毒品犯的人格结构与类型特征及其影响因素的研究
摘要
1 本研究的选题依据与目的
本研究通过回顾人格结构研究的历史与现状以及罪犯人格与类型特征研究的历
史与现状，认为：第一，现有的人格结构研究大多以正常人群体为被试，对特殊人
群的人格结构的研究基本上没有涉及。开展对特殊人群人格结构的研究可以为人格
结构的探讨提供验证性依据，也有助于理解特殊人群的人格结构特征。第二，现有
的对罪犯人格特征的研究主要是通过比较法开展的，这种简单的平均数的比较虽然
是有价值的，但却无助于说明罪犯的人格结构性特征，因而有必要通过探讨罪犯的
人格结构特征来理解犯罪行为的独特的人格基础。第三，有关罪犯人格类型的研究
一般立足于主观经验判断和理论分类模型的思路，这种思路虽然有一定的价值，但
无论是分类依据还是和分类方法，其科学性都明显不够，特别是对于在罪犯内部进
行有效的人格鉴别时显得无能为力，也不利于在改造实践中针对不同人格类型的罪
犯制定有效的矫治措施。近年来国外罪犯人格类型的研究表现出由传统的经验描述
性分类向科学实证性分类的倾向，是值得注意的动向。第四，毒品犯是我国近年来
出现的新型犯罪类型，毒品犯的研究一方面为完善犯罪研究提供了基础，另一方面
为打击毒品犯罪和改造在押毒品犯提供有意义的科学依据。但是这方面的工作几乎
没有开展。
因此，今后罪犯人格的研究要实现三个转变：一是实现由与一般正常人的比较
研究向罪犯人格的结构特征研究的转变，以便揭示罪犯人格的内在本质；二是实现
由主观描述性分类研究向客观实证性分类研究的转变，以便增强对罪犯人格类型划
分的科学性和实用性；三是实现由对常规犯罪类型的研究向新兴犯罪类型的研究的
转变，以便适应于罪犯改造实践对科学研究的实际需要。本研究在前人研究的基础
上，主要探讨毒品犯的人格结构与类型特征及其影响因素，具体目标有三：
首先，应用量表法通过因素分析技术探讨毒品犯的人格结构特征，确定构成毒
品犯人格的主要构成因素。
其次，以量表测量分数为依据，应用聚类分析技术完成毒品犯的分类，确定毒
品犯的人格类型及其特征，并寻求毒品犯分类矫治的基本原则。
第三，应用方差分析技术探讨民族、受教育程度、城乡等稳定性变量以及年龄、
关押时间和减刑次数这些动态性变量对毒品犯人格特征形成和变化的影响，以寻求
影响毒品犯人格特征的主要因素。
2 研究方法
DZ．14＄ 试
D 根据本研究的目的，选取了云南省第二监狱（主要关押重刑毒品犯人入五华监
l 狱（主要关押轻刑毒品犯人乃5岁以下的所有涉及贩卖、走私及运输毒品的男性罪犯
l 共 526名男被试进行测试。进入统计分析的有效样本容量为 378人。
12．2 测量工具
D 本研究采用的测量工具是美国加州伯克利人格评估研究所教授H肛大”n
IG．GOUgh编制的朋利福尼亚心理调查表① 亿C八（中国修订厂该量表有较高的信
D 度与效度。
IZ．3 统计指标与方法
D 根据本研究的目的，对经过整理的资料做了如下统计分析：
D①利用毒品犯在CPI测验上的原始分，在分量表水平上进行因素分析，以探讨
D 毒品犯的特殊人格结构的构成因素。
l＠利用T 测验上的测试结果划分毒品犯的p 人格类型及自我实现水平并将
D 其与正常人对照组的测验资料进行差异检验叮检验入 分析当前在押毒品犯的人格特
D 征的基本情况。
；③以毒品犯的民族、文化程度、地域为自变量，以CPI测验原始分数为因变量，
l 进行2祁蛇的多因素方差分析与T检验，以探讨这些变量对毒品犯人格特征形成的
D 影响。
l＠以毒品犯的年龄、己服刑期、是否减刑为自变量，以p 测验原始分数为因
l 变量，进行5例的的多因素方差分析与T检验，以探讨这些因素对毒品犯人格特征
D 形成的影响。
l＠对毒品犯在CPI上的测量分数进行Q型聚类分析，并据此对在押毒品犯进行
D 分类，比较不同类别罪犯之间的人格特征，为制定毒品犯矫治措施提供科学依据。
；全部数据均输入586电脑，采用SPSS10．0社会科学统计软件包进行统计分析。
13 结果与讨论
D3．1对毒品犯人格结构的因素分析
l 对被试在 CPIRC20个分量表上的测验原始分进行因素分析，得到特征根人＞＝1
l 的因素共有四个，累积方差贡献率可解释 67．689％的变异。通过主成分分析和极大正
D 交旋转获得四个因素的命名和含义如下：
D 遵从性因素是毒品犯人格结构中最突出的一个特质，说明毒品犯的人格首先是
D 与是否遵从社会规则、符合社会道德规范相联系的。
D 外向性因素是表征个体与周围环境及他人的关系，表现在社交行为即与他人关
12
系的处理方面，是评价个体对外界的态度行为的因素。
成熟性因素反映个体与社会的关系状态，认知社会的方式以及自我改善的态度。
灵活性因素表明个人思想和社会行为的灵活性和适应方式。
与国内外人格结构的研究相比较，发现社会遵
Study on the Drugpusher's Personality Structural and Categories' Characteristics and their Influence Factors
Abstract
1 The reasones and purposes
On the basis of retrospecting to the past research and the current situation of the personality structure, the criminal's personality and their categories' characteristics, this paper brings forward four personal standpoints. Firstly, most of the past personality structure researches chose normal but not the special groups as their subjects. It is important for the across culture research of the personality structure to touch upon these special group realm and it also can make more easy to understand the personality structure characteristic of the spectial groupt. Secondly, most of the past researches were simply based on some average comparison and they cann't help to understand the personality structure characteritic of the criminal. Thirdly, the personality categories reasearches of the criminal provided science bases for making differential treatment strategies for different criminal, so that, how to classify reasonable categories is the key to make successful treatment. Fourthly, the drugpusher is a new criminal type in our country so that study for this task has many theoretically and practically meanings.
This paper discussed personality structure, Categories' Characteristics and their influence factors of the drugpusher. Thare are three purposes as followed.
Firstly, this paper tries to explore the main constitute factor of the drugpusher by factor analysis.
Secondly, it is tries to explore the category and its feature of the personality of the drugpusher by classter analysis and confirm some essential principles of sorting-treament.
Thirdly, it is tries to explore the relationship of the stability factors and. the dyamic factors with the development of the personality of the drugpusher such as the nation, the education degree, the zone, the age, the having-stay-time and the times of commute.
2 The methods 2.1 Subjects
The subjects of this study come from all the drugpusher of the Second Prison and Wuhua Prison of Yunnan province. All of them are younger than 55 age. The subjects of valid sample total up to 378.
2.2 The means of measuring
The California Psychological Inventory is selected as the measuring tool based on the purposes and the ideal of this study. CPI is of higher reliability and validity.
2.3 Criteria of Statistics
2.3.1 The paper discus constitution factor of the personality of the drugpusher by takes the factor analysis with the test scores of the CPI.
2.3.2 By plotting CPI's personality category and the self-realization level of the criminal and comparing it to the" norm group's, the paper tries to analysis the essential status of personality characteristic.
2.3.3 By taking the nation, the education degree and the zone as independent variables and taking the test of the CPI as the dependent variables, the paper tries to discuss whow these influence the development of the personality by multi-variables analysis.
2.3.4 By taking the age, the having-stay-time and the times of commute as independent variables and taking the test of the CPI as the dependent variables, the paper tries to discuss how these influence the development of the personality by multi-variables analysis again.
2.3.5 In order to campare the difference between difference category this paper classified the criminal by Q-type classification.
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 The personality structure of the drugpusher
This paper gained four prominent communal factors which eigenvalue is beyond one by factor analysis and they can interpret 67.689 percent of all variance. The denominate and meaning of these four factors are:
Obedience: This is the most prominent factor among the personality structure and it indicates this concept closer to obey social rule, accord to social ethic, etc.
Extraversion: It represents the connection between man and his ambience, the social behavior with others and the attitude to outside.
Mature: It represents
本研究通过回顾人格结构研究的历史与现状以及罪犯人格与类型特征研究的历
史与现状，认为：第一，现有的人格结构研究大多以正常人群体为被试，对特殊人
群的人格结构的研究基本上没有涉及。开展对特殊人群人格结构的研究可以为人格
结构的探讨提供验证性依据，也有助于理解特殊人群的人格结构特征。第二，现有
的对罪犯人格特征的研究主要是通过比较法开展的，这种简单的平均数的比较虽然
是有价值的，但却无助于说明罪犯的人格结构性特征，因而有必要通过探讨罪犯的
人格结构特征来理解犯罪行为的独特的人格基础。第三，有关罪犯人格类型的研究
一般立足于主观经验判断和理论分类模型的思路，这种思路虽然有一定的价值，但
无论是分类依据还是和分类方法，其科学性都明显不够，特别是对于在罪犯内部进
行有效的人格鉴别时显得无能为力，也不利于在改造实践中针对不同人格类型的罪
犯制定有效的矫治措施。近年来国外罪犯人格类型的研究表现出由传统的经验描述
性分类向科学实证性分类的倾向，是值得注意的动向。第四，毒品犯是我国近年来
出现的新型犯罪类型，毒品犯的研究一方面为完善犯罪研究提供了基础，另一方面
为打击毒品犯罪和改造在押毒品犯提供有意义的科学依据。但是这方面的工作几乎
没有开展。
因此，今后罪犯人格的研究要实现三个转变：一是实现由与一般正常人的比较
研究向罪犯人格的结构特征研究的转变，以便揭示罪犯人格的内在本质；二是实现
由主观描述性分类研究向客观实证性分类研究的转变，以便增强对罪犯人格类型划
分的科学性和实用性；三是实现由对常规犯罪类型的研究向新兴犯罪类型的研究的
转变，以便适应于罪犯改造实践对科学研究的实际需要。本研究在前人研究的基础
上，主要探讨毒品犯的人格结构与类型特征及其影响因素，具体目标有三：
首先，应用量表法通过因素分析技术探讨毒品犯的人格结构特征，确定构成毒
品犯人格的主要构成因素。
其次，以量表测量分数为依据，应用聚类分析技术完成毒品犯的分类，确定毒
品犯的人格类型及其特征，并寻求毒品犯分类矫治的基本原则。
第三，应用方差分析技术探讨民族、受教育程度、城乡等稳定性变量以及年龄、
关押时间和减刑次数这些动态性变量对毒品犯人格特征形成和变化的影响，以寻求
影响毒品犯人格特征的主要因素。
2 研究方法
DZ．14＄ 试
D 根据本研究的目的，选取了云南省第二监狱（主要关押重刑毒品犯人入五华监
l 狱（主要关押轻刑毒品犯人乃5岁以下的所有涉及贩卖、走私及运输毒品的男性罪犯
l 共 526名男被试进行测试。进入统计分析的有效样本容量为 378人。
12．2 测量工具
D 本研究采用的测量工具是美国加州伯克利人格评估研究所教授H肛大”n
IG．GOUgh编制的朋利福尼亚心理调查表① 亿C八（中国修订厂该量表有较高的信
D 度与效度。
IZ．3 统计指标与方法
D 根据本研究的目的，对经过整理的资料做了如下统计分析：
D①利用毒品犯在CPI测验上的原始分，在分量表水平上进行因素分析，以探讨
D 毒品犯的特殊人格结构的构成因素。
l＠利用T 测验上的测试结果划分毒品犯的p 人格类型及自我实现水平并将
D 其与正常人对照组的测验资料进行差异检验叮检验入 分析当前在押毒品犯的人格特
D 征的基本情况。
；③以毒品犯的民族、文化程度、地域为自变量，以CPI测验原始分数为因变量，
l 进行2祁蛇的多因素方差分析与T检验，以探讨这些变量对毒品犯人格特征形成的
D 影响。
l＠以毒品犯的年龄、己服刑期、是否减刑为自变量，以p 测验原始分数为因
l 变量，进行5例的的多因素方差分析与T检验，以探讨这些因素对毒品犯人格特征
D 形成的影响。
l＠对毒品犯在CPI上的测量分数进行Q型聚类分析，并据此对在押毒品犯进行
D 分类，比较不同类别罪犯之间的人格特征，为制定毒品犯矫治措施提供科学依据。
；全部数据均输入586电脑，采用SPSS10．0社会科学统计软件包进行统计分析。
13 结果与讨论
D3．1对毒品犯人格结构的因素分析
l 对被试在 CPIRC20个分量表上的测验原始分进行因素分析，得到特征根人＞＝1
l 的因素共有四个，累积方差贡献率可解释 67．689％的变异。通过主成分分析和极大正
D 交旋转获得四个因素的命名和含义如下：
D 遵从性因素是毒品犯人格结构中最突出的一个特质，说明毒品犯的人格首先是
D 与是否遵从社会规则、符合社会道德规范相联系的。
D 外向性因素是表征个体与周围环境及他人的关系，表现在社交行为即与他人关
12
系的处理方面，是评价个体对外界的态度行为的因素。
成熟性因素反映个体与社会的关系状态，认知社会的方式以及自我改善的态度。
灵活性因素表明个人思想和社会行为的灵活性和适应方式。
与国内外人格结构的研究相比较，发现社会遵
Study on the Drugpusher's Personality Structural and Categories' Characteristics and their Influence Factors
Abstract
1 The reasones and purposes
On the basis of retrospecting to the past research and the current situation of the personality structure, the criminal's personality and their categories' characteristics, this paper brings forward four personal standpoints. Firstly, most of the past personality structure researches chose normal but not the special groups as their subjects. It is important for the across culture research of the personality structure to touch upon these special group realm and it also can make more easy to understand the personality structure characteristic of the spectial groupt. Secondly, most of the past researches were simply based on some average comparison and they cann't help to understand the personality structure characteritic of the criminal. Thirdly, the personality categories reasearches of the criminal provided science bases for making differential treatment strategies for different criminal, so that, how to classify reasonable categories is the key to make successful treatment. Fourthly, the drugpusher is a new criminal type in our country so that study for this task has many theoretically and practically meanings.
This paper discussed personality structure, Categories' Characteristics and their influence factors of the drugpusher. Thare are three purposes as followed.
Firstly, this paper tries to explore the main constitute factor of the drugpusher by factor analysis.
Secondly, it is tries to explore the category and its feature of the personality of the drugpusher by classter analysis and confirm some essential principles of sorting-treament.
Thirdly, it is tries to explore the relationship of the stability factors and. the dyamic factors with the development of the personality of the drugpusher such as the nation, the education degree, the zone, the age, the having-stay-time and the times of commute.
2 The methods 2.1 Subjects
The subjects of this study come from all the drugpusher of the Second Prison and Wuhua Prison of Yunnan province. All of them are younger than 55 age. The subjects of valid sample total up to 378.
2.2 The means of measuring
The California Psychological Inventory is selected as the measuring tool based on the purposes and the ideal of this study. CPI is of higher reliability and validity.
2.3 Criteria of Statistics
2.3.1 The paper discus constitution factor of the personality of the drugpusher by takes the factor analysis with the test scores of the CPI.
2.3.2 By plotting CPI's personality category and the self-realization level of the criminal and comparing it to the" norm group's, the paper tries to analysis the essential status of personality characteristic.
2.3.3 By taking the nation, the education degree and the zone as independent variables and taking the test of the CPI as the dependent variables, the paper tries to discuss whow these influence the development of the personality by multi-variables analysis.
2.3.4 By taking the age, the having-stay-time and the times of commute as independent variables and taking the test of the CPI as the dependent variables, the paper tries to discuss how these influence the development of the personality by multi-variables analysis again.
2.3.5 In order to campare the difference between difference category this paper classified the criminal by Q-type classification.
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 The personality structure of the drugpusher
This paper gained four prominent communal factors which eigenvalue is beyond one by factor analysis and they can interpret 67.689 percent of all variance. The denominate and meaning of these four factors are:
Obedience: This is the most prominent factor among the personality structure and it indicates this concept closer to obey social rule, accord to social ethic, etc.
Extraversion: It represents the connection between man and his ambience, the social behavior with others and the attitude to outside.
Mature: It represents
引文
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2 Cattell, Raymond B. The scientific analysis of personality. Richard clay(The Chaucer Press), Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk,1965．
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23 Quay, Herbert C.(1965)Juvenile Delinquency: Reseach and Theory, New York: Van Nostand, 1, 33-37.
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25 Oliver P. John, The "Little Five": Exploring the Nomological Network of the Five-Factor Model of Personality in Adolescent Boys, Child Development, 1994, 65, 160-178.
7.2 中文文献：
1 Pervin，L．A(郑慧玲译)．人格心理学．台湾：桂冠图书公司，1987．
2 罗珊红．人格心理学的未来：等待“大一”．心理学动态，1998，6(4)．
3 杨国枢，李本华．557个中文人格特质形容词的好恶度、意义度及熟悉度．台湾大学心理系研究报告，1973年第11期．
4 王登峰，方林，左衍涛．中国人人格的词汇研究．心理学报，1995，27(4)．
5 张智勇，王垒，漆鸣．中文人格特质词的基本维度研究：大学生自我评定的因素分析．心理学报，1998(1)．
6 吴正，张厚粲．大五人格理论与人事测评中的人格结构分析．心理科学，1999，22(3)．
7 张雨青．基于父母知觉的儿童人格结构及其发展的研究．心理学报，1999(2)．
8 吴宗宪．西方犯罪学史．北京：警官教育出版社，1997，459．
9 张伟等．违法犯罪青少年个性特征调查．中国心理卫生杂志，1993，7(3)．
10 刘丽君．抢劫犯与盗窃犯的人格对照．健康心理学杂志，1998，6(3)．
11 杨坚，龚耀先．违法犯罪男性青少年个性特征对照研究．中国神经精神疾病杂志，1987，13(5)．
12 孙春霞．少年犯罪相关因素的综合性研究．中国心理卫生杂志，1993，7(3)．
13 邓芸箐等．少年犯人格的基本特征及其相关因素的研究．中国临床心理学杂志，2000，8(3)．
14 肖琳琳等．违法犯罪成年男性个性特征调查．中国临床心理学杂志，2001，9(1)．
15 顾玉甫．犯罪者个性倾向初探．心理科学通讯，1987，2．
16 詹芝山．MMPI测试1066例罪犯的分析报告．心理科学，1993，5．
17 袁玉华．男性服刑罪犯的个性特征研究．中国临床心理学杂志，2000，8(2)．
18 沙东想．罪犯心理卫生状况研究．健康心理学，1996，4(1)．
19 李贤华．青少年犯罪问题．2000，(3)，参见中国青年研究．2000，(6)．
20 袁玉华．男性服刑罪犯的个性特征研究，中国临床心理学杂志，2000，8(2)．
21 谢小庆．因素分析．北京：中国社会科学出版社，1989．
22 王晓钧．因素分析法及其在智力和人格测量中的应用述评．深圳大学学报：人文社会科学版，1997(1)．
23 王宇卉．60例犯罪青少年心理卫生现状调查．中国心理卫生杂志，1993，7(3)．
24 杨坚，龚耀先．加利福尼亚心理调查表中国修订本的制定．中国临床心理学杂志．1993，1(1)．
25 云南省第二劳改支队．毒品犯的分类改造．见姚云辉主编．分押分管分教工作经验文集．中国人民公安大学出版社，1992，263．
26 苏月桐，傅以容．犯罪少年行为习惯及人格特征的调查．中国临床心理学杂志，1998，6(2)．
27 云南省警察学会．云南省农民中的毒品犯罪问题调查报告．摘自罗秉森，梁晋云主编．云南省禁毒研究论文集．北京：群众出版社 1999．
28 编写组．罪犯改造心理学．北京：社会科学文献出版社，1987．
2 Cattell, Raymond B. The scientific analysis of personality. Richard clay(The Chaucer Press), Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk,1965．
3 Allport, G. W., & Odbert, H.S.Trait names: A psycho-lexical study. Psychological Monographs, 1936,47(1) .
4 Cattell, R. B. (1943) . The description of personality: Basic traits resolved into clusters. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 38,.
5 Robert R. McCrae, Paul T. Costa el, Cross-cultural assessment of the five-factor model: The revised NEO personality inventory.Cross Cultural Psychology, 1988, 1 (1) : 171-188．
6 William S.Lanfer & James. M. Day (eds), Personality Theory, Moral Development, and Criminal Behavior, Canada: D.C.Heath and Company, 1983．
7 Sampo V. Paunonen & Michael C. Ashton, The Structured Assessment of personality, Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol, 29, No, 1, January 1998．
8 Ping chung cheung, Conger AJ, kit-TaiHau, Lew WJF, Sing Lau, Development of the multi-trait personality in ventory(MTPI): comparison among your Chinese populations.Journal of Personality Assessment, 1992, 59(3) : 546．
9 H.J.Eysenck, Personality Conditioning, and Antisocial Behavior, In.William S.Lanfer & James. M.Day, Personality, Moral Development, Criminal Behavior, Canada: D.C.Heath and Company, 1983．
10 Clive.R.Hollin, Psychology and Crime: An Introduction to Criminologicai Psychology, London and New York:Routledge, 1989．
11 Stanton E. Samenow, Inside the Criminal Mind, The New York Times Book Co., lnc.1984．
12 Psychopathy and Offender Type-Results from a Portuguese Prison Sample, Rui Abrunhosa Goncalves, International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1999,Vol.22, No.3-4,.337-346．
13 Rolando Diaz-loving, Contributions of Mexican Ethnopsychology to the Resolution of the Etic-Emic Dilemma in Personality, Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1998, Vol, 29, No.1, 104
14 M. Angeles Guanzon-Lapent, A. Timothy Church, Annadaisy J. Carlota, etc., Indigenous Personality Measures-Philippine Examples, Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1998,Vol. 29, No.1,
267.
15 John, O. P., & Robins, R.W.(1993). Gordon Allport. Father and critic of the five-factor model. In K.H.Craik, R. Hogan & R.N. Wolfe (Eds), Fifty years of personality psychology. New York: Plenum Press,215-236.
16 Cheung P. C., Conger, A. J., Hau, K.T., Lew, W.J.F., & Lau, s. (1992). Development of the Multi-Train Personality Inventory (MTPI): Comparison among four Chinese populations. Journal of Personality Assessment, 59, 546.
17 Eysenck H. J.: Crime and personality, Revised ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Poul, 1977, 130-133.
18 Marguerite Q. Warren, Applictions of Interpersonal-Maturity Theory to Offender Populations, In, William S.Lanfer & James. M.Day, Personality Theory, Moral Development, and Criminal Behavior, 23-p33.
19 Levy, D.M.: Psychopathic behavior in infants and children: A critical survey of the existing concepts. Am. J. Orthopsychiat, 1951, 21: 250-254.
20 Fenichel, O.: The psychoanalytic Theory of the Neuroses. New York, Norton & C.Inc., 1946.
21 Glueck, S. and Glueck, E.: Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency. Massachusetts, Common Wealth Fund and Harvarn University Press, 1950.
22 Bacon, M.K., Child, I. L, & Barry, H. A cross-cultural study of correlates of crime. J. Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1963, 66: 291-300.
23 Quay, Herbert C.(1965)Juvenile Delinquency: Reseach and Theory, New York: Van Nostand, 1, 33-37.
24 Megargee & B. dorhout. A new classification for criminal offenders: Revision and refinement of the classification rules. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 1977,4: 125-148.
25 Oliver P. John, The "Little Five": Exploring the Nomological Network of the Five-Factor Model of Personality in Adolescent Boys, Child Development, 1994, 65, 160-178.
7.2 中文文献：
1 Pervin，L．A(郑慧玲译)．人格心理学．台湾：桂冠图书公司，1987．
2 罗珊红．人格心理学的未来：等待“大一”．心理学动态，1998，6(4)．
3 杨国枢，李本华．557个中文人格特质形容词的好恶度、意义度及熟悉度．台湾大学心理系研究报告，1973年第11期．
4 王登峰，方林，左衍涛．中国人人格的词汇研究．心理学报，1995，27(4)．
5 张智勇，王垒，漆鸣．中文人格特质词的基本维度研究：大学生自我评定的因素分析．心理学报，1998(1)．
6 吴正，张厚粲．大五人格理论与人事测评中的人格结构分析．心理科学，1999，22(3)．
7 张雨青．基于父母知觉的儿童人格结构及其发展的研究．心理学报，1999(2)．
8 吴宗宪．西方犯罪学史．北京：警官教育出版社，1997，459．
9 张伟等．违法犯罪青少年个性特征调查．中国心理卫生杂志，1993，7(3)．
10 刘丽君．抢劫犯与盗窃犯的人格对照．健康心理学杂志，1998，6(3)．
11 杨坚，龚耀先．违法犯罪男性青少年个性特征对照研究．中国神经精神疾病杂志，1987，13(5)．
12 孙春霞．少年犯罪相关因素的综合性研究．中国心理卫生杂志，1993，7(3)．
13 邓芸箐等．少年犯人格的基本特征及其相关因素的研究．中国临床心理学杂志，2000，8(3)．
14 肖琳琳等．违法犯罪成年男性个性特征调查．中国临床心理学杂志，2001，9(1)．
15 顾玉甫．犯罪者个性倾向初探．心理科学通讯，1987，2．
16 詹芝山．MMPI测试1066例罪犯的分析报告．心理科学，1993，5．
17 袁玉华．男性服刑罪犯的个性特征研究．中国临床心理学杂志，2000，8(2)．
18 沙东想．罪犯心理卫生状况研究．健康心理学，1996，4(1)．
19 李贤华．青少年犯罪问题．2000，(3)，参见中国青年研究．2000，(6)．
20 袁玉华．男性服刑罪犯的个性特征研究，中国临床心理学杂志，2000，8(2)．
21 谢小庆．因素分析．北京：中国社会科学出版社，1989．
22 王晓钧．因素分析法及其在智力和人格测量中的应用述评．深圳大学学报：人文社会科学版，1997(1)．
23 王宇卉．60例犯罪青少年心理卫生现状调查．中国心理卫生杂志，1993，7(3)．
24 杨坚，龚耀先．加利福尼亚心理调查表中国修订本的制定．中国临床心理学杂志．1993，1(1)．
25 云南省第二劳改支队．毒品犯的分类改造．见姚云辉主编．分押分管分教工作经验文集．中国人民公安大学出版社，1992，263．
26 苏月桐，傅以容．犯罪少年行为习惯及人格特征的调查．中国临床心理学杂志，1998，6(2)．
27 云南省警察学会．云南省农民中的毒品犯罪问题调查报告．摘自罗秉森，梁晋云主编．云南省禁毒研究论文集．北京：群众出版社 1999．
28 编写组．罪犯改造心理学．北京：社会科学文献出版社，1987．