胆囊收缩素主动免疫对猪的营养生理效应及其机制的研究
|
摘要
CCK是由小肠近端Ⅰ细胞和中枢神经细胞分泌的一种脑肠肽，具有刺激胰酶分泌和胆囊收缩、降低胃排空、调节小肠运动、促进胰岛中胰岛素和生长抑素释放的作用，同时CCK也是动物体内的一种饱感因子，参与调节动物的采食。动物体内CCK的分子形式较多，其中CCK_8具有CCK的全部生物学功能。本研究通过考察CCK_8主动免疫对猪生产性能、营养物质消化率、内分泌激素、胰腺的发育、胰酶活性及基因表达的影响来认识CCK主动免疫的营养生理效应及其可能机制。研究共包括二个试验。
试验一 CCK_8主动免疫对猪的生产性能及CCK基因表达的影响
试验选用体重为27.55±3.15kg的杜洛克×长白猪×约克夏(DLY)三元杂交阉猪10头，随机分为2组，每组5个重复，每个重复1头猪。试验组用370μgCCK_8与人血清白蛋白(hSA)的交联物(CCK_8-hSA)分别在试验第1、29、43和57天进行免疫，对照组用等量人血清白蛋白免疫。试验期为77天。整个试验期间，试猪自由采食和饮水。在试验的第71天，从前腔静脉采血，测定血清CCK_8的含量和CCK抗体滴度。试验结束时屠宰所有试验猪，迅速取出垂体和空肠前段，经液氮速冻后，-70℃下保存，测定CCKmRNA的含量。
结果显示：
①370μgCCK_8主动免疫后，与对照组相比，试验猪全期日增重和采食量分别提高了14.29％(P=0.23)和9.34％(P=0.34)；
②370μgCCK_8主动免疫后，试验猪血清中CCK_8含量与对照组相比降低了19.77％(P＜0.15)，抗体滴度则升高了67.63％(P＜0.01)；
③试验猪的空肠和垂体中CCKmRNA的含量显著低于对照组(P＜0.05)。
结果表明，370μgCCK_8主动免疫能提高猪血清中CCK抗体滴度、抑制猪空肠和垂体中CCK基因的表达，从而降低血清中CCK_8的浓度，趋于提高猪的采食量和生长速度。
试验二 不同水平CCK_8主动免疫对猪生产性能、胰腺功能、CCK及受体基因表达的影响试验选用体重为27.66±1.71kg的DLY三元杂交阉猪15头，随机分为3个处理，每个处理5个重复，每个重复1头猪。处理1、2和3的猪分别用由0μg、250μg和500μgCCK_8与人血清白蛋白交联后形成的抗原进行免疫，免疫的时间分别为试验第1、29、43和59天。试验期为74天。整个试验期间，试验猪自由采食和饮水。在试验的第1、15、29、
胆囊收缩素主动免疫对猪的营养生理效应及其机制的研究
书、59和73天，从前腔静脉采血，测定血清中CCK抗体滴度，或测定血清中CCKS、
胰岛素和瘦素的含量。试验结束时屠宰所有试验猪，迅速取出胰腺，纵向分为两部分，
一部分用4%的甲醛溶液固定，用于胰腺的组织学检查，另一部分胰腺与取出垂体和空
肠样品经液氮速冻后，于一70℃保存，侧定胰酶的活性及CCKmRNA和CCK一A受体
爪RNA的含量。
结果显示:
①ccK主动免疫对猪生产性能的影响存在着剂量效应关系，250雌CcKS主动免疫能
显著提高猪的全期采食量和日增重，与对照组相比分别提高了H.76%(P<0.05)和
14.62%(P<0 .05):而500林gCCK主动免疫有降低猪采食量和日增重的趋势;
②ccK主动免疫显著降低血清中胰岛素、瘦素和CcK。的浓度。250陀CC城主动免
疫后，猪第73天的血清中胰岛素、瘦素和cCK:的含量与o林gCC丸组相比分别降低了
21.39%(p<0·05)·30.58%(p<0.05)和29.00%(p<0.05):500协gCCK:主动免疫使其分别降低
了23.57%(P<0.05)、29.48%(P<0.05)和37.72%(P<0.05)。
③CcK主动免疫能显著提高胰淀粉酶和胰脂肪酶的比活力‘250协g和500陀CCKs
主动免疫与对照相比，胰淀粉酶和胰脂肪酶的比活力分别提高了7.15%(P<0 .05)、
1 15.15%(P<0.05)和12.90%(P<0.05)、94.70%(p<0.05);500卜gCCKs主动免疫显著提高胰
蛋白酶的比活力，与对照组和250林gCCKs组相比分别提高了85.97%(p<0.05)和
35.97%(P<0.05)。
④250腿CCKS主动免疫对胰腺组织学结构无显著影响。500件gCCK:主动免疫引起胰
腺组织病变，主要表现为胰腺组织空泡变性、细胞增生坏死、胰腺充血、出血以及酶原
颗粒减少。
⑤CCK主动免疫后显著降低猪空肠、垂体和胰腺中CCK基因和CCK一A受体基因
的表达。与对照相比，250林gCCK:主动免疫使猪空肠、垂体和胰腺中CCK基因和CCK
受体基因的mRNA含量分别降低了37.02%(P<0.05)、30.02%(p<0.05)、22.400，0(P<0.05)
和25.300，0(P<0.05)、26.06%(P<0.05)、20.43%(P<0.05);500协gCeK:主动免疫则使
它们分别降低了44 .97%(p<0 .05)、一8.67%(p<0.05)、24.09%(p<0.05)和
22.72%(P<0.05)、10.48%(P<0.05)、16.49%(P<0.05)O
结果表明，250协gCCK:主动免疫显著提高猪生产性能，其机制是CCK主动免疫产
生的特异性抗体中和了部分内源性CCK，同时通过抑制CCK基因和CCK受体墓因的
表达降低了内源CCK的分泌量，减弱了CCK信号传导作用，从而部分解除了CCK对
采食的抑制作用。250陀CCKs主动免疫对胰腺发育和养分消化率无显著影响。500阵CCK
四川农业大学博士学位论文
主动免疫可进一步提高抗体滴度和抑制基因表达，但有降低猪生产性能的趋势。这表明
不同程度的CCK:主动免疫对猪生产性能的影响存在差异，免疫过度可能会损伤猪胰腺
的健康。
上述两个试验结果表明，CCK主动免疫可?
The brain-gut peptides cholecystokinin (CCK) is synthesized by enteroendocrine I cell of the proximal small intestine and by central neurons. The release of CCK from the former is associated with the stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion and gallbladder contraction, the inhibition of gastric emptying, the regulation of intestine motion, the acceleration of insulin and somatostation releases from pancreatic islets. Meanwhile, the release of CCK from the latter is a satiety factor, which regulates the feed intake of animal. CCK occurs in various molecular forms in animal, but the cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK8) has the whole biological function of CCK. To know the nutritional and physiological functions and the underlying mechanisms of active immunization against cholecystokinin in pigs, two experiments were conducted to study the effects of active immunization against cholecystokinin octapeptide on performance, nutrient digestibility, endocrine hormones, pancreatic development, pancreatin activity, pa
ncreatic tissue lesion and the gene expressions of CCK and CCK receptor in pigs.
Exp. 1 Effects of Active Immunization against Cholecystokinin octapeptide on Growth Performance and CCK Gene Expression in Pigs.
10 DLY pigs with body weight of 27.55 1.71 kg were distributed randomly into 2 treatments with 5 replicates of 1 pig. The treated group was immunized with 370 g CCK8 conjugated to human serum albumin (hSA). Primary inoculation was on day I and booster inoculations were on day 29, 43 and 57. The control group was immunized against hSA by the same protocol. In the whole test, pigs were fed ad libitum. Blood samples were collected on day 71 and assayed for the content of CCKg and antibody titre of CCK. All pigs were slaughtered on day 77. Proximal jejunum and pituitary gland were rapidly removed, freezed in liquid nitrogen and stored under -70 C for the assay of CCKmRNA. The results showed: (1). The average day weight (ADG) was 14.29%(P=0.23) greater and feed intake (FI) was 9.34%(P=0.34) greater for CCK immunization group than the control group. (2). The content of CCK8 in treated group decreased
by 19.77% (P<0.15) and the liter of CCK8 antibody increased by 67.63% (P<0.01) compared with the control group. (3) The levels of CCK gene expressions in jejunum and pituitary of the treated group decreased significantly (P<0.05) compared with the control group. The date indicated that active immunity at the dose of 370 g CCKg had a tendency to increase feed intake and growth rate of pigs, due to the decrease of CCK8 content in serum resulted from the increase of CCK antibody litre in serum and the inhibition of CCK gene expression in proximal jejunum and pituitary gland.
Exp.2. Effects of Active Immunization against CCK8 at two Doses on Performance, Pancreatic Functions and Gene Expressions in Pigs.
A single factor design was conducted to explore the effects of CCKg active immunization at 2 doses on performance, pancreatic functions and gene expressions in pigs. 15 DLY pigs of 27.66 1.71 kg of body weight were distributed randomly inlo 3 treatments with 5 replicates of 1 pig. The CCK8 level of group 1, 2 and 3 was 0 g, 250 g and 500 g conjugated to hSA respectively. Primary inoculation was done on day 1. Booster inoculations were on day 29, 43 and 59. In the whole test, pigs intook food and drank water at liberty. Blood samples were collected on day 1, 15, 29, 43, 59 and 71 and assayed for antibody litre of CCK in surem, or for the contenl of CCKg, insulin and leptin in serum. All pigs were slaughtered on day 74 and took out the proximal jejunum, pancreas and pituitary gland rapidly. A part of pancreas was fixed with 4% formaldehyde solution for examining pancreatic histomorphology, and the other part of pancreas, jejunum and pituitary gland were frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored under-70'C for assaying the content of CCK mRNA and CCK-A receptor mRNA. The results showed: (1). It existed the dose response of CCK active immunization on growth performance in pigs. FI was 11.76%(P<0.05) greater and ADG was 14.
试验一 CCK_8主动免疫对猪的生产性能及CCK基因表达的影响
试验选用体重为27.55±3.15kg的杜洛克×长白猪×约克夏(DLY)三元杂交阉猪10头，随机分为2组，每组5个重复，每个重复1头猪。试验组用370μgCCK_8与人血清白蛋白(hSA)的交联物(CCK_8-hSA)分别在试验第1、29、43和57天进行免疫，对照组用等量人血清白蛋白免疫。试验期为77天。整个试验期间，试猪自由采食和饮水。在试验的第71天，从前腔静脉采血，测定血清CCK_8的含量和CCK抗体滴度。试验结束时屠宰所有试验猪，迅速取出垂体和空肠前段，经液氮速冻后，-70℃下保存，测定CCKmRNA的含量。
结果显示：
①370μgCCK_8主动免疫后，与对照组相比，试验猪全期日增重和采食量分别提高了14.29％(P=0.23)和9.34％(P=0.34)；
②370μgCCK_8主动免疫后，试验猪血清中CCK_8含量与对照组相比降低了19.77％(P＜0.15)，抗体滴度则升高了67.63％(P＜0.01)；
③试验猪的空肠和垂体中CCKmRNA的含量显著低于对照组(P＜0.05)。
结果表明，370μgCCK_8主动免疫能提高猪血清中CCK抗体滴度、抑制猪空肠和垂体中CCK基因的表达，从而降低血清中CCK_8的浓度，趋于提高猪的采食量和生长速度。
试验二 不同水平CCK_8主动免疫对猪生产性能、胰腺功能、CCK及受体基因表达的影响试验选用体重为27.66±1.71kg的DLY三元杂交阉猪15头，随机分为3个处理，每个处理5个重复，每个重复1头猪。处理1、2和3的猪分别用由0μg、250μg和500μgCCK_8与人血清白蛋白交联后形成的抗原进行免疫，免疫的时间分别为试验第1、29、43和59天。试验期为74天。整个试验期间，试验猪自由采食和饮水。在试验的第1、15、29、
胆囊收缩素主动免疫对猪的营养生理效应及其机制的研究
书、59和73天，从前腔静脉采血，测定血清中CCK抗体滴度，或测定血清中CCKS、
胰岛素和瘦素的含量。试验结束时屠宰所有试验猪，迅速取出胰腺，纵向分为两部分，
一部分用4%的甲醛溶液固定，用于胰腺的组织学检查，另一部分胰腺与取出垂体和空
肠样品经液氮速冻后，于一70℃保存，侧定胰酶的活性及CCKmRNA和CCK一A受体
爪RNA的含量。
结果显示:
①ccK主动免疫对猪生产性能的影响存在着剂量效应关系，250雌CcKS主动免疫能
显著提高猪的全期采食量和日增重，与对照组相比分别提高了H.76%(P<0.05)和
14.62%(P<0 .05):而500林gCCK主动免疫有降低猪采食量和日增重的趋势;
②ccK主动免疫显著降低血清中胰岛素、瘦素和CcK。的浓度。250陀CC城主动免
疫后，猪第73天的血清中胰岛素、瘦素和cCK:的含量与o林gCC丸组相比分别降低了
21.39%(p<0·05)·30.58%(p<0.05)和29.00%(p<0.05):500协gCCK:主动免疫使其分别降低
了23.57%(P<0.05)、29.48%(P<0.05)和37.72%(P<0.05)。
③CcK主动免疫能显著提高胰淀粉酶和胰脂肪酶的比活力‘250协g和500陀CCKs
主动免疫与对照相比，胰淀粉酶和胰脂肪酶的比活力分别提高了7.15%(P<0 .05)、
1 15.15%(P<0.05)和12.90%(P<0.05)、94.70%(p<0.05);500卜gCCKs主动免疫显著提高胰
蛋白酶的比活力，与对照组和250林gCCKs组相比分别提高了85.97%(p<0.05)和
35.97%(P<0.05)。
④250腿CCKS主动免疫对胰腺组织学结构无显著影响。500件gCCK:主动免疫引起胰
腺组织病变，主要表现为胰腺组织空泡变性、细胞增生坏死、胰腺充血、出血以及酶原
颗粒减少。
⑤CCK主动免疫后显著降低猪空肠、垂体和胰腺中CCK基因和CCK一A受体基因
的表达。与对照相比，250林gCCK:主动免疫使猪空肠、垂体和胰腺中CCK基因和CCK
受体基因的mRNA含量分别降低了37.02%(P<0.05)、30.02%(p<0.05)、22.400，0(P<0.05)
和25.300，0(P<0.05)、26.06%(P<0.05)、20.43%(P<0.05);500协gCeK:主动免疫则使
它们分别降低了44 .97%(p<0 .05)、一8.67%(p<0.05)、24.09%(p<0.05)和
22.72%(P<0.05)、10.48%(P<0.05)、16.49%(P<0.05)O
结果表明，250协gCCK:主动免疫显著提高猪生产性能，其机制是CCK主动免疫产
生的特异性抗体中和了部分内源性CCK，同时通过抑制CCK基因和CCK受体墓因的
表达降低了内源CCK的分泌量，减弱了CCK信号传导作用，从而部分解除了CCK对
采食的抑制作用。250陀CCKs主动免疫对胰腺发育和养分消化率无显著影响。500阵CCK
四川农业大学博士学位论文
主动免疫可进一步提高抗体滴度和抑制基因表达，但有降低猪生产性能的趋势。这表明
不同程度的CCK:主动免疫对猪生产性能的影响存在差异，免疫过度可能会损伤猪胰腺
的健康。
上述两个试验结果表明，CCK主动免疫可?
The brain-gut peptides cholecystokinin (CCK) is synthesized by enteroendocrine I cell of the proximal small intestine and by central neurons. The release of CCK from the former is associated with the stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion and gallbladder contraction, the inhibition of gastric emptying, the regulation of intestine motion, the acceleration of insulin and somatostation releases from pancreatic islets. Meanwhile, the release of CCK from the latter is a satiety factor, which regulates the feed intake of animal. CCK occurs in various molecular forms in animal, but the cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK8) has the whole biological function of CCK. To know the nutritional and physiological functions and the underlying mechanisms of active immunization against cholecystokinin in pigs, two experiments were conducted to study the effects of active immunization against cholecystokinin octapeptide on performance, nutrient digestibility, endocrine hormones, pancreatic development, pancreatin activity, pa
ncreatic tissue lesion and the gene expressions of CCK and CCK receptor in pigs.
Exp. 1 Effects of Active Immunization against Cholecystokinin octapeptide on Growth Performance and CCK Gene Expression in Pigs.
10 DLY pigs with body weight of 27.55 1.71 kg were distributed randomly into 2 treatments with 5 replicates of 1 pig. The treated group was immunized with 370 g CCK8 conjugated to human serum albumin (hSA). Primary inoculation was on day I and booster inoculations were on day 29, 43 and 57. The control group was immunized against hSA by the same protocol. In the whole test, pigs were fed ad libitum. Blood samples were collected on day 71 and assayed for the content of CCKg and antibody titre of CCK. All pigs were slaughtered on day 77. Proximal jejunum and pituitary gland were rapidly removed, freezed in liquid nitrogen and stored under -70 C for the assay of CCKmRNA. The results showed: (1). The average day weight (ADG) was 14.29%(P=0.23) greater and feed intake (FI) was 9.34%(P=0.34) greater for CCK immunization group than the control group. (2). The content of CCK8 in treated group decreased
by 19.77% (P<0.15) and the liter of CCK8 antibody increased by 67.63% (P<0.01) compared with the control group. (3) The levels of CCK gene expressions in jejunum and pituitary of the treated group decreased significantly (P<0.05) compared with the control group. The date indicated that active immunity at the dose of 370 g CCKg had a tendency to increase feed intake and growth rate of pigs, due to the decrease of CCK8 content in serum resulted from the increase of CCK antibody litre in serum and the inhibition of CCK gene expression in proximal jejunum and pituitary gland.
Exp.2. Effects of Active Immunization against CCK8 at two Doses on Performance, Pancreatic Functions and Gene Expressions in Pigs.
A single factor design was conducted to explore the effects of CCKg active immunization at 2 doses on performance, pancreatic functions and gene expressions in pigs. 15 DLY pigs of 27.66 1.71 kg of body weight were distributed randomly inlo 3 treatments with 5 replicates of 1 pig. The CCK8 level of group 1, 2 and 3 was 0 g, 250 g and 500 g conjugated to hSA respectively. Primary inoculation was done on day 1. Booster inoculations were on day 29, 43 and 59. In the whole test, pigs intook food and drank water at liberty. Blood samples were collected on day 1, 15, 29, 43, 59 and 71 and assayed for antibody litre of CCK in surem, or for the contenl of CCKg, insulin and leptin in serum. All pigs were slaughtered on day 74 and took out the proximal jejunum, pancreas and pituitary gland rapidly. A part of pancreas was fixed with 4% formaldehyde solution for examining pancreatic histomorphology, and the other part of pancreas, jejunum and pituitary gland were frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored under-70'C for assaying the content of CCK mRNA and CCK-A receptor mRNA. The results showed: (1). It existed the dose response of CCK active immunization on growth performance in pigs. FI was 11.76%(P<0.05) greater and ADG was 14.
引文
丁雪梅 2003 胆囊收缩素主动免疫产蛋鸡的营养生理效应研究[D] 四川农业大学硕士学位论文．
李静 2003 胆囊收缩素主动免疫对猪内分泌及胰腺功能的影响[D] 四川农业大学硕士学位论文．
林加涵 魏文玲主编 2001 现代生物学试验(下册)[M] 高等教育出版社
谭雪梅 2003 胆囊收缩素主动免疫及其对猪生产性能和胴体品质的影响[D] 四川农业大学硕士学位论文．
汪锦林 朱文玉 1983 兔侧脑室内注射八肽胆囊收缩素抗血清对血浆自由脂肪酸浓度的影响[J] 生理学报 35：206-211
汪锦林 朱文玉 1984 家兔迷走神经-胰岛素系统在脑内八肽胆囊收缩素降低血浆自由脂肪酸中的作用[J] 生理学报 36：255-259
王志均 梅懋华 朱文玉 1985．胃肠激素：胆囊收缩素[M] 北京：科学出版社P：137-154
文树基主编 1994 基础生物化学试验指导[M] 陕西科学出版社 P：50-52
吴先正 陈钧辉 1992 八肽胆囊收缩素抗血清制备[J]上海医科大学学报．19：389-391
杨凤 主编 2001 动物营养学：动物的采食量(M) 北京：中国农业出版社 p：206
杨茹 王布尔 程介士．1996．试验性癫痫及电针抗痫时大鼠海马内胆囊收缩素基因表达的变化[J]． 针剌研究．21：62—66
杨胜主编 1993 饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M] 北京农业大学出版社．
赵如茜和韩正康 1993 灌服胰酶和丙谷胺对鹅摄食活动的影响[J] 南京农业大学学报16：74-78．
周吕 1998胃肠生理学：胰腺分泌的调节[M]．北京：科学出版社p：485-487．
朱文玉 汪锦华 1982 兔侧脑室内注射八肽胆囊收缩素对血浆自由脂肪酸及血糖浓度的影响[J] 生理学报34：454-459
王重庆1997分子免疫学基础-抗原与抗体的相互作用及免疫学检测[M]北京：北京大学出版社p：221．
Acosta, J. L. and F. Manfredi. 1977. The usefulness of stool screening for diagnosing cholelithiasis in acute pancreatitis: A description of the technique[J]. Am. J. Dig. Dis. 22:168-173.
Air, E. L., S, C. Benoit, D. J. Clegg and et al. 2002. Insulin and leptin combine additively to reduce food intake and body weight in rats[J]. Endocrinology. 143:2449-24452.
Alder, G., D. K. Nelson and M. Katshinski. 1995. Neurohormonal control of human pancreatic exocrine secretion[J]. Pancreas. 10:1-13.
Alexander, J. M., B. M. Billet, H. Bikkal and et al. 1990. Clinically nonfunctioning piyuitary tumors are
monoclonal in origin[J]. J. Clin. Invest. 86:336-340.
Anika, S. M. T. R. Houpt and K. A. Houpt. 1977. Satiety elicited by cholecystokinin in intact and vagotomized rats[J]. Physio. & Behav. 19:761-766.
Anika, S. M., T. R. Houpt and K. A. Houpt. 1981. Cholecystokinin and satiety in pigs[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 240:R310-317.
Attoub, S., S. L. Evasseur and M. Buyse. 1999. Physiological role of cholecystokinin B/gastrin receptor in leptin secretion[J]. Endocrinology. 140:4406-4410.
B．施特尔马赫著 钱嘉渊译 1992酶的测定方法：用F.I.P.法测定胰酶中的α-淀粉酶[M]中国轻工业出版社 P：45-47
B．施特尔马赫著 钱嘉渊译 1992酶的测定方法：用F.I.P.法测定胰酶中的胰脂酶[M] 中国轻工业出版社 P：214-216．
B．施特尔马赫著 钱嘉渊译 1992酶的测定方法：用施韦尔特-竹中测定法胰蛋白酶[M] 中国轻工业出版社 P：329-330
Baile, C. A., C. L. McLaughlin and M. A. Della-Fera. 1986. Role of cholecystokinin binding affinity and opioid peptides in control of food intake[J]. Physiol. Rev. 66:172-234.
Baldwin, B. A., T. R. Cooper and R. F. Parrott. 1982. Effects of cholecystokinin octapeptide on food intake in pigs[J]. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 41:119-121.
Baranyiova, E. and R. L. Hullinger. 1999. Effects of cholecystokinin on liquid diet intake of early weaned piglets[J]. Physiol. Behav. 68:163-168.
Barrachina. M. D.. V. martinez, L. Wang and et al. 1997. Synergistic interaction between leptin and cholecystokinin to reduce short term food intake in lean mice[J]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:10455-10460.
Baskin, D. G., D. Figlewicz-Lattemann, R. J. Seeley and et al. 1999. Insulin and leptin: dual adiposity signals to the brain for the regulation of food intake and body weight[J]. Brain Res. 848:114-123.
Beardshall, K., P. Deprez, R. J. Playford, and et al. (1992). Effect of chymotrypsin on human cholecystokinin release: use of clostripain in the validation of a new radioimmunoassay[J]. Regul. Pept. 40:1-12.
Behar, J., P. Biancon and M. P. Zabinski. 1979. Characterization of feline gastroduodenal junction by neural and hormonal stimulation[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 236 E45-51.
Bentouimou, N., V. Leray, F. Zerbib and et al. 1995. Expression of the gene of cholecystokinin. Demonstration from duodenal biopsies in man[J]. Gastrroenterol. Clin. Biol. 19:659-663.
Beucher, S., F. Levenez, Y. Mireille and et al. 1994. Effects of gastric digestive products from casein on CCK release by intestinal cells in rat[J]. J. Nutr, Biochem. 5: 578-584.
Bianchi, B. R., T. R. Miller, D. G. Witte, and et al. 1994. Novel CCK analogues and Bombesin: a
detailed analysis between phosphoinositide breakdown and high-dose inhibition of pancreatic enzyme secretion in three rodent species[J]. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 268:996-1002.
Blevins, J. E., B. G. Stanley, and R. D. Reidelberger. 2000. Brain regions where cholecystokinin suppresses feeding in rats[J]. Brain Res. 860:1-10.
Bourassa, J., J. Laine, M. L. Kruse and et al. 1999. Ontogeny and species differences in the pancreatic expression and localization of the CCK(A) receptors[J], Biochern. Biophys. Res. Commun. 260:820-828.
Bragado, M. J., M. Tashiro and J. A. Williams. 2000. Regulation of the initiation of pancreatic digestive enzyme protein synthesis by cholecystokinin in rat pancreas in vivo[J]. Gastroenterology. 119:1731-1739.
Buchan, A. M. J., S. B. Curtis and R. M. Meloche. 1990. Effect of cholecystokinin and secretin on somatostatin release from cultured antral cells[J]. Gastroenterology, 104:1414-1419.
Calam, J., A. Ellis and G. J. Dockray. 1982. Identification and measurement of molecular variants of cholecystokinin in duodenal mucosa and plasma, Diminished concentrations in patients with celiac disease[J]. J. Clin, Invest, 69:218-225.
Calogero, A. E., A. M. Nicolosi and M. L. Moncada. 1993. Effects of cholecystokinin octapeptide on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and on vasopressin, prolactin and growth hormone release in humans[J]. Neuroendocrinology. 58:71-76.
Campfietd, L. A., F. J. Smith, Y. Guisez and et al. 1995. Recombinant mouse OB protein: evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks[J]. Science. 269:546-549,
Case, R. M. 1998. Pancreatic exocrine secretion: Mechanism and control. In: The Pancreas[M]. H. G. Berger and et al edited. Oxford, Blackwell Science Ltd. P:63-100.
Chey, W. Y., S. Hitanant, J. Hendricks and et al, 1970. Effect of secretin and cholecystokinin on gastric emptying and gastric secretion in man[J]. Gastroenterology. 58:820-827
Chey, W. Y. 1979a. Influence of the vagus nerve on the release and action of secretin in dog[J]. J. Physiol. 293:435-438.
Chey, W. Y. 1979b. Plasma secretin concentration in fasting and postprandial states in dog[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 5:E539-543.
Chey, W. Y. 1997, Neurohormonal control of the exocrine pancreas[J]. Curr. Opin. Gastroent. 13:375-380.
Chey, W. Y. and S. J. Konturek. 1982. Plasma secretin and pancreatic secretion in response to liver extract with varied pH and exogenous secretin in dog[J]. J. Physiol. 324:263-267.
Claire, A. M., F. R. Dana, A. C. Todd and et al. 2000. Cholecystokinin and leptin act
synergistically to reduce body weigh[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 278:882-890.
Clutter, A. C., R. Jiang, J. P. McCann and et al. 1998. Plasma cholecystokinin-8 in pigs with divergent genetic potential for feed intake and growth{J]. Domest. Aima. Endocrinol. 15:9-21.
Cobo, J. C., E. Abraham, R. D. Bland and et al. 1984. Sequential hemodynamic and oxygen transport abnormalitities in patients with acute pancreatitis[J]. Surgery. 95:324-330
Cordier-Bussat, M., C. Bernard, S. Haouche and et al. 1997. Peptones stimulate cholecystokinin secretion and gene transcription in the intestinal cell line STC-1[J]. Endocrinology. 138: 1137-1144.
Cuber, J. C., S. Aucouturier, C. Bernard and et al. 1992. Role of cyclic nucleotides and calcium in the nutrient-induced release of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in rats[J]. J. Physiol. 449:37-48.
Dale, W. E., C. M. Turkelson and T. E. Solomon. 1989. Role of cholecystokinin in intestinal phase and meal-induced pancreatic secretion[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 257:G782-790.
Deavall, D. G., R. Raychowdhury, G. J. Dockray and et al. 2000. Control of CCK gene trans-cription by PACAP in STC-I cells[J]. Am. J. Physoil. Gastrointest. Liver Physoil. 179:G605—612
Del-Bel, E. A.. and F. S. Guimaraes. 1997. Social isolation increases cholecystokinin mRNA in the central nervous system of rats[J]. Neuroreport. 8:3597-3600.
Della-Fera, M. A., and C. A. Baile. 1979. Choiecystokinin octapeptide: continues picomole injections into the cerebral ventricles of sheep suppress feeding[J]. Science, 206:471-473.
Della-Fera, M. A., and C. A. Baile. 1985. CCK-octapeptide injected into cerebral ventricles of sheep decreases plasma insulin level[J]. Physiol Behav. 34:283-289.
Della-Fera, M. A., C. A. Baile, B. S. Schneilder and et al. 1981. Cholecystokinin antibody injected in cerebral ventricles stimulates feeding in sheep[J]. Science. 212:687-689.
Denbow, D, M. and R. D. Myers. 1982. Eating, drinking and temperature response to intracerebraventricular cholecystokinin in the chick[J]. Peptide. 3:739-743.
Dockray, G. J., R. A. Gregory, J. B. Hutchison and et al. 1978. Isolation, structure and biological activity of two cholecystokinin octapeptides from sheep brain[J]. Nature. 274:711-713.
Doong, M. L., C. C. Lu, M. M. Kau and et al. 1998. Inhibition of gastric emptying and instestinal transit by amphetamine through a mechanism involving an increased secretion of CCK in male rats[J]. Br. J. Pharmacol. 124:1123-1130.
Douglas, B. R., R. A. Woutersen, J. B. Jansen, and et al. 1989. Study into the role of cholecystokinin in Bombesin-stimulated pancreatic growth in rats and hamsters[J]. Eur J Pharmacol. 161:209-214.
Douglas, M. W., J. E. Cunnick, J. C. Pekas, and et al. 1998 Impact of feeding regimen on behavioral and physiological indicators for feeding motivation and satiety, immune function, and performance of gestating sows[J], J. Anita. Sci. 76:2589-2595.
Dufresne, M., S. Poirot, J. Jimenez, and et al. (1990) Immune recognition of affinity-labelled cholecystokinin receptor[J]. Eur. J. Biochem. 191:141-146.
Eberlein, G. A., V. E. Eysselein and H. Goebell. 1988 Cholecystokinin-58 is the major molecular form in man, dog and cat but not in pig, beef and rat intestine[J]. Peptides. 9:993-998.
Eberlein, G. A., V. E. Eysselein, and H, Goebell, 1988. Cholecystokinin-58 is the major molecular form in man, dog and cat but not in pig, beef and rat intestine[J]. Peptides. 9:993-998.
Eckel, L. A., T. A. Houpt and N. Geary. 2002. Estradiol treatment increases CCK-induced c-Fos expression in the brains of ovariectomized rats[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 283:R1378-1385.
Emond, M., G. J. Schwartz, E, E. Ladenheim and et al. 1999. Central leptin modulates behavioral and neural responsivity to CCK[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 276:R1545-1549.
Eng, J., Y. Shiina, E. Straus and R. S. Yalow. 1982. Post-translational processing of cholecystokinin in pig brain and gut[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci. U. S. A. 79:6060-6064.
Ferrer, R. L., J, Medrano, R. Calpena, and et al. (2001) Effect of exogenous cholecystokinin and secretin on pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagons in rats:in vivo model without hepatic filter[J]. Dig. Dis. Sci. 46:2127-2133.
Fleckenstein, P. and A. Oigaard. 1997. Effects of cholecystokinin on the motility of the distal duodenum and the proximal jujunum in man[J]. Scand. J Gastroenterol. 12: 375-378.
Forster, E., T. Green and G. Dockray. 1991. Efferent pathways in the reflex control of gastric emptying in rats[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 260:G499-504.
Friedman, J. M., M. Vitale, J. Maimon and et al. 1992. Expression of thecholecystokinin gene in pediatric tumors[J]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89:5819-5823.
Funakoshi,A. K, Miyasaka, H, Shinozaki, and et al. 1995. An animal model of congenital defect of gene expression of cholecystokinin CCK.-A receptor[J]. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 210:787-796.
Gabryelewicz, A., E. Kulesza and S. J. Konturek. 1990. Comparison of Ioxiglumide, a cholecystokinin CCK.-receptor antagonist, and atropine on hormonal and meal-stimulated pancreatic secretion in man[J]. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 25:731-738.
Gevrey, J. C., S. Laurent, J. C. Saurin and et al. 2001. Rab3a controls exocytosis in cholecystokinin-secreting cells[J]. FEBS Lett. 503:19-24.
Gibbs, J., and G. P. Smith. 1977. Cholecystokinin and sariety in rats and rehesus monkeys[J], Am. J, Clin. Nutr. 30:758-761
Gibbs, J., R. C. Young and G. P. Smith. 1973a. Cholecystokinin decreases food intake in rat[J]. J. Comp, Physiol. Psychol. 84:488-495.
Gibbs, J., R. C. Young and G, P. Smith. 1973b. Cholecystokinin elicits satiety in rats with open gastric fistulas[J]. Nature. 245:323-325.
Gibbs, J,, R. J. D. Falasco and P. R. Mchugh. 1976. Cholecystokinin - decreases food intake in rhesus monkey[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 230:15-18.
Gigoux, V., C. Escrieut, S. Silvente, and et al. 1998. Met-195 of the cholecystokinin-A receptor interacts with the sulfated tyrosine of cholecystokinin and is crucial for receptor transition to high affinity state[J]. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 14380-14386.
Golenhofen, K., F. E. Ludtke, K. Milenov and et al, 1980. Excitatory and inhibitory effects of canine pyloric musculature[M]. In: Gastrointestinal Motility. Edited by J. Christensen. New York: Raven. P:202-210.
Green, T. 1988. Action of the cholecystokinin antagonist L364,718 on gastric emptying in rat[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 255:G685-689.
Grider, J. R. 1994. Role of cholecystokinin in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility[J]. J. Nutr. 124:1334S-1339S.
Grovum, W. L. 1981. Factors affecting the voluntary intake of sheep. 3. The effect of intravenous infusions of gastrin, cholecystokinin and sectetin on motility of reticulo-rumen and intake[J]. Br. J. Nutr. 45:183-192.
Guble, U., O. Anne, D. Young and et al. 1987. Cholecystokinin mRNA in porcine cerebellum[J]. J. Biol. Chem. 262:15242-15245.
Gutzwiller, J. P., J. Drewe, S. Keterer, and et al, 2000. Interaction between CCK and a preload on reduction of food intake is mediated by CCK-A receptors in humans[J]. Am. J. Physiol. Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 279:R189-195,
Han, B., J. I. Baoan and C. D. Logsdon. 2001. CCK independently activates intracellular trypsinogen and NF-kB in rat pancreatic acinar cell[J]. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 49:C465-472.
Hand, B. H. 1963. An anatomical study of the choledochoduodenal[J]. Area. Br. J. Surg. 50:486-490.
Hanyu, N., W. J. Dodds and R. D. 1991. Effect of two new cholecystokinin antagonists on gallbladder emptying in opossums[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 260:G258-264,
Hara, H., S. Ohyama and T. Hira. 2000. Luminal dietary proein, not amino acids, induces pancreatic protease via CCK in pancreaticbility-diverted rats[J]. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 278:C937-945.
Hara, H., Y. Ochi and T. Kasai. 1998. Bile-pancreatic juice-independent increases in pancreatic
proteases and intestinal cholecystokinin by dietary protein in rats[J]. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 217: 173-179.
Harper, A. A. and H. S. Raper. 1943. Pancreozymin, a stimulant of secretion of pancreatic enzymes in extracts of the small intestine[J]. J. Physiol. 102:115-119.
Henriksen, F. W. and H. Worning. 1967. The interaction of secretin and pancreozymin on the external pancreatic secretion in dog[J]. Acta. Physiol. Scand. 70:241-246.
Hidalgo, L., P. Clave, M. Estorch, and et al. 1992. Effect of cholecystokinin-A receptor blockade on postprandial insulin aemia and gastric emptying in humans[J]. Life Sci. 51 : 1945-1951.
Hildebrand, P., J. W. Ensinck, S. Ketterer, and et al. 1991. Effect ofa cholecystokinin antagonist on meal-stimulated insulin and pancreatic polypeptide release in humans[J]. J. Clin. Endocri. Metab. 72: 1123-1129.
Houpt, T. R. 1983. The sites of action of cholecystokinin in decreasing meal size in pigs[J]. Physio. & Behav. 31:693-698.
Houpt, T. R., S. M. Anika and N. C. Wolff. 1978. Satiety effects of cholecystokinin and caerulein in rabbits[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 235:R23-28.
Ivy, A. C. and E. Oldberg. 1928. A hormone mechanism for gall bladder contraction and evacuation[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 86:599-603.
Jean-Claude, G., M. Cordier-Bussat, E. Nemoz-Gaillard, and et al. 2002. Co-requirement of cyclic AMP- and calcium-dependent protein Kinases for transcriptional activation of cholecystokinin gene by protein hydrolysates[J]. J. Biol. Chem. 277:22407-22413.
Jensen. R. T., G. F, Letup, and J. D. Gardner. 1982. Interactions of COOH-terminal fragments of chotecystokinin with receptors on dispersed acini from guinea pig pancreas[J]. J. Biol. Chem. 257:5554-5559
Joseph, R., 3. Reeve, V. Eysselein and et al. 1986. New molecular forms of cholecystokinin[J]. J Biol. Chem. 261:16392-16397.
Juaneda, C., P. Lafon-Dubourg, P. Ciofi and et al. 2001. CCK mRNA expression in neuroendocrine CRH neurons is increased in rats subjected to an immune challenge[J]. Brain Res. 901:277-280.
Kalochkin, V. A., L. K. Ernst, N. A. Nazarov and et al. 1996. Immunoneutralization of endogenous cholecy production performance in growing stokinin as a way of regulating appetite, metabolism and productivity in pigs[J]. Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya. Biol. 4:48-58.
Kaminski, D. L., Y. G. Deshpande and M. C. Beinfeld. 1988. Role of glucagons in cholecystokinin stimulated bile flow in dog[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 254:G864-869.
Kanayama, S. and R. A. Liddte. 1990. Somatostatin regulates duodenal cholecystokinin and somatostatin messenger RNA[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 258:G-358-364.
Kastin, A. J. and V. Akerstrom. 2001. Glucose and insulin increase the transport of leptin through the bood-brain barrier in normal mice but not in streptozotocin-diabetic mice[J]. Neuroendocrinology. 73:237-242.
Kelly, T. R. 1976. Gallstone pancreatitis: Pathophysiology[J]. Surgery. 80:488-
Kern, H. F., U. Rausch and G. A. Scheele. 1987. Regulation of gene expression in pancreatic adaptation to nutritional substrates or hormone[J]. Gut. 28:89-94.
Kieffer, T. J., R. S. Heller, C. A. Leech and et al. 1997. Leptin suppression of insulin secretion by the activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in pancreatic beta-cells[J]. Diabetes. 46:1087-1093.
Kissileff, H. R., F. X. Pi-Sunyer, J. Thornton and et al. 1981. C-terminal otapeptide of cholecystokinin decreases food intake in man[J]. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34:154-160.
Konturek, S. J. 1993. Physiology of pancreatic secretion[J]. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 46:5-24.
Konturek, S. J., J. Peper, K. Zabielski and et al. 2003. Brain-gut axis in pancreatic secretion and appetite control[J]. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 54:293-317,
Konturek, S. J., J. T. Radecki, P. Thor and et al. 1973. Release of cholecystokinin by amino acids[J] Proc. Soc Exp. Biol. Med. 143: 305-309.
Konturek, S. J., J. Tasler and W, Owicz. 1972. Effect of atropine on pancreatic responses to endogenous and exogenous cholecystokinin[J]. Dig. Dis. Sci. 17:944-917.
Lay, J. M., C. Jenkins, L. Friis-Hansen, and et al. 2000. Structure and developmental expression of the mouse CCK-B receptor gene[J]. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 272:837-842.
Le Magnen, J. 1983. Body energy balance and food intake: a neuroendocrine regulation mechanism[J]. Physiol. Rev. 63:314-386
Liddle R. A., E. T. Morita, C. K. Conrad, and J. A. Williams. 1986. Regulation of gastric emptying in humansby cholecystokinin[J]. J. Clin. Invest. 77: 992-996.
Liddle, R.A. 1994. Regulation of cholecystokinin gene expression in rat intestine [J]. Ann NY Acad Sci. 713:22-31
Liddle, R. A. 1997. Cholecystokinin cell[J]. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 59:221-242.
Liddle, R. A., G. M. Green, C. K. Conrad and et al. 1986. Proteins but not amino acids, carbohydrates, or fats stimulate cholecystokinin secretion in the rat[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 251 :G243-248.
Liddle, R. A., J. D. Carter and A. R. McDonald. 1988. Dietary regulation of rat intestinal cholecystokinin gene expression[J]. J. Clin. Invest. 81:2015-2019.
Lieverse, R. J., J. B. Jansen, A. M. Masclee and et al. 1994. Satiety effect of cholecystokinin in humans[J]. Gastroenterology. 106:1451-1454.
Lloyd, K. C., H. E, Raybould and J. H. Walsh. 1992. Cholecystokinin inhibits gastric acid
secretion through type A cholecystokinin receptors and somatostatin in rats[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 263 :G287-292.
Louie, D. S. 1994. Cholecystokinin-stimulated intracellular signal transduction pathways[J]. J. Nutr. 124:1315S-1320S.
Louie, D. S. 1994. New research in the physiology of cholecystokinin, A Overview[J]. J. Nutr. 124: 1306S-1307S.
Louie, D. S., D. May, P. Miller and et al. 1986, Cholecystokinin mediates feedback regulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion in rats[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 250:G252-257.
Lu, L. and C. D. Logsdon. 1993. CCK, Bombesin, and carbachol stimulate c-fos, c-jun and c-my concogene expression in rat pancreatic acini[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 263:G327-332.
Maffei, M., J. Halaas, E. Ravussin and et al. 1995. Leptin levels in human and rodent: measurement of plasma leptin and ob mRNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects[J]. Nat. Med. 1:1155-1161.
Mainz, D. L., O. Black and P. D. Webster. 1973. Hormonal control of pancreatic growth[J]. J. Clin. Invest. 52:2300-2304.
Maton, P. N., A. C. Selden and V. S. Chadwick. 1984. Differential distribution of molecular forms of cholecystokinin in human and porcine small intestinal mucosa[J]. Regul. Pept. 8:9-19
Matson. C. A. and R. C. Ritter. 1999. Long-term CCK-leptin synergy suggests a role for CCK in the regulation of body weight[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 276:R1038-1045.
Matson, C. A., M. F. Wiater, J. L. Kuijper and et al. 1997. Synergy between leptin and cholecystokinin CCK to control daily caloric intake[J]. Peptides. 18:1275-1278.
Matsumura, M., A. Yamanoi. S. Yamamoto and et al. 1984. In vivo and vitro effects of cholecystokinin octapeptide on the release of growth hormone in rats[J]. Horm. Metab. Res. 16:626-630.
McGuiness, E. E. and D. S. Longnecker. 1987. Interface between adaptive and neoplastic growth in the pancreas[J]. Gut. 28:207-212.
McLaughlin, C. L. S. R. Peikin and C. A. Baile. 1983. Foodintake response to modulation of secretion ofcholecystokinin in Zucker rats[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 244:R676-685.
McLaughlin, C. L., C. A. Aile and F. C. Buonomo. 1985. Effect of CCK antibodies on food intake and weight gain in Zucker rats[J]. Physiol. Behav. 34:277-282.
McLaughlin, J. T., R. B. Lomax, L. Hall, and et al. 1998. Fatty acids stimulate choleeystokinin secretion via an acyl chain length-specific, Ca2+-dependent mechanism in the enteroendocrine cell line STC-1 [J]. J. Physiol. 513:11-18.
Meyer, J. H., L. W. Way and M. I. Grossman. 1970. Pancreatic bicarbonate response to various acids in duodenum of the dog[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 219:964-970.
Miazza, B. M., S. Widgren, J. A. Chayvialle and et al. 1987. Exocrine pancreatic nodules after Iongterm pancreaticobiliary diversion in rats: An efect of raised CCK plasma concentrations[J]. Gut. 28:269-273.
Mineo, H., H. Kamita, H. Muto, and et al. 1997. Effects of C-terminal fragments of cholecystokinin on plasma insulin and glucagons concentrations in sheep[J]. Res. Vet. Sci. 62:171-174.
Moean, T. H., J. H. Wong, J. Walsh and et al. 1988. Gastric mechanisms for satiety action of chotecystokinin[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 254:R628-632.
Moran, T. H. and P. R. McHugh. 1982. Cholecystokinin suppresses food intake by inhibiting gastric emptying[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 242:R491-497.
Moran, T. H. and P. R. McHugh. 1982. Cholecystokinin suppresses food intake by inhibiting gastric emptying[J]. Am J Physiol. 242:R491-497
Morgan, K. G., P. F. Schmail, V. M. L. Go and et al, 1978. Electrical and mechanical effects of molecular variants of CCK on antral smooth muscle[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 235:E324-329.
Morley, J. E., S. Melmed, J. Briggs and et al. 1979. Cholecystokinin octapeptide release growth hormone from the pituitary in vitro[J]. Life. Sci. 25: 1201-1205.
Muller, G., J. Ertl, M. Gerl and et al. 1997. Leptin impairs metabolic actions of insulin in isolated rat adipocytes[J], J. Biol. Chem. 272:10585-10593.
Nakae, Y., S. Naruse, M. Kitagawa and et al, 1995. Activation of trypsinogen in experimental models of acute pancreatitis in rats[J]. Pancreas. 10:306-313.
Nemoz-Gaillard. E., M. Cordier-Bussat, C. Filloux and et al. 1998. Bombesin stimulates cholecystokinin secretion through mitogen-activated protein-kinase-dependentand-independent mechanisms in the enteroendocrine STC-1 cell line[J]. J. Biochem. 331:129-135.
Nicke, B., M. J. Tseng, M. C. Fenrich and et al. 1999. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of Ras~(N-17) inhibits specific CCK actions on pancreatic acinar cells[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 176:G499-506.
Niebergall-Roth, E. and M. V. Singer. 2001. Central and peripheral neural control of pancreatic exocrine secretion[J]. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 52:523-538.
Niebergall-Roth, E,, H. J. Krammer, R. Radke and et al. 1997b. Extrinsic and intrinsic innervation of the pancreas—mediators of pancreatic exocrine secretion[J]. Z. Gastroenterol. 35:47-57.
Niebergall-roth, E., S. Teyssen and M. V. Singer. 1997a. Pancreatic exocrine studies in intact animals: historic and current methods[J]. Lab. Anita. Sci. 47:606-616.
Niebergall-Roth, E., S. Teyssen, D. Wetzel and et al. 1997c. Effects of telenzepine and L-364718 on canine pancreatic secretion before and after vagotomy[J]. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest.
Liver Physiol. 272:G1550-1559.
Niederau, C., R. Luthen, M. Niederau and et al. 1990. Efect of long-term CCK stimulation and CCK blockade on pancreatic and intestinal growth, morphology, and function[J]. Digestion. 46: 217-225.
Nishi. T., H. Hara and T. Kasai. 1998. Guanidinated casein hydrolysate stimulates pancreatic secretagogue release by direct action to the intestine in rats[J]. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 218: 357-364.
NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine(9Ed)[M]. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Nylander, A. G., C. P. Von-Friesen, H. J. Monstein and et al. 1997. Increased expression of cholecystokinin-A receptor mRNA in pancreas and cholecystokinin-B receptor mRNA in oxyntic mucosa after portacaval shuming rats[J]. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 80: 147-151.
Okabayashi, Y., M. Otsuki, T. Nakamura, and et al. 1990. Regulatory effect of cholecystokinin on subsequent insulin binding to pancreatic acini[J]. Endocri. Metab. 258: E562-568.
Okumura, K., H. Yasue, H. Fujii and et al. 1995. Effects of short-term adminstration of CCK receptor antagonist KSG-504 on regeneration of pancreatic acinar cell in acucte pancreatitis rats[J]. Jpn. J. Gastroenterol. 30: 493-499.
Oomura, Y. and H. Kita. 1981. Insulin acting as a modulator of feeding through the hypothalamus[J]. Diabetologia, 20: 290-298
Osnes, M., L. E. Hanssen, O. Flaten and et al. 1978. Exocrine pancreatic secretion and immunoreactive secretin (IRS) release after intraduodenal instillation of bile in man[J]. Gut. 19: 180-184.
Owyang, C. 1996. Physiological mechanisms of cholecystokinin action on pancreatic secretion[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 271: G1-7.
Paloheimo, L. I., and J. F. Rehfeld. 1994. A processing-independent assay for human prochotecystokinin and its products[J]. Clin. Chim. Acta. 229: 49-65.
Pan, G. Z., J. Martinez, M. Bodanszky and et al. 1981. The importance of the amino acid in position 32 of cholecystokinin in determining its interaction with cholecystokinin receptors on pancreatic acini[J]. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 678: 352-357.
Paolisso, G., S. Ammendola, A. Del-Buono and et al. 1997. Serum levels of IGF-Ⅰ and IGFBP3 in healthy centenarians: relationship with plasma leptin and lipid concentrations, insulin action and cognitive function[J]. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82: 2204-2209.
Park, H. S., H. S. Yoon, Y. D. Park, and et al. 1992. Endogenous somatostatin inhibits interaction of insulin and cholecystokinin on exovrine secretion of isolated, perfused rat pancreas[J]. Pancreas. 24: 373-379.
Parrott, R. F. and B. A. Baldwin. 1981. Operant feeding and drinking in pigs following
intracerebroventricular injection of synthetic cholecystokinin octapeptide[J]. Physiol. Behav. 26: 419-422.
Parrott, R. F., I. S. Ebenezer, B. A. Baldwin and et al. 1995. Intravenous administration of cholecystokinin CCK. stimulates prolactin and growth hormone release in the pig[J]. Methods Find Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 17: 529-533.
Patel, B. K., J. I. Koening, L. M. Kaplan and et al. 1998. Increse in plasma leptin and Lep mRNA concentrations by food intake is dependent on insulin[J]. Metabolism. 47: 603-607.
Pekas, J. C. 1983a. A method for direct gastric feeding and the effect on voluntary ingestion in young swine[J]. Appetite. 4: 23-27
Pekas, J. C. 1983b. Effect of gastric-feeding on feed consumption, growth, organ size, and body composition of swine[J]. Appetite. 4: 87-91.
Pekas, J. C. 1985. Animal growth during liberation from appetite suppression[J]. Growth. 49: 19-27
Pekas, J. C. 1991. Effect of cholecystokinin immunization, enhanced food intake and growth of swine on lean yield and carcass composition[J]. J. Nutr. 121: 563-567.
Pekas, J. C. 1996. Immunogenicity of cholecystokinin octapeptide-conjugated antigens in pigs[J]. J. Anim. Sci. 74: 1953-1958.
Pekas, J. C. and W. E. Trout. 1990. Stimulation of food intake and growth of swine by cholecystokinin immunization[J]. Growth, Dev. Aging, 54: 51-56
Pekas, J. C. and W. E. Trout. 1993 Cholecystokinin oktapeptide immunization: effect on growth of barrows and gilts[J]. J. Anim. Sci. 71: 2499-2505.
Persson, C. G. A. and M. Ekman. 1972. Effect of morphine, cholecystokinin and sympathomimetics on the sphincter of Oddi and intramural pressure in cat duodenum[J]. Scand. J Gastroenterol. 7: 345-350
Plusczy, K. T., S. Westermann. D. Rathgeb and et al. 1997. Acute pancreatitis in rats: effects of sodium toorocholate, CCK-8 and secretion on pancreatic microciculation[J]. Am. J. Physiol. Gastroenterol. Liver. Physiol. 272: 130-132.
Pou, P. M., Y. Lawson, S. Helgeson and et al. 1988. Elect of cholecystokinin on pancreatic carcinogenesis in the hamster model[J]. Carcinogenesis. 9: 597-601.
Rayner, M. H., M. Grootveld and P. J. Sadler. 1989. Molecular distribution of gold(Ⅰ) in human blood plasma after treatment with the antiarthritic disodium aurothiomalate[J]. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Res. 9: 377-383.
Rehfeld, J. F. 1978a. Immunochemical studies on cholecystokinin Ⅰ: Develop of sequence-specific radioimmunoassay for porcine triacontatriapeptide cholecystokinin[J]. J. Bio. Chem. 253: 4016-4021.
Rehfeld, J. F. 1978b. Immunoehemical studies on cholecystokinin. Ⅱ. Distribution and molecular
heterogeneity in the central nervous system and small intestine of man and hog[J]. J. Biol. Chem. 253: 4022-4030.
Rehfeld, J. F. 1979. Mutltiple molecular forms of cholecystokinin[M]. In: Gut Hormones, Edited by S. R. Bloom. London: Churchill Livingstone. P: 242-244.
Rehfeld, J. F, 1986. Accumulation of nonamidated preprogastrin and preprocholecystokinin products in porcine pituity corticotrophs: Evidence of post-translational control of cell differentiation[J]. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 5841-5847.
Rehfeld, J. F. and C. J. Larsson. 1981. Four basic characteristics of the gastrin-cholecystokinin system[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 240: G255-266.
Reidelberger, R. D. 1994. Cholecystokinin and control of food intake[J]. J. Nutr. 124: 1327S-1333S
Reidelberger, R. D., G. Varga, R. M. Liehr and et al. 1994. Cholecystokinin suppresses food intake by a nonendocrine mechanism in rats[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 267: R901-908.
Rindi, G., S. G. Grant, Y. Yiangou and et al. 1990. Development of neuroendocrine tumors in the gastrointestinal tract of transgenic mice: Heterogeneity of hormone expression[J]. Am J Pathol. 136: 1349-1363
Roche, S., T. Gusdinar, J. P. Bali, and et al. 1991. "Gastrin" and "CCK" receptors on histamineand Somatostatin-containing cells from rabbit fundic mucosa I. Characterization by means of agonists[J]. Biochem. Pharmacol. 42: 765-770.
Roebuck, B. D., P. V. Kapiita, B. R. Edwards and et al. 1987. Efects of dietary fats and soybean protein on azaserine-induced pancreatic carcinogenesis and plasma cholecystokinin in the rat[J]. Cancer Res. 47: 1333-1338.
Roger, R. O. and T. E. Solomon. 1986. Comparative effect of CCK-8 on feeding, sham feeding and exocrine pancreatic secretion in rats[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 251: R97-105.
Rosewicz, S., L. D. Lewis, X. Y. Wang and et al. 1989. Pancreatic digestive enzyme gene expression: effect of CCK and soybean typsin inhibitor[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 256: G733-738.
Rothman, S. S. and H. Wells. 1967. Enhancement of pancreatic enzyme synthesis by pancreozymin[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 213: 215-218.
Rushakoff, R. J., I. D. Goldfine, J. D. Carter, and et al. 1987. Physiological concentrations of CCK stimulate amino acid-induced insulin release in humans[J]. J. Clin. Endocri. Metab. 65: 395-401.
Saluja, A. K., L. Bhagat, H. S. Lee and et al. 1999. Secretagogue-indueed digestive enzyme activation and cell injury in rat pancreatic acini[J]. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 276: G835-842.
Savory, C. J. 1980. Intravenous injections of cholecystokinin and caerulein suppress food intake in
domestic fowls[J]. Expeientia. 10: 1191-1192.
Scheurer, U., L. Varga, E. Drack and et al. 1983. Measurement of cholecystokinin octapeptide-induced motility of rat antrum, pylorus, and duodenum in vitro[J]. Am. J. Physiol. G261-265.
Schmidt, W. E., S. Schenk, R. Nustede and et al. 1994. Cholecystokinin is a negative regulator of gastric acid secretion and postprandial release of gastrin in humans[J]. Gastroenterology. 107: 1610-1620.
Shillabeer, G. and J. C. Davison. 1987. Proglumide, a cholecystokinin antagonist, increase gastric emptying in rats[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 252: R353-360.
Shinozaki, H., K. Miyasaka, H. Wakasugi, and et al. 1991. Bioactivity of synthetic human cholecystokinin CCK.-33 in vitro and in vivo[J]. Gastroenterol. Jpn. 26: 51-55.
Singer, M. V. 1983. Latency of pancreatic fluid secretory response to intestinal stimulants in the dog[J]. J. Physiol. 339: 75-85.
Singer, M. V., T. E. Solomon, J. Wood and et al. 1980. Lateency of pancreatic enzyme response to intraduodenal stimulants[J]. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 238: G23-29.
Singer, M. V., W. Niebel, J. B. M. J. Jansen and et al. 1989. Pancreatic secretory response to intravenous caerulein and intraduodenal trytophan: studies before and after stepwise removal of the extrinsic nerves of the pancreas in dogs[J]. Gastroenterology. 96: 925-934.
Slieker, L. J., K. W. Sloop, P. L. Surface and et al. 1996. Regulation of expression of ob mRNA and protein by glucocorticoids and camp[J]. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 5301-5304
Snow, N.D.,V. Prpic, A. W. Mangel and et al. 1994. Regulation of cholecystokinin secretion by bombesin in STC-1 cells[J]. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 267: G859-865.
Soll, A. H., D. A. Amirian, L. P. Thomas and et al. 1985. Gastrin receptors on isolated canine parietal cells[J]. J, Clin. Invest. 73: 1434-1447.
Solomon, T. E., M. I. Grossman and J. A. Williams. 1981. Recent advances in pancreatic physiology: summary of a conference[J]. Fed. Proc. 40: 2105-2110.
Spencer, G. S. 1992. Immunization against cholecystokinin decreases appetite in lambs[J]. J. Anim. Sci. 70: 3820-3824.
Spencer, G. S., C. Berry and S. Johnston. 1991. Neuroendocrine reglation of growth hormone secretion in sheep. Ⅳ. Central and peripheral cholecystokinin[J]. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 8: 555-563.
Stace, N. H., T. J. Palmer, S. Vaja and et al. 1987. Longterm pancreaticobiliary diversion stimulates hyperplastic and adenomatous nodules in the rat pancreas: A model for spontaneous tumor formation[J]. Gut. 28: 265-268.
Steer, M. L. and J. Meldolesi. 1987. The cell biology of experimental pancreatitis[J]. N. Engl. J.
Med. 316: 144-150.
Steer, M. L., G. Glazer and T. Manabe. 1979. Direct effects of ethanol on exocrine secretion from the in vitro rabbit pancreas[J], Dig. Dis. Sci. 24: 769-774.
Stern, J, J., C. A. Cudillo and J. Kruper. 1976. Ventromedial hypothalamus and short-term feeding suppression by caerulein in male rats[J]. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 90: 484-490.
Suga, T. 1976. Effect of premeditation of coenzyme Q10 on pancreozymin-induced pancreatic secretion in rats[J]. Gastroenterol. Jpn. 11: 116-122.
Szecowka, J., P. E. Lins, and S. Efendic. 1982. Effect of cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and secretin on insulin and glucagons secretion in rats[J]. Endocrinology. 110: 1268-1272.
Tai, H. H. and W. Y. Chey. 1978. Rapid extraction of secretin from plasma by XAD-s resin and its application in the radioimmunoassay of secretin[J]. Anal. Biochem. 87: 376-380.
Tartaglia, L. A., M. Demski, X. Weng and et al. 1995. Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R[J]. Cell. 83: 1-20.
Tatemoto, K., H. Jornvall, S. Siimesmaa and et al. 1984. Isolation and characterization of cholecystokinin-58 (CCK-58) from porcine brain[J]. FEBS Lett. 174: 289-293.
Trigazis, L.. A. Orttmann and G. H. Anderson. 1997. Effect of a cholecystokinin-A receptor blocker on protein-induced food intake suppression in rats[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 272:R1826-1833.
Trigazis, L., F. J. Vaccarino, C. E. Greenwood and et al, 1999. CCK-A receptor antagonists have selective effects on nutrient-induced food intake suppression in rats[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 276: R323-R330.
Trout, W. E., J. C. Pekas and B. D. Schanbacher. 1989. Immune, growth and carcass responses of ram lambs to active immunization against desulfated cholecystokinin (CCK-8)[J]. J Anim Sci. 67: 2709-2714.
Tsunoda, Y., E. L. Stuenkel, J. A. Williams and et al. 1990. Characterization of the sustained [Ca2+] increase in stimulated pancreatic acinar cells and its relation to amylase secretion[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 259: 6792-6796.
Ulrich, C. D., I. Ferber, E. Holicky, and et al. 1993. Molecular cloning and functional expression of the human gallbladder cholecystokinin A receptor[J]. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 193: 204-211.
Upp, J. R., G. J. Poston and D. G. Maclellan. 1988. Mechanisms of the trophic actions of bombesin on the pancrease[J]. Pancreas. 3: 193-198.
Valenzuela, J. E., C. Defilippi, G. Diaz and et al. 1979. Effect of dopamine on human gastric and pancreatic secretion[J]. Gastroenterology. 76: 323-326.
Van Heugten, E. and J. W. Spears. 1997. Immune response and growth of stressed weanling pis fed diets supplemented with organic or inorganic forms of chromium[J]. J. Anim. Sci. 75: 409-416.
Van Heugten, E., J. W. Spears and M. T, Coffey. 1994. The effect of dietary protein on performance and immune response in weanling pigs subjected to an inflammatory challenge[J]. J. Anim. Sci. 72: 2661-2669.
Van Heugten, E., M. T. Coffey and J. W. Spears. 1996. Effects of immune challenge, dietary energy density, and source of energy on performance and immunity in weanling pigs[J]. J. Anim. Sci. 74: 2431-2440.
Van Houten, M. and B. I. Posner. 1981. Cellular basis of direct insulin action in the central nervous system[J]. Diabetologia. 20: 255-267.
Vigna, S. R. and A. Gorbman. 1977. Effects of cholecystokinin, gastrin, and related peptides on coho salmon gallbladder contraction in vitro[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 232: E485-491.
Von-Schrenck T., T.H. Moran, P. Heinz-Erian and et al. 1988. Cholecystokinin receptors on gallbladder muscle and pancreatic acinar cells: a comparative study[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 255: G512-21
Walsh, J. H. 1994. Gastrointestinal hormones. In: Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract[M], edited by Johnson LR. New York: Raven, P: 1-128
Wang, Y., S. Naruse M. Krtagawa and et al. 1998. Effects of a new CCK antagonist TS-941 on experimental acute pancreatitis in rats[J]. Jpn. Pancreas. 17: 289-294
Wank, S. A. 1998. G protein-coupled receptors in gastrointestinal physiology. I.CCK receptors: an exemplary[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 174: G607-613.
Webel, D. M,, R, w. Johnson and D. H. Baker. 1998a. Lipopolysaccharide-induced reductions in body weight gain and feed intake do not reduce the efficiency of arginine utilization for whole body protein accretion in the chick[J]. Poult. Sci. 77: 1893-1898.
Webel, D. M., R. w. Johnson and D. H. Baker. 1998b. Lipopolysaccharide-induced reductions in food intake do not decrease the efficiency of lysine and threonine utilization for protein accretion in chickens[J]. J. Nutr. 128: 1760-1766.
Willis, G. L., J. Hansky, G. C. Smith and et al. 1986. Central and peripheral Proglumide administration and cholecystokinin-induced satiety[J]. Regul. Pept. 15: 87-98.
Wolfe, M. M. and J. E. McGuigan. 1984. Immunochemical characterization of gastrinlike and cholecystokininlike peptides released in dogs in response to a peptone meal[J]. Gastroenterology. 87: 323-334.
Wolkowitz, O. M., B. Gertz, H. Weingartner and et al. 1990. Hunger in humans induced by MK-329, a specific peripheral-type cholecystokinin receptor an tagonist[J]. Biol. Psychiatry.
28:169-173.
Yamazaki, Y., M. Akahane, M. Kobayashi, and et al. 1993. Pharmacological profile of KSG-504, a new cholecystokinin-A-receptor antagonist[J]. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 63: 219-225.
Yu, P. R., P. Sirgh, S. H. Belle and et al. 1993. Intracellular second messengeres restore the impaired contractility of human gallbladders with cholesterol stones[J]. Gut. 34: S31-37.
Zabielski, R., T. Onaga, H. Mineo and et al. 1995. Intraduodenal cholecystokinin octapeptide CCK-8. can stimulate pancreatic secretion in the calf[J]. Int. J. Panereatol. 17: 271-278.
Zarbin, M. A., R. B. Innis, J. K. Wamsley and et al. 1983. Autoradiographic localization of cholecystokinin receptors in rodent brain[J]. J. Neurosci. 3: 877-906.
Zavros, Y. and A. Shulkes. 1997. Cholecystokinin CCK. regulates somatostatin secretion through both the CCK-A and CCK-B/gastrin receptors in sheep[J]. J. Physiol. 505: 811-821.
Zawalich, W. S., S. B. Cote, and V. A. Diaz. 1986. Endocrine Society Influence of cholecystokinin on insulin output from isolated perifused pancreatic islets[J]. Endocrinology. 119: 616-621.
Zhang, Y., R. Porcina, M. Maffei and et al. 1994. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue[J]. Nature. 372: 425-432.
Zucker, K.A.,T.E. Adrian, A.J. Bilchik, andetal. 1989. Effects of the CCK receptor antagonist L364,718 on pancreatic growth in adult and developing animals[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 257: G511-516.
李静 2003 胆囊收缩素主动免疫对猪内分泌及胰腺功能的影响[D] 四川农业大学硕士学位论文．
林加涵 魏文玲主编 2001 现代生物学试验(下册)[M] 高等教育出版社
谭雪梅 2003 胆囊收缩素主动免疫及其对猪生产性能和胴体品质的影响[D] 四川农业大学硕士学位论文．
汪锦林 朱文玉 1983 兔侧脑室内注射八肽胆囊收缩素抗血清对血浆自由脂肪酸浓度的影响[J] 生理学报 35：206-211
汪锦林 朱文玉 1984 家兔迷走神经-胰岛素系统在脑内八肽胆囊收缩素降低血浆自由脂肪酸中的作用[J] 生理学报 36：255-259
王志均 梅懋华 朱文玉 1985．胃肠激素：胆囊收缩素[M] 北京：科学出版社P：137-154
文树基主编 1994 基础生物化学试验指导[M] 陕西科学出版社 P：50-52
吴先正 陈钧辉 1992 八肽胆囊收缩素抗血清制备[J]上海医科大学学报．19：389-391
杨凤 主编 2001 动物营养学：动物的采食量(M) 北京：中国农业出版社 p：206
杨茹 王布尔 程介士．1996．试验性癫痫及电针抗痫时大鼠海马内胆囊收缩素基因表达的变化[J]． 针剌研究．21：62—66
杨胜主编 1993 饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M] 北京农业大学出版社．
赵如茜和韩正康 1993 灌服胰酶和丙谷胺对鹅摄食活动的影响[J] 南京农业大学学报16：74-78．
周吕 1998胃肠生理学：胰腺分泌的调节[M]．北京：科学出版社p：485-487．
朱文玉 汪锦华 1982 兔侧脑室内注射八肽胆囊收缩素对血浆自由脂肪酸及血糖浓度的影响[J] 生理学报34：454-459
王重庆1997分子免疫学基础-抗原与抗体的相互作用及免疫学检测[M]北京：北京大学出版社p：221．
Acosta, J. L. and F. Manfredi. 1977. The usefulness of stool screening for diagnosing cholelithiasis in acute pancreatitis: A description of the technique[J]. Am. J. Dig. Dis. 22:168-173.
Air, E. L., S, C. Benoit, D. J. Clegg and et al. 2002. Insulin and leptin combine additively to reduce food intake and body weight in rats[J]. Endocrinology. 143:2449-24452.
Alder, G., D. K. Nelson and M. Katshinski. 1995. Neurohormonal control of human pancreatic exocrine secretion[J]. Pancreas. 10:1-13.
Alexander, J. M., B. M. Billet, H. Bikkal and et al. 1990. Clinically nonfunctioning piyuitary tumors are
monoclonal in origin[J]. J. Clin. Invest. 86:336-340.
Anika, S. M. T. R. Houpt and K. A. Houpt. 1977. Satiety elicited by cholecystokinin in intact and vagotomized rats[J]. Physio. & Behav. 19:761-766.
Anika, S. M., T. R. Houpt and K. A. Houpt. 1981. Cholecystokinin and satiety in pigs[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 240:R310-317.
Attoub, S., S. L. Evasseur and M. Buyse. 1999. Physiological role of cholecystokinin B/gastrin receptor in leptin secretion[J]. Endocrinology. 140:4406-4410.
B．施特尔马赫著 钱嘉渊译 1992酶的测定方法：用F.I.P.法测定胰酶中的α-淀粉酶[M]中国轻工业出版社 P：45-47
B．施特尔马赫著 钱嘉渊译 1992酶的测定方法：用F.I.P.法测定胰酶中的胰脂酶[M] 中国轻工业出版社 P：214-216．
B．施特尔马赫著 钱嘉渊译 1992酶的测定方法：用施韦尔特-竹中测定法胰蛋白酶[M] 中国轻工业出版社 P：329-330
Baile, C. A., C. L. McLaughlin and M. A. Della-Fera. 1986. Role of cholecystokinin binding affinity and opioid peptides in control of food intake[J]. Physiol. Rev. 66:172-234.
Baldwin, B. A., T. R. Cooper and R. F. Parrott. 1982. Effects of cholecystokinin octapeptide on food intake in pigs[J]. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 41:119-121.
Baranyiova, E. and R. L. Hullinger. 1999. Effects of cholecystokinin on liquid diet intake of early weaned piglets[J]. Physiol. Behav. 68:163-168.
Barrachina. M. D.. V. martinez, L. Wang and et al. 1997. Synergistic interaction between leptin and cholecystokinin to reduce short term food intake in lean mice[J]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:10455-10460.
Baskin, D. G., D. Figlewicz-Lattemann, R. J. Seeley and et al. 1999. Insulin and leptin: dual adiposity signals to the brain for the regulation of food intake and body weight[J]. Brain Res. 848:114-123.
Beardshall, K., P. Deprez, R. J. Playford, and et al. (1992). Effect of chymotrypsin on human cholecystokinin release: use of clostripain in the validation of a new radioimmunoassay[J]. Regul. Pept. 40:1-12.
Behar, J., P. Biancon and M. P. Zabinski. 1979. Characterization of feline gastroduodenal junction by neural and hormonal stimulation[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 236 E45-51.
Bentouimou, N., V. Leray, F. Zerbib and et al. 1995. Expression of the gene of cholecystokinin. Demonstration from duodenal biopsies in man[J]. Gastrroenterol. Clin. Biol. 19:659-663.
Beucher, S., F. Levenez, Y. Mireille and et al. 1994. Effects of gastric digestive products from casein on CCK release by intestinal cells in rat[J]. J. Nutr, Biochem. 5: 578-584.
Bianchi, B. R., T. R. Miller, D. G. Witte, and et al. 1994. Novel CCK analogues and Bombesin: a
detailed analysis between phosphoinositide breakdown and high-dose inhibition of pancreatic enzyme secretion in three rodent species[J]. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 268:996-1002.
Blevins, J. E., B. G. Stanley, and R. D. Reidelberger. 2000. Brain regions where cholecystokinin suppresses feeding in rats[J]. Brain Res. 860:1-10.
Bourassa, J., J. Laine, M. L. Kruse and et al. 1999. Ontogeny and species differences in the pancreatic expression and localization of the CCK(A) receptors[J], Biochern. Biophys. Res. Commun. 260:820-828.
Bragado, M. J., M. Tashiro and J. A. Williams. 2000. Regulation of the initiation of pancreatic digestive enzyme protein synthesis by cholecystokinin in rat pancreas in vivo[J]. Gastroenterology. 119:1731-1739.
Buchan, A. M. J., S. B. Curtis and R. M. Meloche. 1990. Effect of cholecystokinin and secretin on somatostatin release from cultured antral cells[J]. Gastroenterology, 104:1414-1419.
Calam, J., A. Ellis and G. J. Dockray. 1982. Identification and measurement of molecular variants of cholecystokinin in duodenal mucosa and plasma, Diminished concentrations in patients with celiac disease[J]. J. Clin, Invest, 69:218-225.
Calogero, A. E., A. M. Nicolosi and M. L. Moncada. 1993. Effects of cholecystokinin octapeptide on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and on vasopressin, prolactin and growth hormone release in humans[J]. Neuroendocrinology. 58:71-76.
Campfietd, L. A., F. J. Smith, Y. Guisez and et al. 1995. Recombinant mouse OB protein: evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks[J]. Science. 269:546-549,
Case, R. M. 1998. Pancreatic exocrine secretion: Mechanism and control. In: The Pancreas[M]. H. G. Berger and et al edited. Oxford, Blackwell Science Ltd. P:63-100.
Chey, W. Y., S. Hitanant, J. Hendricks and et al, 1970. Effect of secretin and cholecystokinin on gastric emptying and gastric secretion in man[J]. Gastroenterology. 58:820-827
Chey, W. Y. 1979a. Influence of the vagus nerve on the release and action of secretin in dog[J]. J. Physiol. 293:435-438.
Chey, W. Y. 1979b. Plasma secretin concentration in fasting and postprandial states in dog[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 5:E539-543.
Chey, W. Y. 1997, Neurohormonal control of the exocrine pancreas[J]. Curr. Opin. Gastroent. 13:375-380.
Chey, W. Y. and S. J. Konturek. 1982. Plasma secretin and pancreatic secretion in response to liver extract with varied pH and exogenous secretin in dog[J]. J. Physiol. 324:263-267.
Claire, A. M., F. R. Dana, A. C. Todd and et al. 2000. Cholecystokinin and leptin act
synergistically to reduce body weigh[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 278:882-890.
Clutter, A. C., R. Jiang, J. P. McCann and et al. 1998. Plasma cholecystokinin-8 in pigs with divergent genetic potential for feed intake and growth{J]. Domest. Aima. Endocrinol. 15:9-21.
Cobo, J. C., E. Abraham, R. D. Bland and et al. 1984. Sequential hemodynamic and oxygen transport abnormalitities in patients with acute pancreatitis[J]. Surgery. 95:324-330
Cordier-Bussat, M., C. Bernard, S. Haouche and et al. 1997. Peptones stimulate cholecystokinin secretion and gene transcription in the intestinal cell line STC-1[J]. Endocrinology. 138: 1137-1144.
Cuber, J. C., S. Aucouturier, C. Bernard and et al. 1992. Role of cyclic nucleotides and calcium in the nutrient-induced release of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in rats[J]. J. Physiol. 449:37-48.
Dale, W. E., C. M. Turkelson and T. E. Solomon. 1989. Role of cholecystokinin in intestinal phase and meal-induced pancreatic secretion[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 257:G782-790.
Deavall, D. G., R. Raychowdhury, G. J. Dockray and et al. 2000. Control of CCK gene trans-cription by PACAP in STC-I cells[J]. Am. J. Physoil. Gastrointest. Liver Physoil. 179:G605—612
Del-Bel, E. A.. and F. S. Guimaraes. 1997. Social isolation increases cholecystokinin mRNA in the central nervous system of rats[J]. Neuroreport. 8:3597-3600.
Della-Fera, M. A., and C. A. Baile. 1979. Choiecystokinin octapeptide: continues picomole injections into the cerebral ventricles of sheep suppress feeding[J]. Science, 206:471-473.
Della-Fera, M. A., and C. A. Baile. 1985. CCK-octapeptide injected into cerebral ventricles of sheep decreases plasma insulin level[J]. Physiol Behav. 34:283-289.
Della-Fera, M. A., C. A. Baile, B. S. Schneilder and et al. 1981. Cholecystokinin antibody injected in cerebral ventricles stimulates feeding in sheep[J]. Science. 212:687-689.
Denbow, D, M. and R. D. Myers. 1982. Eating, drinking and temperature response to intracerebraventricular cholecystokinin in the chick[J]. Peptide. 3:739-743.
Dockray, G. J., R. A. Gregory, J. B. Hutchison and et al. 1978. Isolation, structure and biological activity of two cholecystokinin octapeptides from sheep brain[J]. Nature. 274:711-713.
Doong, M. L., C. C. Lu, M. M. Kau and et al. 1998. Inhibition of gastric emptying and instestinal transit by amphetamine through a mechanism involving an increased secretion of CCK in male rats[J]. Br. J. Pharmacol. 124:1123-1130.
Douglas, B. R., R. A. Woutersen, J. B. Jansen, and et al. 1989. Study into the role of cholecystokinin in Bombesin-stimulated pancreatic growth in rats and hamsters[J]. Eur J Pharmacol. 161:209-214.
Douglas, M. W., J. E. Cunnick, J. C. Pekas, and et al. 1998 Impact of feeding regimen on behavioral and physiological indicators for feeding motivation and satiety, immune function, and performance of gestating sows[J], J. Anita. Sci. 76:2589-2595.
Dufresne, M., S. Poirot, J. Jimenez, and et al. (1990) Immune recognition of affinity-labelled cholecystokinin receptor[J]. Eur. J. Biochem. 191:141-146.
Eberlein, G. A., V. E. Eysselein and H. Goebell. 1988 Cholecystokinin-58 is the major molecular form in man, dog and cat but not in pig, beef and rat intestine[J]. Peptides. 9:993-998.
Eberlein, G. A., V. E. Eysselein, and H, Goebell, 1988. Cholecystokinin-58 is the major molecular form in man, dog and cat but not in pig, beef and rat intestine[J]. Peptides. 9:993-998.
Eckel, L. A., T. A. Houpt and N. Geary. 2002. Estradiol treatment increases CCK-induced c-Fos expression in the brains of ovariectomized rats[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 283:R1378-1385.
Emond, M., G. J. Schwartz, E, E. Ladenheim and et al. 1999. Central leptin modulates behavioral and neural responsivity to CCK[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 276:R1545-1549.
Eng, J., Y. Shiina, E. Straus and R. S. Yalow. 1982. Post-translational processing of cholecystokinin in pig brain and gut[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci. U. S. A. 79:6060-6064.
Ferrer, R. L., J, Medrano, R. Calpena, and et al. (2001) Effect of exogenous cholecystokinin and secretin on pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagons in rats:in vivo model without hepatic filter[J]. Dig. Dis. Sci. 46:2127-2133.
Fleckenstein, P. and A. Oigaard. 1997. Effects of cholecystokinin on the motility of the distal duodenum and the proximal jujunum in man[J]. Scand. J Gastroenterol. 12: 375-378.
Forster, E., T. Green and G. Dockray. 1991. Efferent pathways in the reflex control of gastric emptying in rats[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 260:G499-504.
Friedman, J. M., M. Vitale, J. Maimon and et al. 1992. Expression of thecholecystokinin gene in pediatric tumors[J]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89:5819-5823.
Funakoshi,A. K, Miyasaka, H, Shinozaki, and et al. 1995. An animal model of congenital defect of gene expression of cholecystokinin CCK.-A receptor[J]. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 210:787-796.
Gabryelewicz, A., E. Kulesza and S. J. Konturek. 1990. Comparison of Ioxiglumide, a cholecystokinin CCK.-receptor antagonist, and atropine on hormonal and meal-stimulated pancreatic secretion in man[J]. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 25:731-738.
Gevrey, J. C., S. Laurent, J. C. Saurin and et al. 2001. Rab3a controls exocytosis in cholecystokinin-secreting cells[J]. FEBS Lett. 503:19-24.
Gibbs, J., and G. P. Smith. 1977. Cholecystokinin and sariety in rats and rehesus monkeys[J], Am. J, Clin. Nutr. 30:758-761
Gibbs, J., R. C. Young and G. P. Smith. 1973a. Cholecystokinin decreases food intake in rat[J]. J. Comp, Physiol. Psychol. 84:488-495.
Gibbs, J., R. C. Young and G, P. Smith. 1973b. Cholecystokinin elicits satiety in rats with open gastric fistulas[J]. Nature. 245:323-325.
Gibbs, J,, R. J. D. Falasco and P. R. Mchugh. 1976. Cholecystokinin - decreases food intake in rhesus monkey[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 230:15-18.
Gigoux, V., C. Escrieut, S. Silvente, and et al. 1998. Met-195 of the cholecystokinin-A receptor interacts with the sulfated tyrosine of cholecystokinin and is crucial for receptor transition to high affinity state[J]. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 14380-14386.
Golenhofen, K., F. E. Ludtke, K. Milenov and et al, 1980. Excitatory and inhibitory effects of canine pyloric musculature[M]. In: Gastrointestinal Motility. Edited by J. Christensen. New York: Raven. P:202-210.
Green, T. 1988. Action of the cholecystokinin antagonist L364,718 on gastric emptying in rat[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 255:G685-689.
Grider, J. R. 1994. Role of cholecystokinin in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility[J]. J. Nutr. 124:1334S-1339S.
Grovum, W. L. 1981. Factors affecting the voluntary intake of sheep. 3. The effect of intravenous infusions of gastrin, cholecystokinin and sectetin on motility of reticulo-rumen and intake[J]. Br. J. Nutr. 45:183-192.
Guble, U., O. Anne, D. Young and et al. 1987. Cholecystokinin mRNA in porcine cerebellum[J]. J. Biol. Chem. 262:15242-15245.
Gutzwiller, J. P., J. Drewe, S. Keterer, and et al, 2000. Interaction between CCK and a preload on reduction of food intake is mediated by CCK-A receptors in humans[J]. Am. J. Physiol. Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 279:R189-195,
Han, B., J. I. Baoan and C. D. Logsdon. 2001. CCK independently activates intracellular trypsinogen and NF-kB in rat pancreatic acinar cell[J]. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 49:C465-472.
Hand, B. H. 1963. An anatomical study of the choledochoduodenal[J]. Area. Br. J. Surg. 50:486-490.
Hanyu, N., W. J. Dodds and R. D. 1991. Effect of two new cholecystokinin antagonists on gallbladder emptying in opossums[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 260:G258-264,
Hara, H., S. Ohyama and T. Hira. 2000. Luminal dietary proein, not amino acids, induces pancreatic protease via CCK in pancreaticbility-diverted rats[J]. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 278:C937-945.
Hara, H., Y. Ochi and T. Kasai. 1998. Bile-pancreatic juice-independent increases in pancreatic
proteases and intestinal cholecystokinin by dietary protein in rats[J]. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 217: 173-179.
Harper, A. A. and H. S. Raper. 1943. Pancreozymin, a stimulant of secretion of pancreatic enzymes in extracts of the small intestine[J]. J. Physiol. 102:115-119.
Henriksen, F. W. and H. Worning. 1967. The interaction of secretin and pancreozymin on the external pancreatic secretion in dog[J]. Acta. Physiol. Scand. 70:241-246.
Hidalgo, L., P. Clave, M. Estorch, and et al. 1992. Effect of cholecystokinin-A receptor blockade on postprandial insulin aemia and gastric emptying in humans[J]. Life Sci. 51 : 1945-1951.
Hildebrand, P., J. W. Ensinck, S. Ketterer, and et al. 1991. Effect ofa cholecystokinin antagonist on meal-stimulated insulin and pancreatic polypeptide release in humans[J]. J. Clin. Endocri. Metab. 72: 1123-1129.
Houpt, T. R. 1983. The sites of action of cholecystokinin in decreasing meal size in pigs[J]. Physio. & Behav. 31:693-698.
Houpt, T. R., S. M. Anika and N. C. Wolff. 1978. Satiety effects of cholecystokinin and caerulein in rabbits[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 235:R23-28.
Ivy, A. C. and E. Oldberg. 1928. A hormone mechanism for gall bladder contraction and evacuation[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 86:599-603.
Jean-Claude, G., M. Cordier-Bussat, E. Nemoz-Gaillard, and et al. 2002. Co-requirement of cyclic AMP- and calcium-dependent protein Kinases for transcriptional activation of cholecystokinin gene by protein hydrolysates[J]. J. Biol. Chem. 277:22407-22413.
Jensen. R. T., G. F, Letup, and J. D. Gardner. 1982. Interactions of COOH-terminal fragments of chotecystokinin with receptors on dispersed acini from guinea pig pancreas[J]. J. Biol. Chem. 257:5554-5559
Joseph, R., 3. Reeve, V. Eysselein and et al. 1986. New molecular forms of cholecystokinin[J]. J Biol. Chem. 261:16392-16397.
Juaneda, C., P. Lafon-Dubourg, P. Ciofi and et al. 2001. CCK mRNA expression in neuroendocrine CRH neurons is increased in rats subjected to an immune challenge[J]. Brain Res. 901:277-280.
Kalochkin, V. A., L. K. Ernst, N. A. Nazarov and et al. 1996. Immunoneutralization of endogenous cholecy production performance in growing stokinin as a way of regulating appetite, metabolism and productivity in pigs[J]. Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya. Biol. 4:48-58.
Kaminski, D. L., Y. G. Deshpande and M. C. Beinfeld. 1988. Role of glucagons in cholecystokinin stimulated bile flow in dog[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 254:G864-869.
Kanayama, S. and R. A. Liddte. 1990. Somatostatin regulates duodenal cholecystokinin and somatostatin messenger RNA[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 258:G-358-364.
Kastin, A. J. and V. Akerstrom. 2001. Glucose and insulin increase the transport of leptin through the bood-brain barrier in normal mice but not in streptozotocin-diabetic mice[J]. Neuroendocrinology. 73:237-242.
Kelly, T. R. 1976. Gallstone pancreatitis: Pathophysiology[J]. Surgery. 80:488-
Kern, H. F., U. Rausch and G. A. Scheele. 1987. Regulation of gene expression in pancreatic adaptation to nutritional substrates or hormone[J]. Gut. 28:89-94.
Kieffer, T. J., R. S. Heller, C. A. Leech and et al. 1997. Leptin suppression of insulin secretion by the activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in pancreatic beta-cells[J]. Diabetes. 46:1087-1093.
Kissileff, H. R., F. X. Pi-Sunyer, J. Thornton and et al. 1981. C-terminal otapeptide of cholecystokinin decreases food intake in man[J]. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34:154-160.
Konturek, S. J. 1993. Physiology of pancreatic secretion[J]. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 46:5-24.
Konturek, S. J., J. Peper, K. Zabielski and et al. 2003. Brain-gut axis in pancreatic secretion and appetite control[J]. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 54:293-317,
Konturek, S. J., J. T. Radecki, P. Thor and et al. 1973. Release of cholecystokinin by amino acids[J] Proc. Soc Exp. Biol. Med. 143: 305-309.
Konturek, S. J., J. Tasler and W, Owicz. 1972. Effect of atropine on pancreatic responses to endogenous and exogenous cholecystokinin[J]. Dig. Dis. Sci. 17:944-917.
Lay, J. M., C. Jenkins, L. Friis-Hansen, and et al. 2000. Structure and developmental expression of the mouse CCK-B receptor gene[J]. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 272:837-842.
Le Magnen, J. 1983. Body energy balance and food intake: a neuroendocrine regulation mechanism[J]. Physiol. Rev. 63:314-386
Liddle R. A., E. T. Morita, C. K. Conrad, and J. A. Williams. 1986. Regulation of gastric emptying in humansby cholecystokinin[J]. J. Clin. Invest. 77: 992-996.
Liddle, R.A. 1994. Regulation of cholecystokinin gene expression in rat intestine [J]. Ann NY Acad Sci. 713:22-31
Liddle, R. A. 1997. Cholecystokinin cell[J]. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 59:221-242.
Liddle, R. A., G. M. Green, C. K. Conrad and et al. 1986. Proteins but not amino acids, carbohydrates, or fats stimulate cholecystokinin secretion in the rat[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 251 :G243-248.
Liddle, R. A., J. D. Carter and A. R. McDonald. 1988. Dietary regulation of rat intestinal cholecystokinin gene expression[J]. J. Clin. Invest. 81:2015-2019.
Lieverse, R. J., J. B. Jansen, A. M. Masclee and et al. 1994. Satiety effect of cholecystokinin in humans[J]. Gastroenterology. 106:1451-1454.
Lloyd, K. C., H. E, Raybould and J. H. Walsh. 1992. Cholecystokinin inhibits gastric acid
secretion through type A cholecystokinin receptors and somatostatin in rats[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 263 :G287-292.
Louie, D. S. 1994. Cholecystokinin-stimulated intracellular signal transduction pathways[J]. J. Nutr. 124:1315S-1320S.
Louie, D. S. 1994. New research in the physiology of cholecystokinin, A Overview[J]. J. Nutr. 124: 1306S-1307S.
Louie, D. S., D. May, P. Miller and et al. 1986, Cholecystokinin mediates feedback regulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion in rats[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 250:G252-257.
Lu, L. and C. D. Logsdon. 1993. CCK, Bombesin, and carbachol stimulate c-fos, c-jun and c-my concogene expression in rat pancreatic acini[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 263:G327-332.
Maffei, M., J. Halaas, E. Ravussin and et al. 1995. Leptin levels in human and rodent: measurement of plasma leptin and ob mRNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects[J]. Nat. Med. 1:1155-1161.
Mainz, D. L., O. Black and P. D. Webster. 1973. Hormonal control of pancreatic growth[J]. J. Clin. Invest. 52:2300-2304.
Maton, P. N., A. C. Selden and V. S. Chadwick. 1984. Differential distribution of molecular forms of cholecystokinin in human and porcine small intestinal mucosa[J]. Regul. Pept. 8:9-19
Matson. C. A. and R. C. Ritter. 1999. Long-term CCK-leptin synergy suggests a role for CCK in the regulation of body weight[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 276:R1038-1045.
Matson, C. A., M. F. Wiater, J. L. Kuijper and et al. 1997. Synergy between leptin and cholecystokinin CCK to control daily caloric intake[J]. Peptides. 18:1275-1278.
Matsumura, M., A. Yamanoi. S. Yamamoto and et al. 1984. In vivo and vitro effects of cholecystokinin octapeptide on the release of growth hormone in rats[J]. Horm. Metab. Res. 16:626-630.
McGuiness, E. E. and D. S. Longnecker. 1987. Interface between adaptive and neoplastic growth in the pancreas[J]. Gut. 28:207-212.
McLaughlin, C. L. S. R. Peikin and C. A. Baile. 1983. Foodintake response to modulation of secretion ofcholecystokinin in Zucker rats[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 244:R676-685.
McLaughlin, C. L., C. A. Aile and F. C. Buonomo. 1985. Effect of CCK antibodies on food intake and weight gain in Zucker rats[J]. Physiol. Behav. 34:277-282.
McLaughlin, J. T., R. B. Lomax, L. Hall, and et al. 1998. Fatty acids stimulate choleeystokinin secretion via an acyl chain length-specific, Ca2+-dependent mechanism in the enteroendocrine cell line STC-1 [J]. J. Physiol. 513:11-18.
Meyer, J. H., L. W. Way and M. I. Grossman. 1970. Pancreatic bicarbonate response to various acids in duodenum of the dog[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 219:964-970.
Miazza, B. M., S. Widgren, J. A. Chayvialle and et al. 1987. Exocrine pancreatic nodules after Iongterm pancreaticobiliary diversion in rats: An efect of raised CCK plasma concentrations[J]. Gut. 28:269-273.
Mineo, H., H. Kamita, H. Muto, and et al. 1997. Effects of C-terminal fragments of cholecystokinin on plasma insulin and glucagons concentrations in sheep[J]. Res. Vet. Sci. 62:171-174.
Moean, T. H., J. H. Wong, J. Walsh and et al. 1988. Gastric mechanisms for satiety action of chotecystokinin[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 254:R628-632.
Moran, T. H. and P. R. McHugh. 1982. Cholecystokinin suppresses food intake by inhibiting gastric emptying[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 242:R491-497.
Moran, T. H. and P. R. McHugh. 1982. Cholecystokinin suppresses food intake by inhibiting gastric emptying[J]. Am J Physiol. 242:R491-497
Morgan, K. G., P. F. Schmail, V. M. L. Go and et al, 1978. Electrical and mechanical effects of molecular variants of CCK on antral smooth muscle[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 235:E324-329.
Morley, J. E., S. Melmed, J. Briggs and et al. 1979. Cholecystokinin octapeptide release growth hormone from the pituitary in vitro[J]. Life. Sci. 25: 1201-1205.
Muller, G., J. Ertl, M. Gerl and et al. 1997. Leptin impairs metabolic actions of insulin in isolated rat adipocytes[J], J. Biol. Chem. 272:10585-10593.
Nakae, Y., S. Naruse, M. Kitagawa and et al, 1995. Activation of trypsinogen in experimental models of acute pancreatitis in rats[J]. Pancreas. 10:306-313.
Nemoz-Gaillard. E., M. Cordier-Bussat, C. Filloux and et al. 1998. Bombesin stimulates cholecystokinin secretion through mitogen-activated protein-kinase-dependentand-independent mechanisms in the enteroendocrine STC-1 cell line[J]. J. Biochem. 331:129-135.
Nicke, B., M. J. Tseng, M. C. Fenrich and et al. 1999. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of Ras~(N-17) inhibits specific CCK actions on pancreatic acinar cells[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 176:G499-506.
Niebergall-Roth, E. and M. V. Singer. 2001. Central and peripheral neural control of pancreatic exocrine secretion[J]. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 52:523-538.
Niebergall-Roth, E,, H. J. Krammer, R. Radke and et al. 1997b. Extrinsic and intrinsic innervation of the pancreas—mediators of pancreatic exocrine secretion[J]. Z. Gastroenterol. 35:47-57.
Niebergall-roth, E., S. Teyssen and M. V. Singer. 1997a. Pancreatic exocrine studies in intact animals: historic and current methods[J]. Lab. Anita. Sci. 47:606-616.
Niebergall-Roth, E., S. Teyssen, D. Wetzel and et al. 1997c. Effects of telenzepine and L-364718 on canine pancreatic secretion before and after vagotomy[J]. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest.
Liver Physiol. 272:G1550-1559.
Niederau, C., R. Luthen, M. Niederau and et al. 1990. Efect of long-term CCK stimulation and CCK blockade on pancreatic and intestinal growth, morphology, and function[J]. Digestion. 46: 217-225.
Nishi. T., H. Hara and T. Kasai. 1998. Guanidinated casein hydrolysate stimulates pancreatic secretagogue release by direct action to the intestine in rats[J]. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 218: 357-364.
NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine(9Ed)[M]. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Nylander, A. G., C. P. Von-Friesen, H. J. Monstein and et al. 1997. Increased expression of cholecystokinin-A receptor mRNA in pancreas and cholecystokinin-B receptor mRNA in oxyntic mucosa after portacaval shuming rats[J]. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 80: 147-151.
Okabayashi, Y., M. Otsuki, T. Nakamura, and et al. 1990. Regulatory effect of cholecystokinin on subsequent insulin binding to pancreatic acini[J]. Endocri. Metab. 258: E562-568.
Okumura, K., H. Yasue, H. Fujii and et al. 1995. Effects of short-term adminstration of CCK receptor antagonist KSG-504 on regeneration of pancreatic acinar cell in acucte pancreatitis rats[J]. Jpn. J. Gastroenterol. 30: 493-499.
Oomura, Y. and H. Kita. 1981. Insulin acting as a modulator of feeding through the hypothalamus[J]. Diabetologia, 20: 290-298
Osnes, M., L. E. Hanssen, O. Flaten and et al. 1978. Exocrine pancreatic secretion and immunoreactive secretin (IRS) release after intraduodenal instillation of bile in man[J]. Gut. 19: 180-184.
Owyang, C. 1996. Physiological mechanisms of cholecystokinin action on pancreatic secretion[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 271: G1-7.
Paloheimo, L. I., and J. F. Rehfeld. 1994. A processing-independent assay for human prochotecystokinin and its products[J]. Clin. Chim. Acta. 229: 49-65.
Pan, G. Z., J. Martinez, M. Bodanszky and et al. 1981. The importance of the amino acid in position 32 of cholecystokinin in determining its interaction with cholecystokinin receptors on pancreatic acini[J]. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 678: 352-357.
Paolisso, G., S. Ammendola, A. Del-Buono and et al. 1997. Serum levels of IGF-Ⅰ and IGFBP3 in healthy centenarians: relationship with plasma leptin and lipid concentrations, insulin action and cognitive function[J]. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82: 2204-2209.
Park, H. S., H. S. Yoon, Y. D. Park, and et al. 1992. Endogenous somatostatin inhibits interaction of insulin and cholecystokinin on exovrine secretion of isolated, perfused rat pancreas[J]. Pancreas. 24: 373-379.
Parrott, R. F. and B. A. Baldwin. 1981. Operant feeding and drinking in pigs following
intracerebroventricular injection of synthetic cholecystokinin octapeptide[J]. Physiol. Behav. 26: 419-422.
Parrott, R. F., I. S. Ebenezer, B. A. Baldwin and et al. 1995. Intravenous administration of cholecystokinin CCK. stimulates prolactin and growth hormone release in the pig[J]. Methods Find Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 17: 529-533.
Patel, B. K., J. I. Koening, L. M. Kaplan and et al. 1998. Increse in plasma leptin and Lep mRNA concentrations by food intake is dependent on insulin[J]. Metabolism. 47: 603-607.
Pekas, J. C. 1983a. A method for direct gastric feeding and the effect on voluntary ingestion in young swine[J]. Appetite. 4: 23-27
Pekas, J. C. 1983b. Effect of gastric-feeding on feed consumption, growth, organ size, and body composition of swine[J]. Appetite. 4: 87-91.
Pekas, J. C. 1985. Animal growth during liberation from appetite suppression[J]. Growth. 49: 19-27
Pekas, J. C. 1991. Effect of cholecystokinin immunization, enhanced food intake and growth of swine on lean yield and carcass composition[J]. J. Nutr. 121: 563-567.
Pekas, J. C. 1996. Immunogenicity of cholecystokinin octapeptide-conjugated antigens in pigs[J]. J. Anim. Sci. 74: 1953-1958.
Pekas, J. C. and W. E. Trout. 1990. Stimulation of food intake and growth of swine by cholecystokinin immunization[J]. Growth, Dev. Aging, 54: 51-56
Pekas, J. C. and W. E. Trout. 1993 Cholecystokinin oktapeptide immunization: effect on growth of barrows and gilts[J]. J. Anim. Sci. 71: 2499-2505.
Persson, C. G. A. and M. Ekman. 1972. Effect of morphine, cholecystokinin and sympathomimetics on the sphincter of Oddi and intramural pressure in cat duodenum[J]. Scand. J Gastroenterol. 7: 345-350
Plusczy, K. T., S. Westermann. D. Rathgeb and et al. 1997. Acute pancreatitis in rats: effects of sodium toorocholate, CCK-8 and secretion on pancreatic microciculation[J]. Am. J. Physiol. Gastroenterol. Liver. Physiol. 272: 130-132.
Pou, P. M., Y. Lawson, S. Helgeson and et al. 1988. Elect of cholecystokinin on pancreatic carcinogenesis in the hamster model[J]. Carcinogenesis. 9: 597-601.
Rayner, M. H., M. Grootveld and P. J. Sadler. 1989. Molecular distribution of gold(Ⅰ) in human blood plasma after treatment with the antiarthritic disodium aurothiomalate[J]. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Res. 9: 377-383.
Rehfeld, J. F. 1978a. Immunochemical studies on cholecystokinin Ⅰ: Develop of sequence-specific radioimmunoassay for porcine triacontatriapeptide cholecystokinin[J]. J. Bio. Chem. 253: 4016-4021.
Rehfeld, J. F. 1978b. Immunoehemical studies on cholecystokinin. Ⅱ. Distribution and molecular
heterogeneity in the central nervous system and small intestine of man and hog[J]. J. Biol. Chem. 253: 4022-4030.
Rehfeld, J. F. 1979. Mutltiple molecular forms of cholecystokinin[M]. In: Gut Hormones, Edited by S. R. Bloom. London: Churchill Livingstone. P: 242-244.
Rehfeld, J. F, 1986. Accumulation of nonamidated preprogastrin and preprocholecystokinin products in porcine pituity corticotrophs: Evidence of post-translational control of cell differentiation[J]. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 5841-5847.
Rehfeld, J. F. and C. J. Larsson. 1981. Four basic characteristics of the gastrin-cholecystokinin system[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 240: G255-266.
Reidelberger, R. D. 1994. Cholecystokinin and control of food intake[J]. J. Nutr. 124: 1327S-1333S
Reidelberger, R. D., G. Varga, R. M. Liehr and et al. 1994. Cholecystokinin suppresses food intake by a nonendocrine mechanism in rats[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 267: R901-908.
Rindi, G., S. G. Grant, Y. Yiangou and et al. 1990. Development of neuroendocrine tumors in the gastrointestinal tract of transgenic mice: Heterogeneity of hormone expression[J]. Am J Pathol. 136: 1349-1363
Roche, S., T. Gusdinar, J. P. Bali, and et al. 1991. "Gastrin" and "CCK" receptors on histamineand Somatostatin-containing cells from rabbit fundic mucosa I. Characterization by means of agonists[J]. Biochem. Pharmacol. 42: 765-770.
Roebuck, B. D., P. V. Kapiita, B. R. Edwards and et al. 1987. Efects of dietary fats and soybean protein on azaserine-induced pancreatic carcinogenesis and plasma cholecystokinin in the rat[J]. Cancer Res. 47: 1333-1338.
Roger, R. O. and T. E. Solomon. 1986. Comparative effect of CCK-8 on feeding, sham feeding and exocrine pancreatic secretion in rats[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 251: R97-105.
Rosewicz, S., L. D. Lewis, X. Y. Wang and et al. 1989. Pancreatic digestive enzyme gene expression: effect of CCK and soybean typsin inhibitor[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 256: G733-738.
Rothman, S. S. and H. Wells. 1967. Enhancement of pancreatic enzyme synthesis by pancreozymin[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 213: 215-218.
Rushakoff, R. J., I. D. Goldfine, J. D. Carter, and et al. 1987. Physiological concentrations of CCK stimulate amino acid-induced insulin release in humans[J]. J. Clin. Endocri. Metab. 65: 395-401.
Saluja, A. K., L. Bhagat, H. S. Lee and et al. 1999. Secretagogue-indueed digestive enzyme activation and cell injury in rat pancreatic acini[J]. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 276: G835-842.
Savory, C. J. 1980. Intravenous injections of cholecystokinin and caerulein suppress food intake in
domestic fowls[J]. Expeientia. 10: 1191-1192.
Scheurer, U., L. Varga, E. Drack and et al. 1983. Measurement of cholecystokinin octapeptide-induced motility of rat antrum, pylorus, and duodenum in vitro[J]. Am. J. Physiol. G261-265.
Schmidt, W. E., S. Schenk, R. Nustede and et al. 1994. Cholecystokinin is a negative regulator of gastric acid secretion and postprandial release of gastrin in humans[J]. Gastroenterology. 107: 1610-1620.
Shillabeer, G. and J. C. Davison. 1987. Proglumide, a cholecystokinin antagonist, increase gastric emptying in rats[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 252: R353-360.
Shinozaki, H., K. Miyasaka, H. Wakasugi, and et al. 1991. Bioactivity of synthetic human cholecystokinin CCK.-33 in vitro and in vivo[J]. Gastroenterol. Jpn. 26: 51-55.
Singer, M. V. 1983. Latency of pancreatic fluid secretory response to intestinal stimulants in the dog[J]. J. Physiol. 339: 75-85.
Singer, M. V., T. E. Solomon, J. Wood and et al. 1980. Lateency of pancreatic enzyme response to intraduodenal stimulants[J]. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 238: G23-29.
Singer, M. V., W. Niebel, J. B. M. J. Jansen and et al. 1989. Pancreatic secretory response to intravenous caerulein and intraduodenal trytophan: studies before and after stepwise removal of the extrinsic nerves of the pancreas in dogs[J]. Gastroenterology. 96: 925-934.
Slieker, L. J., K. W. Sloop, P. L. Surface and et al. 1996. Regulation of expression of ob mRNA and protein by glucocorticoids and camp[J]. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 5301-5304
Snow, N.D.,V. Prpic, A. W. Mangel and et al. 1994. Regulation of cholecystokinin secretion by bombesin in STC-1 cells[J]. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 267: G859-865.
Soll, A. H., D. A. Amirian, L. P. Thomas and et al. 1985. Gastrin receptors on isolated canine parietal cells[J]. J, Clin. Invest. 73: 1434-1447.
Solomon, T. E., M. I. Grossman and J. A. Williams. 1981. Recent advances in pancreatic physiology: summary of a conference[J]. Fed. Proc. 40: 2105-2110.
Spencer, G. S. 1992. Immunization against cholecystokinin decreases appetite in lambs[J]. J. Anim. Sci. 70: 3820-3824.
Spencer, G. S., C. Berry and S. Johnston. 1991. Neuroendocrine reglation of growth hormone secretion in sheep. Ⅳ. Central and peripheral cholecystokinin[J]. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 8: 555-563.
Stace, N. H., T. J. Palmer, S. Vaja and et al. 1987. Longterm pancreaticobiliary diversion stimulates hyperplastic and adenomatous nodules in the rat pancreas: A model for spontaneous tumor formation[J]. Gut. 28: 265-268.
Steer, M. L. and J. Meldolesi. 1987. The cell biology of experimental pancreatitis[J]. N. Engl. J.
Med. 316: 144-150.
Steer, M. L., G. Glazer and T. Manabe. 1979. Direct effects of ethanol on exocrine secretion from the in vitro rabbit pancreas[J], Dig. Dis. Sci. 24: 769-774.
Stern, J, J., C. A. Cudillo and J. Kruper. 1976. Ventromedial hypothalamus and short-term feeding suppression by caerulein in male rats[J]. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 90: 484-490.
Suga, T. 1976. Effect of premeditation of coenzyme Q10 on pancreozymin-induced pancreatic secretion in rats[J]. Gastroenterol. Jpn. 11: 116-122.
Szecowka, J., P. E. Lins, and S. Efendic. 1982. Effect of cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and secretin on insulin and glucagons secretion in rats[J]. Endocrinology. 110: 1268-1272.
Tai, H. H. and W. Y. Chey. 1978. Rapid extraction of secretin from plasma by XAD-s resin and its application in the radioimmunoassay of secretin[J]. Anal. Biochem. 87: 376-380.
Tartaglia, L. A., M. Demski, X. Weng and et al. 1995. Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R[J]. Cell. 83: 1-20.
Tatemoto, K., H. Jornvall, S. Siimesmaa and et al. 1984. Isolation and characterization of cholecystokinin-58 (CCK-58) from porcine brain[J]. FEBS Lett. 174: 289-293.
Trigazis, L.. A. Orttmann and G. H. Anderson. 1997. Effect of a cholecystokinin-A receptor blocker on protein-induced food intake suppression in rats[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 272:R1826-1833.
Trigazis, L., F. J. Vaccarino, C. E. Greenwood and et al, 1999. CCK-A receptor antagonists have selective effects on nutrient-induced food intake suppression in rats[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 276: R323-R330.
Trout, W. E., J. C. Pekas and B. D. Schanbacher. 1989. Immune, growth and carcass responses of ram lambs to active immunization against desulfated cholecystokinin (CCK-8)[J]. J Anim Sci. 67: 2709-2714.
Tsunoda, Y., E. L. Stuenkel, J. A. Williams and et al. 1990. Characterization of the sustained [Ca2+] increase in stimulated pancreatic acinar cells and its relation to amylase secretion[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 259: 6792-6796.
Ulrich, C. D., I. Ferber, E. Holicky, and et al. 1993. Molecular cloning and functional expression of the human gallbladder cholecystokinin A receptor[J]. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 193: 204-211.
Upp, J. R., G. J. Poston and D. G. Maclellan. 1988. Mechanisms of the trophic actions of bombesin on the pancrease[J]. Pancreas. 3: 193-198.
Valenzuela, J. E., C. Defilippi, G. Diaz and et al. 1979. Effect of dopamine on human gastric and pancreatic secretion[J]. Gastroenterology. 76: 323-326.
Van Heugten, E. and J. W. Spears. 1997. Immune response and growth of stressed weanling pis fed diets supplemented with organic or inorganic forms of chromium[J]. J. Anim. Sci. 75: 409-416.
Van Heugten, E., J. W. Spears and M. T, Coffey. 1994. The effect of dietary protein on performance and immune response in weanling pigs subjected to an inflammatory challenge[J]. J. Anim. Sci. 72: 2661-2669.
Van Heugten, E., M. T. Coffey and J. W. Spears. 1996. Effects of immune challenge, dietary energy density, and source of energy on performance and immunity in weanling pigs[J]. J. Anim. Sci. 74: 2431-2440.
Van Houten, M. and B. I. Posner. 1981. Cellular basis of direct insulin action in the central nervous system[J]. Diabetologia. 20: 255-267.
Vigna, S. R. and A. Gorbman. 1977. Effects of cholecystokinin, gastrin, and related peptides on coho salmon gallbladder contraction in vitro[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 232: E485-491.
Von-Schrenck T., T.H. Moran, P. Heinz-Erian and et al. 1988. Cholecystokinin receptors on gallbladder muscle and pancreatic acinar cells: a comparative study[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 255: G512-21
Walsh, J. H. 1994. Gastrointestinal hormones. In: Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract[M], edited by Johnson LR. New York: Raven, P: 1-128
Wang, Y., S. Naruse M. Krtagawa and et al. 1998. Effects of a new CCK antagonist TS-941 on experimental acute pancreatitis in rats[J]. Jpn. Pancreas. 17: 289-294
Wank, S. A. 1998. G protein-coupled receptors in gastrointestinal physiology. I.CCK receptors: an exemplary[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 174: G607-613.
Webel, D. M,, R, w. Johnson and D. H. Baker. 1998a. Lipopolysaccharide-induced reductions in body weight gain and feed intake do not reduce the efficiency of arginine utilization for whole body protein accretion in the chick[J]. Poult. Sci. 77: 1893-1898.
Webel, D. M., R. w. Johnson and D. H. Baker. 1998b. Lipopolysaccharide-induced reductions in food intake do not decrease the efficiency of lysine and threonine utilization for protein accretion in chickens[J]. J. Nutr. 128: 1760-1766.
Willis, G. L., J. Hansky, G. C. Smith and et al. 1986. Central and peripheral Proglumide administration and cholecystokinin-induced satiety[J]. Regul. Pept. 15: 87-98.
Wolfe, M. M. and J. E. McGuigan. 1984. Immunochemical characterization of gastrinlike and cholecystokininlike peptides released in dogs in response to a peptone meal[J]. Gastroenterology. 87: 323-334.
Wolkowitz, O. M., B. Gertz, H. Weingartner and et al. 1990. Hunger in humans induced by MK-329, a specific peripheral-type cholecystokinin receptor an tagonist[J]. Biol. Psychiatry.
28:169-173.
Yamazaki, Y., M. Akahane, M. Kobayashi, and et al. 1993. Pharmacological profile of KSG-504, a new cholecystokinin-A-receptor antagonist[J]. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 63: 219-225.
Yu, P. R., P. Sirgh, S. H. Belle and et al. 1993. Intracellular second messengeres restore the impaired contractility of human gallbladders with cholesterol stones[J]. Gut. 34: S31-37.
Zabielski, R., T. Onaga, H. Mineo and et al. 1995. Intraduodenal cholecystokinin octapeptide CCK-8. can stimulate pancreatic secretion in the calf[J]. Int. J. Panereatol. 17: 271-278.
Zarbin, M. A., R. B. Innis, J. K. Wamsley and et al. 1983. Autoradiographic localization of cholecystokinin receptors in rodent brain[J]. J. Neurosci. 3: 877-906.
Zavros, Y. and A. Shulkes. 1997. Cholecystokinin CCK. regulates somatostatin secretion through both the CCK-A and CCK-B/gastrin receptors in sheep[J]. J. Physiol. 505: 811-821.
Zawalich, W. S., S. B. Cote, and V. A. Diaz. 1986. Endocrine Society Influence of cholecystokinin on insulin output from isolated perifused pancreatic islets[J]. Endocrinology. 119: 616-621.
Zhang, Y., R. Porcina, M. Maffei and et al. 1994. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue[J]. Nature. 372: 425-432.
Zucker, K.A.,T.E. Adrian, A.J. Bilchik, andetal. 1989. Effects of the CCK receptor antagonist L364,718 on pancreatic growth in adult and developing animals[J]. Am. J. Physiol. 257: G511-516.