PPTA纤维的表面改性及应用
|
摘要
本文首先介绍了PPTA纤维的发展概况,对纤维的性能特点、表面改性、复合材料及应用等方面的研究现状进行了综述。在此基础上,从三个方面对PPTA纤维的表面改性进行了研究。
研究了用磷酸处理PPTA纤维表面的效果。对实验条件进行了正交设计,并采用单丝断裂强度、红外光谱、扫描电镜、接触角实验分别表征了纤维强度、表面官能团、微观表面形貌、浸润性的变化。结果表明磷酸处理提高了纤维表面的极性,改善了纤维与树脂复合的界面。并对反应的机理进行了推测。通过对实验结果的方差分析发现:温度对纤维浸润性的影响显著,浓度和时间对浸润性的影响不大;而就强度而言,浓度和时间对纤维的强度的影响显著,温度对纤维强度的影响不显著。因此为了获得最好的浸润性和最好的强度,确立最佳改性条件为:用5%磷酸在55℃下,超声处理1h。
研究了先用磷酸处理,然后进一步用稀土溶液处理纤维表面的效果。结果表明,稀土的进一步处理对纤维的强度几乎无损伤。而处理后纤维的浸润性得到进一步的提高。另外,从纤维和环氧树脂复合材料的劈裂面来看,处理后的纤维表面粘有更多的树脂,纤维与树脂之间的界面模糊,且有大量丝状剥离,同时纤维本身也发生微纤化轴向劈裂破坏,说明处理后的纤维与树脂形成了良好的界面。通过对纤维与树脂界面剪切强度的测试,发现其剪切强度随着稀土浓度的增加,出现先增大后减小的趋势,用0.9%的稀土溶液处理后的纤维得到的界面剪切强度最大。
另外,用PPTA浆粕取代石棉为增强基,酚醛树脂为基体制成耐摩擦复合材料。结果表明PPTA浆粕制得的复合材料的高温耐磨性能明显高于石棉。用磷酸处理和磷酸/稀土综合处理后的PPTA浆粕制得的复合材料的高温耐磨性能得到进一步改善。最后还对制得的复合材料的冲击强度进行了初步研究。
In this paper, progresses and developments of PPTA fiber were reviewed, the properties of it were introduced, and the surface modifications, applications and composites of it were reviewed. On the basic of these, the surface modification of PPTA fibers was studied.
Firstly, PPTA fibers were treated with H_3PO_4 solution. Fourier Transform Spectrum (FTIR) was employed to character the change of the fiber; scanning electromicrograph (SEM), contact angle test were employed to research the changes of the surface properties of the fibers. And single fiber strength experiment was used to show the strength loss because of the treatments. All the results showed that H_3PO_4 solution could improve the surface properties of PPTA fibers efficiently with little strength loss. The orthogonal design was used to find the best technical condition. It showed that the best treated condition was to treat the PPTA fibers with 5% H_3PO_4 solution at 55℃for 1 h.
Secondly, PPTA fibers that treated with H_3PO_4 solution at 55℃for 1 h was treated with LaCl_3 solution further. It showed that the rare earth
treatment did no harm to the fiber strength while the wettability of fiber was improved. The SEM photo of the fracture surface of PPTA/epoxy composites showed that the surface of untreated fibers was smooth, and little epoxy resin was adhered to the surface. However, for the PPTA fiber treated with rare earth solution, a large amount of epoxy adhered to its surface and formed a thick layer. This fact meant that rare earth treatment improve PPTA fiber surface properties effectively. IFSS experiment was employed to study the relationship between the concentration of the rare earth solution and the surface prosperities. It showed the best technical condition was to treat the PPTA fibers with 0.9% rare earth solution.
Additionally, PPTA-pulp was used as reinforcement in phenol formaldehyde resin friction slice. PPTA-Pulp showed great advantage over asbestos especially at high temperature. The friction property of PPTA pulp treated by H_3PO_4 or H_3PO_4/rare earth solution was better than the untreated one. The impact strength of the composite was measured. It showed that the impact strength of treated one was better than the untreated one.
研究了用磷酸处理PPTA纤维表面的效果。对实验条件进行了正交设计,并采用单丝断裂强度、红外光谱、扫描电镜、接触角实验分别表征了纤维强度、表面官能团、微观表面形貌、浸润性的变化。结果表明磷酸处理提高了纤维表面的极性,改善了纤维与树脂复合的界面。并对反应的机理进行了推测。通过对实验结果的方差分析发现:温度对纤维浸润性的影响显著,浓度和时间对浸润性的影响不大;而就强度而言,浓度和时间对纤维的强度的影响显著,温度对纤维强度的影响不显著。因此为了获得最好的浸润性和最好的强度,确立最佳改性条件为:用5%磷酸在55℃下,超声处理1h。
研究了先用磷酸处理,然后进一步用稀土溶液处理纤维表面的效果。结果表明,稀土的进一步处理对纤维的强度几乎无损伤。而处理后纤维的浸润性得到进一步的提高。另外,从纤维和环氧树脂复合材料的劈裂面来看,处理后的纤维表面粘有更多的树脂,纤维与树脂之间的界面模糊,且有大量丝状剥离,同时纤维本身也发生微纤化轴向劈裂破坏,说明处理后的纤维与树脂形成了良好的界面。通过对纤维与树脂界面剪切强度的测试,发现其剪切强度随着稀土浓度的增加,出现先增大后减小的趋势,用0.9%的稀土溶液处理后的纤维得到的界面剪切强度最大。
另外,用PPTA浆粕取代石棉为增强基,酚醛树脂为基体制成耐摩擦复合材料。结果表明PPTA浆粕制得的复合材料的高温耐磨性能明显高于石棉。用磷酸处理和磷酸/稀土综合处理后的PPTA浆粕制得的复合材料的高温耐磨性能得到进一步改善。最后还对制得的复合材料的冲击强度进行了初步研究。
In this paper, progresses and developments of PPTA fiber were reviewed, the properties of it were introduced, and the surface modifications, applications and composites of it were reviewed. On the basic of these, the surface modification of PPTA fibers was studied.
Firstly, PPTA fibers were treated with H_3PO_4 solution. Fourier Transform Spectrum (FTIR) was employed to character the change of the fiber; scanning electromicrograph (SEM), contact angle test were employed to research the changes of the surface properties of the fibers. And single fiber strength experiment was used to show the strength loss because of the treatments. All the results showed that H_3PO_4 solution could improve the surface properties of PPTA fibers efficiently with little strength loss. The orthogonal design was used to find the best technical condition. It showed that the best treated condition was to treat the PPTA fibers with 5% H_3PO_4 solution at 55℃for 1 h.
Secondly, PPTA fibers that treated with H_3PO_4 solution at 55℃for 1 h was treated with LaCl_3 solution further. It showed that the rare earth
treatment did no harm to the fiber strength while the wettability of fiber was improved. The SEM photo of the fracture surface of PPTA/epoxy composites showed that the surface of untreated fibers was smooth, and little epoxy resin was adhered to the surface. However, for the PPTA fiber treated with rare earth solution, a large amount of epoxy adhered to its surface and formed a thick layer. This fact meant that rare earth treatment improve PPTA fiber surface properties effectively. IFSS experiment was employed to study the relationship between the concentration of the rare earth solution and the surface prosperities. It showed the best technical condition was to treat the PPTA fibers with 0.9% rare earth solution.
Additionally, PPTA-pulp was used as reinforcement in phenol formaldehyde resin friction slice. PPTA-Pulp showed great advantage over asbestos especially at high temperature. The friction property of PPTA pulp treated by H_3PO_4 or H_3PO_4/rare earth solution was better than the untreated one. The impact strength of the composite was measured. It showed that the impact strength of treated one was better than the untreated one.
引文
[1]沃丁柱,李顺林,王兴业等,复合材料大全,北京,化工出版社,2000:102-106
[2]张文彬,新世纪产业用特种纤维材料,纺织导报,2001,5:104-106
[3]周其凤,王新九,液晶高分子,北京,科学出版社,1994:174-187
[4]俞波,对位芳纶生产和应用技术进展1,合成技术及应用,2005,20(2):22-28
[5]S.R.Wu,Master's Thesis,National central university,Taiwan,1995
[6]Joung-Man Park,Dae-Sik Kim,and Sung-Ryong Kim,Improvement of interfacial adhesion and nondestructive damage evaluation for plasma-treated PBO and Kevlar fibers/epoxy composites using micromechanical techniques and surface wettability,Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2003,264:431-445
[7]Wu G M,Oxygen plasma treatment of high performance fibers for composites,Materials Chemistry and Physics,2004,85:81-87
[8]王钧,周晓莲,段华军,UV处理对改善Kevlar纤维粘结性的影响,武汉理工大学学报,2004,26(11):12-15
[9]邱军,张东,γ-射线辐照对芳纶纤维结构的影响,沈阳化工学院学报,2000 14(4):263-265
[10]张宗强,万怡灶,王玉林,γ-射线辐照对芳纶纤维复合材料力学性能的影响,玻璃钢/复合材料,2003,4:11-13
[11]刘丽,张翔,黄玉东,超声作用对芳纶纤维表面性质的影响,复合材料学报,2003,20(2):35-40
[12]朱敏,周翔,准分子激光对聚合物材料的表面改性处理,纺织学报,2004,25(1):7-9
[13]朱敏,周翔,楼祺洪,准分子激光引发PET表面接枝改性及影响因素,纺织学报,2005,26(4):17-20
[14]贺泓,朱鹤孙,孙慕瑾,芳纶纤维的表面改性,复合材料学报,1990,7(3):17-24
[15]Ramazan B,眭伟民,Kevlar纤维表面反应对其性能的影响,国外纺织技术:化纤.染整,环境保护分册,1990,6:15-19
[16]Yulong Wu,Guiliana C,Tesoro,Chemical modification of Kevlar fiber surfaces and of model diamides,Journal of Applied Polymer Science,1986,31(8):2849-2850
[17]L.S.Penn,G.C.Tesoro,H.X.Zhou,Some effects of surface-controlled reactions of Kevlar 29 on the interface in epoxy composites,Polymer Composites,1988,9,(3):184-191
[18]Takayanagi Motowo,Kajiyama Tisato,Katayose Teruo,Surface-modified kevlar fiber-reinforced polyethylene and ionomer,Applied Polymer Science,1982,27(10):3903-3917
[19]Takayanagi Motowo,Katayose Teruo,Surface-modified kevlar fiber-reinforced ionomer,dynamic mechanical properties and their interpretation,Polymer Engineering & Science,1984,24(13):1047-1050
[20]雷渭媛,高柳素夫,N-接枝环氧化合物芳纶的表面特性,宇航材料工艺,1995,25(5):37-40
[21]雷渭媛,王渊,N-取代烯丙基芳纶的表面特性,宇航材料工艺,1997,27(2):16-20
[22]袁海根,王汝敏,艾涛,表面处理对Kevlar纤维复合材料界面结合强度的影响,化学推进剂与高分子材料,2005,3(5):38-41
[23]Huang C H,Rare Earths Coordinate Chemistry,Beijing,Science Press,1997:14
[24]Liu L,Zhang L Q,Zhao S H,etc,Review on rare earth/polymer composite,Journal of Rare Earths,2002,20(4):241-248
[25]Cheng X H,Wu J,Xie C Y,Effect of rare earth elements surface treatment on tensile properties of aramid fiber-reinforced epoxy composites,Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2004,92(2):1037-1041
[26]吴炬,程先华,稀土改性剂处理对芳纶/环氧复合材料层间剪切强度的影响,稀有金属材料与工程,2005,34(12):1917-1920
[27]郑玉婴,傅明连,王灿耀等,Kevlar纤维表面改性对PA6/KF复合材料力学性 能与破坏形态的影响,高分子材料科学与工程,2006,22(1):151-153
[28]郑玉婴,傅明连,王灿耀等,Kevlar纤维表面接枝改性及其稳定化,光谱学与光谱分析,2005,25(11):1810-1812
[29]郑玉婴,王灿耀,傅明连等,Kevlar纤维的聚丙二醇及丁烯二醇改性研究,光谱学与光谱分析,2005,25(3):402-404
[30]Du E I,PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY,SURFACE TREATED ARAMID FIBERS AND A PROCESS FOR MAKING THEM,WO 92/15746,1992,9 17
[31]王金颖,芳香族聚酰胺纤维的发展趋势,中国纺织,2001,(6):39
[32]梁中全,薛元德,陈绍杰等,GLARE层板的力学性能及其在A380客机上的应用,玻璃钢/复合材料,2005,(4):49-50
[33]靳武刚,芳纶纤维复合材料在天线工程中的应用,电子机械工程,2003,19:36-40
[34]陈刚,赵珂,肖志红,固体火箭发动机壳体复合材料发展研究,航天制造技术,2004,3:18-22
[35]王曙中,芳纶浆粕的现状及其应用前景,高科技纤维与应用,2003,28(3):14-17
[36]MAKSIMOV R D,PLUME E,Long-term creep of hybrid aramid/glass-fiber-reinforced plastics,Mechanics of Composite Materials,2001,37(4):271-280
[37]尤秀兰,傅群,刘兆峰,芳纶浆粕纤维的结构性能与应用,产业用纺织品,2001,19(08):27-29
[38]王曙中,对位芳纶的现状及发展趋势,产业化光纤,2001,(1):5
[39]邓海燕,“芳纶化”和“子午化”是航空轮胎的发展方向,中国橡胶,2004,(23):14-15
[40]Jelsma,Brun,Aramid fiber in tires,Tire technology Asia,1996,18
[41]Kerkhof H,Towards the ultimate tire,Tire technology international,1997,18:52-56
[42]Jelsma B,Twaron representing a new generation in tire reinforcement,Tire technology international,1995,5:131-134
[43]王维相,翁亚栋,国外芳纶纤维在软管和涂覆织物制品中的应用进展,橡胶工业,2001,48:377-379
[44]叶毓辉,张增强,芳纶及其功能织物的研究动态,高科技纤维与应用,2007,32:31-34
[45]张树钧,改性纤维与特种纤维,北京,中国石化出版社,1995:156-170
[46]Lin T K,Wu S J,Lai J G.,etc,The effect of chemical treatment on reinforcement/matrix interaction in Kevlar-fiber/bismaleimide composites,Composites Science and Technology,2000,60(9):1873-1878
[47]梅长林,周家良,实用统计方法,北京,科学出版社,2002:224-225
[48]庄楚强,吴亚森,应用数理统计基础,广州,华南理工大学出版社,2005:427-460
[49]Ramazan B,Tesoro C G,Effect of surface-limited reaction on the properties of Kevlar fibers,Textile Research Journal,1990,60(6):334-344
[50]高鸿宾,有机化学,北京,高等教育出版社,1993:253
[51]郑光洪,冯西宁,稀土在蓖麻及其混纺织物前处理工艺中的应用研究,印染,1991,(6):15-18
[52]苏锵,稀土化学,郑州,河南科学技术出版社,1993:98-99
[53]刘光华,稀土固体材料,北京,机械工业出版社,1997:30-35
[54]王书忠,薛志云,胡增福,超高分子量聚乙烯纤维表面浸润性的研究,玻璃钢/复合材料,2003,(4):17-20
[55]王成忠,李鹏,于运花等,UHMWPE纤维表面处理及其复合材料性能,复合材料学报,2006,23(2):30-34
[56]雷渭媛,刘国俊,芳纶复合材料的界面粘结,复合材料学报,1991,8(4):27-36
[57]M R Wertheimer,H P Schreiber,Surface property modification of aramatic polyamides microwave,J.Appl.Polym.Sci,1981,26:2087
[58]Dana B,Eagles,Bruce F,Interfacial properties of Kevlar49 fiber-reinforced thermoplastics,J.Appl.Polym.Sci,1976,20:486
[59]Merriaman E A,Kevlar aramid pulp processing and properties for industrial papers,Tappi Journal,1984,67(8):66-68
[60]GB 11834-89(工业机械用石棉摩擦片标准)
[61]王容国,武卫莉,谷万里,复合材料概论,哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1999:78
[62]硅酸盐辞典,中国建筑工业出版社,中国硅酸盐学会编,中国建筑工业出版社,1984:171
[63]Hoiness,David E,Kevlar aramid pulp,A short fiber reinforcement to replace asbestos,32nd International Sampe Symposium,1987:1173-1179
[64]Karlheinz Hillermeier,Prospects of aramid as a substitute for asbestos,Textile Research Journal,1984,54(9):575-578
[2]张文彬,新世纪产业用特种纤维材料,纺织导报,2001,5:104-106
[3]周其凤,王新九,液晶高分子,北京,科学出版社,1994:174-187
[4]俞波,对位芳纶生产和应用技术进展1,合成技术及应用,2005,20(2):22-28
[5]S.R.Wu,Master's Thesis,National central university,Taiwan,1995
[6]Joung-Man Park,Dae-Sik Kim,and Sung-Ryong Kim,Improvement of interfacial adhesion and nondestructive damage evaluation for plasma-treated PBO and Kevlar fibers/epoxy composites using micromechanical techniques and surface wettability,Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2003,264:431-445
[7]Wu G M,Oxygen plasma treatment of high performance fibers for composites,Materials Chemistry and Physics,2004,85:81-87
[8]王钧,周晓莲,段华军,UV处理对改善Kevlar纤维粘结性的影响,武汉理工大学学报,2004,26(11):12-15
[9]邱军,张东,γ-射线辐照对芳纶纤维结构的影响,沈阳化工学院学报,2000 14(4):263-265
[10]张宗强,万怡灶,王玉林,γ-射线辐照对芳纶纤维复合材料力学性能的影响,玻璃钢/复合材料,2003,4:11-13
[11]刘丽,张翔,黄玉东,超声作用对芳纶纤维表面性质的影响,复合材料学报,2003,20(2):35-40
[12]朱敏,周翔,准分子激光对聚合物材料的表面改性处理,纺织学报,2004,25(1):7-9
[13]朱敏,周翔,楼祺洪,准分子激光引发PET表面接枝改性及影响因素,纺织学报,2005,26(4):17-20
[14]贺泓,朱鹤孙,孙慕瑾,芳纶纤维的表面改性,复合材料学报,1990,7(3):17-24
[15]Ramazan B,眭伟民,Kevlar纤维表面反应对其性能的影响,国外纺织技术:化纤.染整,环境保护分册,1990,6:15-19
[16]Yulong Wu,Guiliana C,Tesoro,Chemical modification of Kevlar fiber surfaces and of model diamides,Journal of Applied Polymer Science,1986,31(8):2849-2850
[17]L.S.Penn,G.C.Tesoro,H.X.Zhou,Some effects of surface-controlled reactions of Kevlar 29 on the interface in epoxy composites,Polymer Composites,1988,9,(3):184-191
[18]Takayanagi Motowo,Kajiyama Tisato,Katayose Teruo,Surface-modified kevlar fiber-reinforced polyethylene and ionomer,Applied Polymer Science,1982,27(10):3903-3917
[19]Takayanagi Motowo,Katayose Teruo,Surface-modified kevlar fiber-reinforced ionomer,dynamic mechanical properties and their interpretation,Polymer Engineering & Science,1984,24(13):1047-1050
[20]雷渭媛,高柳素夫,N-接枝环氧化合物芳纶的表面特性,宇航材料工艺,1995,25(5):37-40
[21]雷渭媛,王渊,N-取代烯丙基芳纶的表面特性,宇航材料工艺,1997,27(2):16-20
[22]袁海根,王汝敏,艾涛,表面处理对Kevlar纤维复合材料界面结合强度的影响,化学推进剂与高分子材料,2005,3(5):38-41
[23]Huang C H,Rare Earths Coordinate Chemistry,Beijing,Science Press,1997:14
[24]Liu L,Zhang L Q,Zhao S H,etc,Review on rare earth/polymer composite,Journal of Rare Earths,2002,20(4):241-248
[25]Cheng X H,Wu J,Xie C Y,Effect of rare earth elements surface treatment on tensile properties of aramid fiber-reinforced epoxy composites,Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2004,92(2):1037-1041
[26]吴炬,程先华,稀土改性剂处理对芳纶/环氧复合材料层间剪切强度的影响,稀有金属材料与工程,2005,34(12):1917-1920
[27]郑玉婴,傅明连,王灿耀等,Kevlar纤维表面改性对PA6/KF复合材料力学性 能与破坏形态的影响,高分子材料科学与工程,2006,22(1):151-153
[28]郑玉婴,傅明连,王灿耀等,Kevlar纤维表面接枝改性及其稳定化,光谱学与光谱分析,2005,25(11):1810-1812
[29]郑玉婴,王灿耀,傅明连等,Kevlar纤维的聚丙二醇及丁烯二醇改性研究,光谱学与光谱分析,2005,25(3):402-404
[30]Du E I,PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY,SURFACE TREATED ARAMID FIBERS AND A PROCESS FOR MAKING THEM,WO 92/15746,1992,9 17
[31]王金颖,芳香族聚酰胺纤维的发展趋势,中国纺织,2001,(6):39
[32]梁中全,薛元德,陈绍杰等,GLARE层板的力学性能及其在A380客机上的应用,玻璃钢/复合材料,2005,(4):49-50
[33]靳武刚,芳纶纤维复合材料在天线工程中的应用,电子机械工程,2003,19:36-40
[34]陈刚,赵珂,肖志红,固体火箭发动机壳体复合材料发展研究,航天制造技术,2004,3:18-22
[35]王曙中,芳纶浆粕的现状及其应用前景,高科技纤维与应用,2003,28(3):14-17
[36]MAKSIMOV R D,PLUME E,Long-term creep of hybrid aramid/glass-fiber-reinforced plastics,Mechanics of Composite Materials,2001,37(4):271-280
[37]尤秀兰,傅群,刘兆峰,芳纶浆粕纤维的结构性能与应用,产业用纺织品,2001,19(08):27-29
[38]王曙中,对位芳纶的现状及发展趋势,产业化光纤,2001,(1):5
[39]邓海燕,“芳纶化”和“子午化”是航空轮胎的发展方向,中国橡胶,2004,(23):14-15
[40]Jelsma,Brun,Aramid fiber in tires,Tire technology Asia,1996,18
[41]Kerkhof H,Towards the ultimate tire,Tire technology international,1997,18:52-56
[42]Jelsma B,Twaron representing a new generation in tire reinforcement,Tire technology international,1995,5:131-134
[43]王维相,翁亚栋,国外芳纶纤维在软管和涂覆织物制品中的应用进展,橡胶工业,2001,48:377-379
[44]叶毓辉,张增强,芳纶及其功能织物的研究动态,高科技纤维与应用,2007,32:31-34
[45]张树钧,改性纤维与特种纤维,北京,中国石化出版社,1995:156-170
[46]Lin T K,Wu S J,Lai J G.,etc,The effect of chemical treatment on reinforcement/matrix interaction in Kevlar-fiber/bismaleimide composites,Composites Science and Technology,2000,60(9):1873-1878
[47]梅长林,周家良,实用统计方法,北京,科学出版社,2002:224-225
[48]庄楚强,吴亚森,应用数理统计基础,广州,华南理工大学出版社,2005:427-460
[49]Ramazan B,Tesoro C G,Effect of surface-limited reaction on the properties of Kevlar fibers,Textile Research Journal,1990,60(6):334-344
[50]高鸿宾,有机化学,北京,高等教育出版社,1993:253
[51]郑光洪,冯西宁,稀土在蓖麻及其混纺织物前处理工艺中的应用研究,印染,1991,(6):15-18
[52]苏锵,稀土化学,郑州,河南科学技术出版社,1993:98-99
[53]刘光华,稀土固体材料,北京,机械工业出版社,1997:30-35
[54]王书忠,薛志云,胡增福,超高分子量聚乙烯纤维表面浸润性的研究,玻璃钢/复合材料,2003,(4):17-20
[55]王成忠,李鹏,于运花等,UHMWPE纤维表面处理及其复合材料性能,复合材料学报,2006,23(2):30-34
[56]雷渭媛,刘国俊,芳纶复合材料的界面粘结,复合材料学报,1991,8(4):27-36
[57]M R Wertheimer,H P Schreiber,Surface property modification of aramatic polyamides microwave,J.Appl.Polym.Sci,1981,26:2087
[58]Dana B,Eagles,Bruce F,Interfacial properties of Kevlar49 fiber-reinforced thermoplastics,J.Appl.Polym.Sci,1976,20:486
[59]Merriaman E A,Kevlar aramid pulp processing and properties for industrial papers,Tappi Journal,1984,67(8):66-68
[60]GB 11834-89(工业机械用石棉摩擦片标准)
[61]王容国,武卫莉,谷万里,复合材料概论,哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1999:78
[62]硅酸盐辞典,中国建筑工业出版社,中国硅酸盐学会编,中国建筑工业出版社,1984:171
[63]Hoiness,David E,Kevlar aramid pulp,A short fiber reinforcement to replace asbestos,32nd International Sampe Symposium,1987:1173-1179
[64]Karlheinz Hillermeier,Prospects of aramid as a substitute for asbestos,Textile Research Journal,1984,54(9):575-578