菜产量、氮素平衡及土壤硝态氮累积的影响;提出以控(减)氮为核心的蔬菜氮素供应目标值,主要研究结果如下:
1、控(减)施氮不影响当季蔬菜产量和吸氮量:露地蔬菜不同轮作体系中,节水控氮处理(W_2N_2)与传统灌溉的习惯施氮处理(W_1N_1)相比,各种作物当季产量没有受到影响,春小麦的产量高6.7%,芹菜的产量高12.2%,麦后复种白菜和芹菜复种白菜产量分别高5.9%、22.4%;设施蔬菜连续四茬连作,前两茬习惯施氮(800kg/hm~2)与(减)氮两处理(200 kg/hm~2～600 kg/hm~2)对前两茬番茄的产量、吸氮量影响不大,第三、四茬随着施氮量的下调(150 kg/hm~2～600kg/hm~2),蔬菜果实产量和吸氮量才受到影响,各施氮处理第4茬番茄产量比第1茬下降了48.7 t/hm~2～72.3 t/hm~2。
2在土壤-蔬菜生产氮素平衡体系中,露地蔬菜节水控氮减少了氮素表观损失,设施蔬菜减量施氮有效控制了土壤表层(0～30 cm)无机氮(N_(min))的残留:露地蔬菜不同轮作体系中,节水控氮处理(W_2N_2)的氮素损失比传统灌溉的习惯施氮(W_1N_1)处理的损失低,春小麦-白菜轮作比芹菜-白菜轮作氮素损失低,各施氮处理土壤无机氮Nmin(0～60cm)残留不高且差异不大;设施蔬菜四茬整个轮作体系中,氮素的输入项以施氮量和灌溉水输入的氮为主,总输入量随氮肥施用量的增加而增加,氮素的输出项中以土壤无机氮残留和蔬菜吸收为主,四茬蔬菜地上部氮素吸收量没有随施氮量增加而显著增加,在698 kg/hm~2～882 kg/hm~2范围内,而习惯施氮量(800 kg/hm~2～1200 kg/hm~2)造成表层(0～30cm)土壤无机氮(Nmin)残留高达1495.5 kg/hm~2～1872.2 kg/hm~2,但减量施氮(150 kg/hm~2～600 kg/hm~2)有效控制表层(0～30cm)土壤无机氮(Nmin)残留,比习惯施氮减少了58.16%～66.6%。
3合理水分和氮素调控有效控制了菜田的各层次土壤NO_3~--N累积:露地蔬菜不同轮作条件下节水控氮处理(W_2N_2)各层次土壤NO_3~--N累积均比传统灌溉习惯施氮处理(W_1N_1)低,各层次土壤NO_3~--N累积春小麦-白菜轮作比芹菜-白菜轮作低。设施蔬菜四茬各施氮处理造成当季蔬菜土壤表层NO_3~--N累积有向下淋失的趋势,而减量施氮(150 kg/hm~2～600 kg/hm~2)控制了各层次土壤NO_3~--N累积量,主要集中在0～90cm土层。
4设施蔬菜不同施氮处理造成0～30 cm表层土壤溶液中NO_3~--N含量有不断向下层淋失的趋势:在黄瓜-番茄轮作周期中,施氮量在(600 kg/hm~2)0～30 cm表层土壤溶液向下淋失的趋势较高,尤其在第四茬番茄更为明显,向下淋洗至90 cm土层。
5基于以上结果提出以控(减)氮为核心的氮素供应目标值。春小麦-白菜轮作,节水灌溉量:春小麦:3405 m~3/hm~2、白菜:1767 m~3/hm~2施氮量:春小麦120 kgN/hm~2、白菜:150 kgN/hm~2;芹菜-白菜轮作,节水灌溉量:芹菜:3405m~3/hm~2、白菜:1767 m~3/hm~2施氮量:芹菜120kgN/hm~2、白菜:150kgN/hm~2设施蔬菜上提出在有机肥和磷钾肥配施基础上,秋冬茬番茄氮肥推荐施用量在100 kg/hm~2～150 kg/hm~2、冬春茬番茄推荐施氮量在250 kg/hm~2～300 kg/hm~2、秋冬茬黄瓜氮肥推荐施用量在400 kg/hm~2～450 kg/hm~2。
The excessive application of nitrogen(N) fertilizers in vegetable land is common in Ningxia Irrigation Areas(NIA).This research was carried out to study the effect of different N application practices on N balance and vegetable yield.Two representative kinds of rotate system(Spring wheat-Chinese cabbage,Celery-Chinese cabbage) were adopted to study the influence of different management practices of water and N on recovery efficiency and balance;meanwhile,a two years' rotation system of tomato-tomato-cucumber-tomato in greenhouse was conducted to determine the effect of N on vegetable yield,N balance and NO_3~--N accumulation.The target N supplying rate subjected to reduced N application was put forward.The main results were as follows:
1 N controlling(NC) hadn't influenced vegetable yield and N uptake.Compared with the plant yields in conventional irrigation-fertilization(W_1N_2) treatment,the yield of spring wheat in Water Saving-NC(W_2N_2) treatment increased by 6.7%, celery 12.2%,wheat after planting Chinese-cabbage yiled of W_2N_2 were 5.9%,wheat after planting Chinese-cabbage yield of W_2N_2 were 22.4%.In the planting system of tomato-tomato-cucumber-tomato in greenhouse,the first and second season tomato yields and total N uptake in N-reducing treatment hadn't differed significantly from those in conventional N treatment;but the vegetable yields in the third and fourth season decreased in N-reducing treatment,with the fourth season tomato decreasing by 48.7t/hm~2～72.3t/hm~2 in the yield compared with that in the first season.
2 The outdoor Water saving-N reducing treatment reduced apparent N losses,and the indoor N-controlling treatment reduced the accumulation of inorganic N in 0-30 cm soil layers.In the outdoor rotation system,N losses in W_2N_2 treatment were less than those in the W_1N_1 treatment and the spring-Cabbage rotation less than celery-cabbage rotation;Nmin in different N treatment were low and with minimal differences.In the indoor rotation system,the main N inputs were N fertilizers application and water irrigation,and the main outputs were N accumulation in soils and plant uptake.Plant removal of N didn't increase corresponding to the increasing N supply which was from 698 kg/hm~2-882 kg/hm~2.The conventional N application (800 kg/hm~2～1200 kg/hm~2) caused a remarkable soil accumulation of N at 0～30cm depth,while the N-reducing treatment(150 kg/hm~2～600 kg/hm~2) significantly reduced Nmin accumulation by 58.16%～66.6%.
3 The moderate levels of watering and N applying effectively controlled NO_3~--N accumulation in different soil layers.In the outdoor rotation system,NO_3~--N accumulation at different depths in W_2N_2 treatment was lower than that in W_1N_1 treatment,and spring-cabbage rotation lower than celery-cabbage rotation.In the indoor rotation system,N application at conventional rates enhanced the accumulation and downward movement of NO_3~--N in soils;while the N-reducing treatment(150 kg/hm~2～600 kg/hm~2) significantly decreased N accumulating amount in different soil layers(mainly 0-90 cm).
4 In the in door rotation system,N application resulted in downward movement of NO3 in the top soil layer(0～30cm).The greatest N leaching occurred in cucumber-tomato rotation and at the N application rate of 600 kg/hm~2.The NO_3~--N movement could be traced down to 90 cm.
5 A target N application rate subjected to N-controlling thus could be recommended based on the above results.In the spring wheat/celery-cabbage rotation systems,the recommended watering amounts were 3405m~3/hm~2 for spring wheat/celery and 1767 m~3/hm~2 for cabbage,and the N application rates were 120 kgN /hm~2 for spring wheat/celery and 150 kgN/ hm~2 for cabbage.In the indoor vegetable producing system,given a certain application rate of organic fertilizers and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers,the recommended N application rates were 100 kg/hm~2～150 kg/hm~2 for fall-winter tomato,250 kg/hm~2～300 kg/hm~2 for winter-spring tomato and 400 kg/hm~2～450 kg/hm~2 for fall-winter cucumber.
1、控(减)施氮不影响当季蔬菜产量和吸氮量:露地蔬菜不同轮作体系中,节水控氮处理(W_2N_2)与传统灌溉的习惯施氮处理(W_1N_1)相比,各种作物当季产量没有受到影响,春小麦的产量高6.7%,芹菜的产量高12.2%,麦后复种白菜和芹菜复种白菜产量分别高5.9%、22.4%;设施蔬菜连续四茬连作,前两茬习惯施氮(800kg/hm~2)与(减)氮两处理(200 kg/hm~2～600 kg/hm~2)对前两茬番茄的产量、吸氮量影响不大,第三、四茬随着施氮量的下调(150 kg/hm~2～600kg/hm~2),蔬菜果实产量和吸氮量才受到影响,各施氮处理第4茬番茄产量比第1茬下降了48.7 t/hm~2～72.3 t/hm~2。
2在土壤-蔬菜生产氮素平衡体系中,露地蔬菜节水控氮减少了氮素表观损失,设施蔬菜减量施氮有效控制了土壤表层(0～30 cm)无机氮(N_(min))的残留:露地蔬菜不同轮作体系中,节水控氮处理(W_2N_2)的氮素损失比传统灌溉的习惯施氮(W_1N_1)处理的损失低,春小麦-白菜轮作比芹菜-白菜轮作氮素损失低,各施氮处理土壤无机氮Nmin(0～60cm)残留不高且差异不大;设施蔬菜四茬整个轮作体系中,氮素的输入项以施氮量和灌溉水输入的氮为主,总输入量随氮肥施用量的增加而增加,氮素的输出项中以土壤无机氮残留和蔬菜吸收为主,四茬蔬菜地上部氮素吸收量没有随施氮量增加而显著增加,在698 kg/hm~2～882 kg/hm~2范围内,而习惯施氮量(800 kg/hm~2～1200 kg/hm~2)造成表层(0～30cm)土壤无机氮(Nmin)残留高达1495.5 kg/hm~2～1872.2 kg/hm~2,但减量施氮(150 kg/hm~2～600 kg/hm~2)有效控制表层(0～30cm)土壤无机氮(Nmin)残留,比习惯施氮减少了58.16%～66.6%。
3合理水分和氮素调控有效控制了菜田的各层次土壤NO_3~--N累积:露地蔬菜不同轮作条件下节水控氮处理(W_2N_2)各层次土壤NO_3~--N累积均比传统灌溉习惯施氮处理(W_1N_1)低,各层次土壤NO_3~--N累积春小麦-白菜轮作比芹菜-白菜轮作低。设施蔬菜四茬各施氮处理造成当季蔬菜土壤表层NO_3~--N累积有向下淋失的趋势,而减量施氮(150 kg/hm~2～600 kg/hm~2)控制了各层次土壤NO_3~--N累积量,主要集中在0～90cm土层。
4设施蔬菜不同施氮处理造成0～30 cm表层土壤溶液中NO_3~--N含量有不断向下层淋失的趋势:在黄瓜-番茄轮作周期中,施氮量在(600 kg/hm~2)0～30 cm表层土壤溶液向下淋失的趋势较高,尤其在第四茬番茄更为明显,向下淋洗至90 cm土层。
5基于以上结果提出以控(减)氮为核心的氮素供应目标值。春小麦-白菜轮作,节水灌溉量:春小麦:3405 m~3/hm~2、白菜:1767 m~3/hm~2施氮量:春小麦120 kgN/hm~2、白菜:150 kgN/hm~2;芹菜-白菜轮作,节水灌溉量:芹菜:3405m~3/hm~2、白菜:1767 m~3/hm~2施氮量:芹菜120kgN/hm~2、白菜:150kgN/hm~2设施蔬菜上提出在有机肥和磷钾肥配施基础上,秋冬茬番茄氮肥推荐施用量在100 kg/hm~2～150 kg/hm~2、冬春茬番茄推荐施氮量在250 kg/hm~2～300 kg/hm~2、秋冬茬黄瓜氮肥推荐施用量在400 kg/hm~2～450 kg/hm~2。
The excessive application of nitrogen(N) fertilizers in vegetable land is common in Ningxia Irrigation Areas(NIA).This research was carried out to study the effect of different N application practices on N balance and vegetable yield.Two representative kinds of rotate system(Spring wheat-Chinese cabbage,Celery-Chinese cabbage) were adopted to study the influence of different management practices of water and N on recovery efficiency and balance;meanwhile,a two years' rotation system of tomato-tomato-cucumber-tomato in greenhouse was conducted to determine the effect of N on vegetable yield,N balance and NO_3~--N accumulation.The target N supplying rate subjected to reduced N application was put forward.The main results were as follows:
1 N controlling(NC) hadn't influenced vegetable yield and N uptake.Compared with the plant yields in conventional irrigation-fertilization(W_1N_2) treatment,the yield of spring wheat in Water Saving-NC(W_2N_2) treatment increased by 6.7%, celery 12.2%,wheat after planting Chinese-cabbage yiled of W_2N_2 were 5.9%,wheat after planting Chinese-cabbage yield of W_2N_2 were 22.4%.In the planting system of tomato-tomato-cucumber-tomato in greenhouse,the first and second season tomato yields and total N uptake in N-reducing treatment hadn't differed significantly from those in conventional N treatment;but the vegetable yields in the third and fourth season decreased in N-reducing treatment,with the fourth season tomato decreasing by 48.7t/hm~2～72.3t/hm~2 in the yield compared with that in the first season.
2 The outdoor Water saving-N reducing treatment reduced apparent N losses,and the indoor N-controlling treatment reduced the accumulation of inorganic N in 0-30 cm soil layers.In the outdoor rotation system,N losses in W_2N_2 treatment were less than those in the W_1N_1 treatment and the spring-Cabbage rotation less than celery-cabbage rotation;Nmin in different N treatment were low and with minimal differences.In the indoor rotation system,the main N inputs were N fertilizers application and water irrigation,and the main outputs were N accumulation in soils and plant uptake.Plant removal of N didn't increase corresponding to the increasing N supply which was from 698 kg/hm~2-882 kg/hm~2.The conventional N application (800 kg/hm~2～1200 kg/hm~2) caused a remarkable soil accumulation of N at 0～30cm depth,while the N-reducing treatment(150 kg/hm~2～600 kg/hm~2) significantly reduced Nmin accumulation by 58.16%～66.6%.
3 The moderate levels of watering and N applying effectively controlled NO_3~--N accumulation in different soil layers.In the outdoor rotation system,NO_3~--N accumulation at different depths in W_2N_2 treatment was lower than that in W_1N_1 treatment,and spring-cabbage rotation lower than celery-cabbage rotation.In the indoor rotation system,N application at conventional rates enhanced the accumulation and downward movement of NO_3~--N in soils;while the N-reducing treatment(150 kg/hm~2～600 kg/hm~2) significantly decreased N accumulating amount in different soil layers(mainly 0-90 cm).
4 In the in door rotation system,N application resulted in downward movement of NO3 in the top soil layer(0～30cm).The greatest N leaching occurred in cucumber-tomato rotation and at the N application rate of 600 kg/hm~2.The NO_3~--N movement could be traced down to 90 cm.
5 A target N application rate subjected to N-controlling thus could be recommended based on the above results.In the spring wheat/celery-cabbage rotation systems,the recommended watering amounts were 3405m~3/hm~2 for spring wheat/celery and 1767 m~3/hm~2 for cabbage,and the N application rates were 120 kgN /hm~2 for spring wheat/celery and 150 kgN/ hm~2 for cabbage.In the indoor vegetable producing system,given a certain application rate of organic fertilizers and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers,the recommended N application rates were 100 kg/hm~2～150 kg/hm~2 for fall-winter tomato,250 kg/hm~2～300 kg/hm~2 for winter-spring tomato and 400 kg/hm~2～450 kg/hm~2 for fall-winter cucumber.
引文
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