中国粮食储备制度研究
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摘要
粮食问题是一个重要的理论问题和现实问题。粮食是人类赖以生存的必要物品,具有很强的不可替代性；粮食是治国安邦的必要条件,粮食的多少和丰歉直接关系到一个国家的稳定；粮食是国民经济的基础,在古代,粮食赋税是国家主要财政来源,在当代,粮食也依旧是国民经济发展的血脉。总而言之,粮食是关系国计民生的重要战略物资和特殊商品。从古至今,不论是国内还是国外,粮食问题一直都是各国政府高度重视的问题。研究粮食问题是中国乃至世界经济稳定发展的现实需要。
粮食生产的季节性、不稳定性和粮食消费的常年性、连续性以及不确定性,决定了粮食储备的不可或缺性。粮食储备是国家宏观调控的重要物质基础,对维护政局稳定、维护社会安定和促进国民经济的持续发展都具有重要的作用。因此,从建国以来,我国一直致力于粮食储备的建设,我国的粮食储备制度也经历了一个较长时期的建立和发展过程。
本文首先从粮食、粮食安全和粮食储备这三个层面肯定了粮食问题的重要性,再通过我国粮食储备体系和国外粮食储备体系现状的对比分析,最后得出相应的结论并给出对策建议。本文认为我国目前的粮食储备存在很多问题,如粮食储备的目标不明确、粮食储备规模不够合理、粮食储备的运作方式比较落后以及粮食储备的决策主体过于分散等等。这些问题都导致我国的粮食储备无法充分实现保证国家粮食安全的目标。只有尽快解决粮食储备中存在的这些问题,才能进一步完善我国的粮食储备体系。
总体来讲,本文认为应该从以下几个方面来解决我国目前的粮食储备问题。首先,要明确粮食储备的目标、理顺各目标之间的关系。其次,要确定一个合理的储备规模,防止规模过大增加储备成本,造成财政负担过大的后果。最后,要改善粮食储备的管理体制和运营机制,通过提高粮食储备管理的效率来增加粮食储备的灵活度。
The food problem is both a question of theory and a practical issue. Food is the necessities for human beings to live on and it is irreplaceable; food is one of the necessary conditions for a country to develop and the quantity has been related to the country's stability; food is the national economic basis which is the main source of government finance in ancient society and the blood for the development of national economy nowadays. All in all, food is one of strategic materials which are of vital importance to the national economy and the people's live hood. Food problem is always an issue paid much attention by all governments. It is necessary for us to study food problem so that the world economy could develop steadily in the future.
The grain reserve is very necessary as the grain production is seasonal, unsteady while the grain consumption is perennial, continuous and uncertain. Grain reserve is the material basis of state macro control which plays a significant role in maintaining politics and society stability and also is important to the sustainable development of national economy. Since the founding of the People's Republic, the government has always been devoting itself to the construction of grain reserve system which has a long developing period.
Through expounding the concept of food, food safety, the grain reserve and the relationship among them, the article holds that the food problem is a very important issue. Through analyzing Chinese grain reserve system and historical experience of other countries in the world, the article comes to a conclusion and gives suggestions. There are still many problems in Chinese grain reserve system. The reserve goal is obscure; the reserve scale is unreasonable; the operation is under-developed and the number of decision makers is large. These entire problems make Chinese grain reserve can not achieve the goal of keeping food security. We should solve all these problems to improve the grain reserve system and make it become perfect.
On the whole, we should solve the grain reserve problems from several aspects. First, to make the grain reserve goals clear and definite and understand the relationship among them. Second, to fix an appropriate reserve scale to reduce cost. Third, to improve the operation and grain reserve system which can increase the efficiency and flexibility of grain reserve.
粮食生产的季节性、不稳定性和粮食消费的常年性、连续性以及不确定性,决定了粮食储备的不可或缺性。粮食储备是国家宏观调控的重要物质基础,对维护政局稳定、维护社会安定和促进国民经济的持续发展都具有重要的作用。因此,从建国以来,我国一直致力于粮食储备的建设,我国的粮食储备制度也经历了一个较长时期的建立和发展过程。
本文首先从粮食、粮食安全和粮食储备这三个层面肯定了粮食问题的重要性,再通过我国粮食储备体系和国外粮食储备体系现状的对比分析,最后得出相应的结论并给出对策建议。本文认为我国目前的粮食储备存在很多问题,如粮食储备的目标不明确、粮食储备规模不够合理、粮食储备的运作方式比较落后以及粮食储备的决策主体过于分散等等。这些问题都导致我国的粮食储备无法充分实现保证国家粮食安全的目标。只有尽快解决粮食储备中存在的这些问题,才能进一步完善我国的粮食储备体系。
总体来讲,本文认为应该从以下几个方面来解决我国目前的粮食储备问题。首先,要明确粮食储备的目标、理顺各目标之间的关系。其次,要确定一个合理的储备规模,防止规模过大增加储备成本,造成财政负担过大的后果。最后,要改善粮食储备的管理体制和运营机制,通过提高粮食储备管理的效率来增加粮食储备的灵活度。
The food problem is both a question of theory and a practical issue. Food is the necessities for human beings to live on and it is irreplaceable; food is one of the necessary conditions for a country to develop and the quantity has been related to the country's stability; food is the national economic basis which is the main source of government finance in ancient society and the blood for the development of national economy nowadays. All in all, food is one of strategic materials which are of vital importance to the national economy and the people's live hood. Food problem is always an issue paid much attention by all governments. It is necessary for us to study food problem so that the world economy could develop steadily in the future.
The grain reserve is very necessary as the grain production is seasonal, unsteady while the grain consumption is perennial, continuous and uncertain. Grain reserve is the material basis of state macro control which plays a significant role in maintaining politics and society stability and also is important to the sustainable development of national economy. Since the founding of the People's Republic, the government has always been devoting itself to the construction of grain reserve system which has a long developing period.
Through expounding the concept of food, food safety, the grain reserve and the relationship among them, the article holds that the food problem is a very important issue. Through analyzing Chinese grain reserve system and historical experience of other countries in the world, the article comes to a conclusion and gives suggestions. There are still many problems in Chinese grain reserve system. The reserve goal is obscure; the reserve scale is unreasonable; the operation is under-developed and the number of decision makers is large. These entire problems make Chinese grain reserve can not achieve the goal of keeping food security. We should solve all these problems to improve the grain reserve system and make it become perfect.
On the whole, we should solve the grain reserve problems from several aspects. First, to make the grain reserve goals clear and definite and understand the relationship among them. Second, to fix an appropriate reserve scale to reduce cost. Third, to improve the operation and grain reserve system which can increase the efficiency and flexibility of grain reserve.
引文
①宋维佳.我国粮食储备体系重组的基本分析[J].粮财经问题研究.2006
②王健,陆文聪.市场化、国际化背景下中国粮食安全分析及对策研究.浙江大学出版社,2007
③国家粮食局编.粮食流通基本知识读本.中国物价出版社2002
④林军.保障粮食安全,巩固和谐社会基础[Z].新华网,2007-1-30
⑤吕新业,王济民.我国粮食安全预警机制研究[J].经济研究参考,2004
⑥刘颖.试论国家粮食专项储备经营管理体制创新[J].农业经济问题,2004
⑦王芳,程华.国家粮食储备制度存在的问题与对策[J].粮食科技与经济.2005
⑧国家计委宏观经济研究院课题组,21世纪的中国粮食问题[M].北京：中国计划出版社,1999.157
⑨范建刚.新兴国家粮食供给调控体系的构建：基于供给系统运行的分析.中国社会科学出版社,2008
[1]Popelka J C, Terryn. Gene technology for grain legumes:can it contribute to the food challenge in developing countries? Plant Science.2004
[2]Ahmed M, Lorica M H. Improving developing country food security through aquaculture—lessons from Asia Food Policy.2002
[3]Brown J V. Food Security for All by the year 2020? Agriculture and Rural.1997
[4]Fan S, Pardey p g.1997. Research, productivity, and output growth in Chinese Agriculture, Journal of Development Economics.1997
[5]Agcaoili M C.,and Rosegrant M.W.1992. Regional Trends and Projection for Food Supply, Demand, and Trade in Asia. Washington D.C.:International Food Policy research Institute
[6]Melaku Ayalew. What is Food Security and Famine and Hunger?[J] Internet journal for Africa Studies.1997
[7]Mendis, P. Food security, agriculture subsidies, energy, and the environment:a process of globalization in Sri Lanka:Energy and Environment,2001
[8]Brown L. Who Will Feed China?. W.W.Norton and company Inc. New York,1995
[9]Rosegrant, Mark W. Global Food Security:Challenges and Policies. Science,2003
[10]Jing Zhu. Public investment and China, long—term food security under WTO. Food Policy.2004
[11]Adeeson, Kym, et al. Asia-Pacific Food Markets and Trade in 2005:A Global, economy-wide Perspective. Paper commissioned for the International General Meeting of the Pacific Basin Economic Council,1996
[12]Braun, J.V., H. Bouis, S. Kumar and R. Pandya-lorch. Improving Food Security of the Poor. Washington D.c.:International Food Policy research Institute 1996
[13]Word Bank, China:Long-term food security. Report 16419-CHA. Washington D.C.1997
[14]Rozelle, Scott, Albert Park, Jikun Huang and Hehui Jin. Bureaucrat Entrepreneur:The Changing Role of the State in China's Grain Economy. Economic Development and Cultural Change.2000
[15]Rozelle, Scott, Richard N. Boisvert. Grain Policy in Chinese Villages:Yield Response to Pricing, Procurement, and Load Policies. American Journal of Agriculture Economics,1993
[16]袁志高,高帆.中国粮食安全的理论研究与实证分析.上海：上海人民出版社,2005
[17]李福君.我国吕梁市储备布局研究.中国农业大学硕士论文,2005
[18]毛慧忠主编.新阶段中国粮食问题研究.中国农业出版社,2005
[19]卢良书,王建.粮食安全.浙江大学出版社.2007
[20]罗良国,李宁辉,杨建仓.中国粮食供求状况分析[J].农业经济问题,2005(2)：49-52.
[21]马九杰,张传宗.中国粮食储备规模模拟优化与政策分析.管理世界,2002(9)
[22]钟甫宁,朱晶,曹宝明.粮食市场的改革与全球化：中国粮食安全的另一种选择.北京：中国农业出版社,2005
[23]吴志华,施国庆,胡荣华.中国粮食安全储备及其规模确定.中国农村观察,2002(1)
[24]范建刚.新兴国家粮食供给调控体系的构建：基于供给系统运行的分析.中国社会科学出版社,2008
[25]国粮食研究培训中心,张来武主编.中国粮食安全发展战略与对策.科学出版社.2009
[26]王芳,程华.国家粮食储备制度存在的问题与对策[J].粮食科技与经济.2005
[27]袁育芬,卫萍,高兰.我国储备粮合理存储量之探讨.粮食流通技术,2005(4)
[28]朱泽.中国粮食安全状况研究.中国农村经济,1997(5)
[29]李丽珍,张旭昆.确保中国粮食安全的路径探讨.粮食加工,2005(4)
[30]中国农业年鉴编辑委员会.中国农业年鉴,2006
[31]高帆.中国粮食安全的测度：一个指标体系.2005(12)
[32]宋维佳.我国粮食储备体系重组的基本分析[J].粮财经问题研究.2006
[33]姜长云.改革开放以来我国历次粮食供求失衡的回顾与启示.中国农村观察,2006(2)
[34]邓亦武.粮食宏观调控.北京：经济管理出版社,2004
[35]叶兴庆.论粮食供求关系及其调节.经济研究,1999(8)
[36]宋维佳.我国粮食储备体系重组的基本分析.财经问题研究,2006(3)
[37]李波,张俊飚,李海鹏,我国中长期粮食需求分析及预测.中国稻米.2008(3)
[38]蔡文.中国粮食安全问题研究述评.粮食与饲料工业,2009(3)
[39]周朝寿.对粮食储备工作的几点浅见.福建粮食经济,2005(4)
[40]姜风,孙瑾.对当前我国粮食需求的中长期预测方法研究.经济与管理研究,2007(9)
[41]李春华,李宁,史培军.我国粮食安全模式探析.商业研究,2006(20)
[42]吕新业,王济民.我国粮食安全预警机制研究[J].经济研究参考,2004
[43]刘颖.试论国家粮食专项储备经营管理体制创新[J].农业经济问题,2004
[44]姜长云.改革开放以来我国历次粮食供求失衡的回顾与启示.中国农村观察,2006(2)
[45]鲁晓东.粮食市场开放与中央储备粮轮换.调研世界,2003(2)
[46]张宪法,高旺盛.我国粮食生产能力探析与政策思考.农业现代化研究,2007(6)
[47]肖国安.未来十年中国粮食供求预测.中国农村经济,2002(7)
[48]朱希刚.中国粮食供需平衡分析.农业经济导刊,2005(4)
[49]王健等、陆文聪.市场化、国际化背景下中国粮食安全分析及对策研究.浙江大学出版社,2007
[50]肖国安,王文涛.中国粮食安全报告：预警与风险化解.红旗出版社,2009
[51]国家粮食局编.粮食流通基本知识读本.中国物价出版社2002
②王健,陆文聪.市场化、国际化背景下中国粮食安全分析及对策研究.浙江大学出版社,2007
③国家粮食局编.粮食流通基本知识读本.中国物价出版社2002
④林军.保障粮食安全,巩固和谐社会基础[Z].新华网,2007-1-30
⑤吕新业,王济民.我国粮食安全预警机制研究[J].经济研究参考,2004
⑥刘颖.试论国家粮食专项储备经营管理体制创新[J].农业经济问题,2004
⑦王芳,程华.国家粮食储备制度存在的问题与对策[J].粮食科技与经济.2005
⑧国家计委宏观经济研究院课题组,21世纪的中国粮食问题[M].北京：中国计划出版社,1999.157
⑨范建刚.新兴国家粮食供给调控体系的构建：基于供给系统运行的分析.中国社会科学出版社,2008
[1]Popelka J C, Terryn. Gene technology for grain legumes:can it contribute to the food challenge in developing countries? Plant Science.2004
[2]Ahmed M, Lorica M H. Improving developing country food security through aquaculture—lessons from Asia Food Policy.2002
[3]Brown J V. Food Security for All by the year 2020? Agriculture and Rural.1997
[4]Fan S, Pardey p g.1997. Research, productivity, and output growth in Chinese Agriculture, Journal of Development Economics.1997
[5]Agcaoili M C.,and Rosegrant M.W.1992. Regional Trends and Projection for Food Supply, Demand, and Trade in Asia. Washington D.C.:International Food Policy research Institute
[6]Melaku Ayalew. What is Food Security and Famine and Hunger?[J] Internet journal for Africa Studies.1997
[7]Mendis, P. Food security, agriculture subsidies, energy, and the environment:a process of globalization in Sri Lanka:Energy and Environment,2001
[8]Brown L. Who Will Feed China?. W.W.Norton and company Inc. New York,1995
[9]Rosegrant, Mark W. Global Food Security:Challenges and Policies. Science,2003
[10]Jing Zhu. Public investment and China, long—term food security under WTO. Food Policy.2004
[11]Adeeson, Kym, et al. Asia-Pacific Food Markets and Trade in 2005:A Global, economy-wide Perspective. Paper commissioned for the International General Meeting of the Pacific Basin Economic Council,1996
[12]Braun, J.V., H. Bouis, S. Kumar and R. Pandya-lorch. Improving Food Security of the Poor. Washington D.c.:International Food Policy research Institute 1996
[13]Word Bank, China:Long-term food security. Report 16419-CHA. Washington D.C.1997
[14]Rozelle, Scott, Albert Park, Jikun Huang and Hehui Jin. Bureaucrat Entrepreneur:The Changing Role of the State in China's Grain Economy. Economic Development and Cultural Change.2000
[15]Rozelle, Scott, Richard N. Boisvert. Grain Policy in Chinese Villages:Yield Response to Pricing, Procurement, and Load Policies. American Journal of Agriculture Economics,1993
[16]袁志高,高帆.中国粮食安全的理论研究与实证分析.上海：上海人民出版社,2005
[17]李福君.我国吕梁市储备布局研究.中国农业大学硕士论文,2005
[18]毛慧忠主编.新阶段中国粮食问题研究.中国农业出版社,2005
[19]卢良书,王建.粮食安全.浙江大学出版社.2007
[20]罗良国,李宁辉,杨建仓.中国粮食供求状况分析[J].农业经济问题,2005(2)：49-52.
[21]马九杰,张传宗.中国粮食储备规模模拟优化与政策分析.管理世界,2002(9)
[22]钟甫宁,朱晶,曹宝明.粮食市场的改革与全球化：中国粮食安全的另一种选择.北京：中国农业出版社,2005
[23]吴志华,施国庆,胡荣华.中国粮食安全储备及其规模确定.中国农村观察,2002(1)
[24]范建刚.新兴国家粮食供给调控体系的构建：基于供给系统运行的分析.中国社会科学出版社,2008
[25]国粮食研究培训中心,张来武主编.中国粮食安全发展战略与对策.科学出版社.2009
[26]王芳,程华.国家粮食储备制度存在的问题与对策[J].粮食科技与经济.2005
[27]袁育芬,卫萍,高兰.我国储备粮合理存储量之探讨.粮食流通技术,2005(4)
[28]朱泽.中国粮食安全状况研究.中国农村经济,1997(5)
[29]李丽珍,张旭昆.确保中国粮食安全的路径探讨.粮食加工,2005(4)
[30]中国农业年鉴编辑委员会.中国农业年鉴,2006
[31]高帆.中国粮食安全的测度：一个指标体系.2005(12)
[32]宋维佳.我国粮食储备体系重组的基本分析[J].粮财经问题研究.2006
[33]姜长云.改革开放以来我国历次粮食供求失衡的回顾与启示.中国农村观察,2006(2)
[34]邓亦武.粮食宏观调控.北京：经济管理出版社,2004
[35]叶兴庆.论粮食供求关系及其调节.经济研究,1999(8)
[36]宋维佳.我国粮食储备体系重组的基本分析.财经问题研究,2006(3)
[37]李波,张俊飚,李海鹏,我国中长期粮食需求分析及预测.中国稻米.2008(3)
[38]蔡文.中国粮食安全问题研究述评.粮食与饲料工业,2009(3)
[39]周朝寿.对粮食储备工作的几点浅见.福建粮食经济,2005(4)
[40]姜风,孙瑾.对当前我国粮食需求的中长期预测方法研究.经济与管理研究,2007(9)
[41]李春华,李宁,史培军.我国粮食安全模式探析.商业研究,2006(20)
[42]吕新业,王济民.我国粮食安全预警机制研究[J].经济研究参考,2004
[43]刘颖.试论国家粮食专项储备经营管理体制创新[J].农业经济问题,2004
[44]姜长云.改革开放以来我国历次粮食供求失衡的回顾与启示.中国农村观察,2006(2)
[45]鲁晓东.粮食市场开放与中央储备粮轮换.调研世界,2003(2)
[46]张宪法,高旺盛.我国粮食生产能力探析与政策思考.农业现代化研究,2007(6)
[47]肖国安.未来十年中国粮食供求预测.中国农村经济,2002(7)
[48]朱希刚.中国粮食供需平衡分析.农业经济导刊,2005(4)
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