岩溶及采空区塌陷的地质灾害研究
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摘要
岩溶塌陷是指岩溶化洞穴上面的覆盖层在自然或人为因素作用下引起变形破坏,向隐伏在其下的早期岩溶洞隙塌落,并在地表形成塌陷坑的一种动力地质作用与现象。岩溶地质现象存在于喀斯特碳酸盐地区,已经在我国22个省市发现有岩溶存在,岩溶灾害已经成为威胁我国建筑业、矿业、公路铁路等交通行业的主要地质灾害之一。
从人为角度上,岩溶塌陷分为自然塌陷和人工塌陷;从地质体角度上看,岩溶塌陷分为岩洞塌陷和土洞塌陷。针对我国的岩溶地质现象,本文系统地分析了塌陷地质灾害的勘察方法和手段,提出了岩溶地基岩体的具体分级方法及参数的选取方法,指出了岩溶塌陷的产生需具备的3个条件,分析了造成岩溶塌陷的诱发因素和致塌机理,指出水的作用是岩溶塌陷产生的主要原因,分析了塌陷灾害的各种处理方法等,并分别采用丰富的工程实例作为检验。最后,文章借用离散元工具,详细进行了岩溶地区地质灾害的仿真模拟分析研究,包括应力应变分析、位移分析,影响因素分析。另外,文章首次采用离散元数值模拟技术模拟分析了地震作用下溶洞塌陷的过程,并给出了塌陷灾害的影响范围。数值模拟计算得到的塌陷范围与现场监测到结果非常相似,误差在11.7%,说明数值模拟过程是可靠的。
由数值模拟分析可知,离散元能很好地模拟塌陷的过程,模拟结果的范围与实际相似,为类似的工程计算和评估提供了一个新的方法。
Karst cave collapse means a kind of dynamic geological phenomenon, which refers to the overburden layer, deformed or destructed due to natural or artificial factors, and collapse to the crack of under layer, which formed a cave on the ground surface. Karst geological phenomenon usually lies in carbonate area, and widely existed in 22 provinces of China, this kind of geological hazard extremely threaten our industry of construction, mining and communication, and becomes one of the mainly geological hazard.
Karst cave collapse can be divided as natural and artificial collapse, and which can also be divided to rock cave collapse and soil cave collapse from the point of geological material. This paper carefully analysis the methods of exploring karst cave collapse, give out the detail methods of classification and parameter selection, point out that there are three condition to form the collapse, give out the induced factors and mechanics, point out that usually the mainly factor is due to water, it also give the methods which deal with this kind of collapse, all of these were tested by several example. Finally, this paper simulates the procedure of karst cave collapse use UDEC, including the analysis of stress, strain, displacement and induced factors. This paper also simulate the procedure of karst cave collapse due to earthquake, and give the result of collapse zone, which is similar to the real result, and the error is 11.7%, which indicate that the simulation is reliable.
From the above simulation, the discrete element method is good at analysis the procedure of karst cave collapse, and the result is agree well with the real situation, which give a good new method to compute and appraise the same kind of engineering.
从人为角度上,岩溶塌陷分为自然塌陷和人工塌陷;从地质体角度上看,岩溶塌陷分为岩洞塌陷和土洞塌陷。针对我国的岩溶地质现象,本文系统地分析了塌陷地质灾害的勘察方法和手段,提出了岩溶地基岩体的具体分级方法及参数的选取方法,指出了岩溶塌陷的产生需具备的3个条件,分析了造成岩溶塌陷的诱发因素和致塌机理,指出水的作用是岩溶塌陷产生的主要原因,分析了塌陷灾害的各种处理方法等,并分别采用丰富的工程实例作为检验。最后,文章借用离散元工具,详细进行了岩溶地区地质灾害的仿真模拟分析研究,包括应力应变分析、位移分析,影响因素分析。另外,文章首次采用离散元数值模拟技术模拟分析了地震作用下溶洞塌陷的过程,并给出了塌陷灾害的影响范围。数值模拟计算得到的塌陷范围与现场监测到结果非常相似,误差在11.7%,说明数值模拟过程是可靠的。
由数值模拟分析可知,离散元能很好地模拟塌陷的过程,模拟结果的范围与实际相似,为类似的工程计算和评估提供了一个新的方法。
Karst cave collapse means a kind of dynamic geological phenomenon, which refers to the overburden layer, deformed or destructed due to natural or artificial factors, and collapse to the crack of under layer, which formed a cave on the ground surface. Karst geological phenomenon usually lies in carbonate area, and widely existed in 22 provinces of China, this kind of geological hazard extremely threaten our industry of construction, mining and communication, and becomes one of the mainly geological hazard.
Karst cave collapse can be divided as natural and artificial collapse, and which can also be divided to rock cave collapse and soil cave collapse from the point of geological material. This paper carefully analysis the methods of exploring karst cave collapse, give out the detail methods of classification and parameter selection, point out that there are three condition to form the collapse, give out the induced factors and mechanics, point out that usually the mainly factor is due to water, it also give the methods which deal with this kind of collapse, all of these were tested by several example. Finally, this paper simulates the procedure of karst cave collapse use UDEC, including the analysis of stress, strain, displacement and induced factors. This paper also simulate the procedure of karst cave collapse due to earthquake, and give the result of collapse zone, which is similar to the real result, and the error is 11.7%, which indicate that the simulation is reliable.
From the above simulation, the discrete element method is good at analysis the procedure of karst cave collapse, and the result is agree well with the real situation, which give a good new method to compute and appraise the same kind of engineering.
引文
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[3]郭纯青.中国岩溶地下河系及其水资源.中国岩溶.2001,28(5):43-51
[4]光耀华.广西岩溶地区水资源开发利用问题.中国岩溶.2000,19(3):251-260
[5]杨建农,卞海洋.岩溶发育地区地质勘探方法分析.江苏交通科技,2003(3):15-17
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[8]曾朝霞.溶洞充填物地基灌桨处理效果检测方法.水电勘测设计,2003,(1):30-35
[9]陈明晓.岩溶覆盖层塌陷的原因分析及其半定量预测.岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(2):285-289
[10]王宇.云南省岩溶水开发条件研究.中国岩溶.2000,19(2):129-135
[11]倪宏革,王星华,李锦平.洛湛线岩溶路基注浆加固与检测.水文地质工程地质,2003(1):84-87
[12]范爽秋,陈伟海.来宾岩溶地下水分布特征及开发利用.中国岩溶.1995,14(4):330-341
[13]余波.深埋隧洞中的岩溶地基工程地质问题及地基处理.岩石力学与工程学报,2001,20(3):403-407
[14]徐开礼.构造地质学.地质出版社.1984
[15]袁腾方,曹文贵,赵明华等.岩溶区高速公路路基下岩溶项板稳定性的模
糊评价方法.中南公路工程,2003,28(1):8-11
[16]段海澎.芜宣高速公路地面塌陷成因分析及地基处理.西部探矿工程,2003,(2):144-145
[17]Lu Yao Ru.Karst Geomorphocogical mechanisms and types in China.International-Geomorphology.1986 Part Ⅱ.Joun Wile&Sons Ltd
[18]R.J.McGrath,P.Styles.Integrated high-resolution geophysical investigations as potential tools for water resource investigations in karst terrain.Environmental Geology.2002,42(5)552-557
[19]Bonacci.Ground water behaviour in karst:example of the Ombla Spring.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences &Geomechanics Abstracts Volume:32,Issue:6,September,1995,pp.257A-258A
[20]Hall,P.J.McCusker,A.J.Bingham,C.T.Site investigation,monitoring,and successful landfill closure within a karst terrain.International Journal of Rock.Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts Volume:33,Issue:2,February,1996,pp.93A
[21]孙辉,熊承仁.强排水条件下矿区岩溶地面塌陷的工程地质评价.矿业研究与开发,2002,22(2):5-7
[22]袁丙华,毛郁.中国西南岩溶地区地下水资源[J].水文地质工程地质.2001,28(5):46-54
[23]卢玉东,张俊,孙建中.广西来宾小阳平岩溶地裂缝研究.中国岩溶.1997,16(3):244-249
[24]周先明.铁路路基岩溶隐伏洞穴的探测和整治方法.路基工程,1999,(6):55-58
[25]蒋忠信,王衡.南昆铁路岩溶洞穴预报技术.水文地质工程地质,2002,(2):69-73
[26]陆杰.邵怀高速公路岩溶环境浅析.勘察科学技术.2003(2):35-38
[27]杨银湖,黄正发.京珠线湖北省南段岩溶地质问题与勘察对策.地球科学-中国地质大学学报.2001(4):73-77
[28]曾经道,张举贤.津浦铁路泰安岩溶地面塌陷成因与整治.铁道工程学报.1996(02):45-48
[29]任国华.论岩溶地面塌陷的形式机制与防治.中国煤田地质.1994(02):54-58
[30]刘秀峰,姜金华等.隧道地表塌陷成因分析及治理对策研究.水害治理的途径.中国经贸导刊.2002(15):18-22
[31]李彦军.岩溶地质综合勘察方法.铁道建筑.2000(05):25-29
[32]林宗元主编.岩土工程勘察设计手册.辽宁科学技术出版社,1996.886-965
[33]吴梦军,许锡宾,刘绪华等.岩溶对公路隧道围岩稳定性的影响研究.地下空间,2003,23(1):59-62
[34]刘崧.物探方法在岩溶勘查中的应用综述.地质科技情报.1997(02):38-45
[35]易永森.地下物探地岩溶塌陷勘查中的应用.中国地质灾害与防治学报.1997年S1期:86-89
[36]张致付,程志平.物探方法在探测岩溶构造中的应用.桂林工学院学报.2003(01):75-78
[37]郭正言,刘长平.地质雷达在岩溶地区公路工程勘察中的应用.中国公路学报.1999(11):63-68
[38]陈韶光,程志平.公路路基工程勘察的物探方法研究.桂林工学院学报.2000年S1期:70-75
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