噪声目标被动测向问题研究
|
摘要
被动声纳因隐蔽性好等优点而倍受关注，成为潜艇的主战声纳。传统被动声呐系统多半采用中小规模集成电路，体积较大，硬件处理能力低。定位精度未得到充分挖掘，跟踪目标能力受限，因此需要用现代信号处理方法和电子技术对其进行改进。使系统集成化、数字化、小型化，运算速度和精度也将得到提高。
测向模块是被动声纳系统中的一个至关重要的组成部分。它的作用是能够在360°全方位内侦查并发目标，可同时对多个(最多3个)目标进行跟踪，并向测距模块提供测向数据。论文研究的主要内容是改进和实现被动声纳的测向模块。
论文阐述了被动声纳测向原理及物理基础，并分析了影响测向精度的主要因素。给出了一个完整的测向方法——互相关法测向并分析了其CRLB界。其次介绍了噪声被动测向的各组成部分，包括预处理机、波束形成器、广义互相关器、测向时延估计器、后置滤波器和跟踪器等。对时延波束形成、滑动窗户相关等算法进行了仿真研究，对比新旧算法的优缺点，进行了详细的性能分析。最后论文介绍了测向系统的实现：包括数字滤波器的设计、改进的滑动窗互相关器的设计，以及跟踪器设计。并且对各部分算法的编程做了成功的优化使其能够满足实时处理的要求。
论文所研究的噪声目标被动测向模块已完成并通过了实验室模拟器检验，其性能通过了全面的考核，功能和指标均达到了系统要求。文中最后给出了各种目标运动条件下的测向结果，结果表明该模块与旧的测向模块相比具有较高的测向精度。
Active SONAR provides signal for enemy when ranging by transmitting pulse and this is very dangerous for submarine. Therefore, Passive SONAR, aiming at universal noise targets, becomes the dominating SONAR of submarine. The traditional SONARs are consisted of middle or small scale Integrated circuit. Their hardware is big and low calculation ability. So the position precision of the SORNAR is low and the ability of tracing target is limited. It is necessary to improve the ability of the traditional SONARs using digital signal processing and electronic technology. The system will be integrated, digital and miniaturization. The calculation ability and precision of SONAR will be improved.
The direction model is an important part of passive SONAR. It can detect target in 360° ranging and can tracing multi targets (three) in the same time. It can provide direction data to other models. The paper is on improving the direction model of Passive SONAR.
First the paper explains the principle and physical basement of passive SONAR direction and the reason that will lower the precision. The paper provide a completed method of direction—passive cross-correlate direction and its CRLB. Second, the paper introduces all parts of passive noise direction: including pre-processor, beam forming, generalized cross-correlator (GCC), ranging time delay estimator, and post-filter, etc. Emulate beam forming and slide windows correlating. Compare of the new and the old methods, performance is detail analyzed. Last, the paper introduces the design of direction model of passive SONAR including digital filter, advantaged slide windows cross-correlator correlation and tracer. The program is optimized to fit the needs of real-time processing.
The design of passive noise direction model in the paper has been realized on DSP and passed the examination of SONAR emulator. The performance reaches the request of the system. At last, the paper provides the result of moving targets. The result proves that the precision of the direction model is better.
测向模块是被动声纳系统中的一个至关重要的组成部分。它的作用是能够在360°全方位内侦查并发目标，可同时对多个(最多3个)目标进行跟踪，并向测距模块提供测向数据。论文研究的主要内容是改进和实现被动声纳的测向模块。
论文阐述了被动声纳测向原理及物理基础，并分析了影响测向精度的主要因素。给出了一个完整的测向方法——互相关法测向并分析了其CRLB界。其次介绍了噪声被动测向的各组成部分，包括预处理机、波束形成器、广义互相关器、测向时延估计器、后置滤波器和跟踪器等。对时延波束形成、滑动窗户相关等算法进行了仿真研究，对比新旧算法的优缺点，进行了详细的性能分析。最后论文介绍了测向系统的实现：包括数字滤波器的设计、改进的滑动窗互相关器的设计，以及跟踪器设计。并且对各部分算法的编程做了成功的优化使其能够满足实时处理的要求。
论文所研究的噪声目标被动测向模块已完成并通过了实验室模拟器检验，其性能通过了全面的考核，功能和指标均达到了系统要求。文中最后给出了各种目标运动条件下的测向结果，结果表明该模块与旧的测向模块相比具有较高的测向精度。
Active SONAR provides signal for enemy when ranging by transmitting pulse and this is very dangerous for submarine. Therefore, Passive SONAR, aiming at universal noise targets, becomes the dominating SONAR of submarine. The traditional SONARs are consisted of middle or small scale Integrated circuit. Their hardware is big and low calculation ability. So the position precision of the SORNAR is low and the ability of tracing target is limited. It is necessary to improve the ability of the traditional SONARs using digital signal processing and electronic technology. The system will be integrated, digital and miniaturization. The calculation ability and precision of SONAR will be improved.
The direction model is an important part of passive SONAR. It can detect target in 360° ranging and can tracing multi targets (three) in the same time. It can provide direction data to other models. The paper is on improving the direction model of Passive SONAR.
First the paper explains the principle and physical basement of passive SONAR direction and the reason that will lower the precision. The paper provide a completed method of direction—passive cross-correlate direction and its CRLB. Second, the paper introduces all parts of passive noise direction: including pre-processor, beam forming, generalized cross-correlator (GCC), ranging time delay estimator, and post-filter, etc. Emulate beam forming and slide windows correlating. Compare of the new and the old methods, performance is detail analyzed. Last, the paper introduces the design of direction model of passive SONAR including digital filter, advantaged slide windows cross-correlator correlation and tracer. The program is optimized to fit the needs of real-time processing.
The design of passive noise direction model in the paper has been realized on DSP and passed the examination of SONAR emulator. The performance reaches the request of the system. At last, the paper provides the result of moving targets. The result proves that the precision of the direction model is better.
引文
[1] A. H. Qnazi. An Overview on the time Delay Estimate in Active and Passive Systems for Target Location. IEEE Trans. Acoust. speech. Signal Processing, 29(3), 527-533P
[2] Charles H. Knapp, G. Clifford Carter. The generalized correlation method for estimation of time delay. IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. 1976, 24(4): 320-327P
[3] P. M. Woodward, probability and Information Theory, With Application to Radar. New York: Pergamon, 1953
[4] W. R. Hahn. Optimum signal processing for passive sonar range and bearing estimation. J. Acount. Soc. Amer. 1975. 58 P, 201-207P
[5] P. M. Schultheiss. Locating passive sonar with array measurement-A summary result. In proc. I CASSP'79, Washington, 1979, 24,967-970P
[6] G. Tomlinson and J. Sorokowsky. Accuracy prediction report, Raploc error model, IBM, Manassas, VA, 1977, B1-B7P
[7] V. H. MacDonald and P. M. Schultheiss, "Optimum passive bearing estimation in a spatially incoherent noise enviro-ment, J. Acoust. Soc. mer,46, 3P
[8] A Papoulis, probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970
[9] 尤立克著，洪申译．水声原理．哈尔滨船舶工程学院出版社，1990：1-167页
[10] 李启虎．数字式声纳设计原理．合肥：安徽教育出版社，2002：221-378页
[11] (美)惠伦A．D，刘其培，迟惠生译．噪声中信号的检测．北京：科学出版社，2001：60-261页
[12] 毛卫宁．水下被动定位方法回顾与展望．东南大学学报．2001，31(6)：129-132页
[13] 概率论，复旦大学出版社
[14] 惠俊英．水下声信道．国防工业出版社，1992：1-98页，96-98页
[15] 田坦，刘国枝，孙大军．声纳技术．哈尔滨工程大学出版社，2000：1-18页．63-147页，192-246页[16] 郑兆宁，向大威．水声信号被动检测与参数估计理论。北京：科学出版社，1983：50-310页，365-450页
[17] 扬亦春，马驰州等井目关峰细化的精确时延估计快速算法研究．声学学报2003．28(2)：159-166页
[18] Lee, J. H., Chen, Y. M., and Yeh, C. C. A covariance approximation method for near-field direction-finding using a uniforrn linear array. IEEEE Trans. Signal Process. 1995, 43(5): 1293-1298P
[19] Jarvis, H., Jr. A nonparametric procedure for designing adaptive gain (αβ) trackers for passive sonar systems. OCEANS. 1981(13): 976-981P
[20] 项楚琪，田坦．离散估计导论．哈尔滨：哈尔滨船舶工程学院出版社，1989：131-137页
[21] 刘伯胜，雷加煜．水声学原理．哈尔滨工程大学出版社，1989：1-13页
[22] 陈希信，蒋国健，徐新盛．噪声低效法多源噪声成分分析系统．声学学报．2003：272-274页
[23] 李启虎．水声信号处理领域若干专题研究进展．应用声学．2001，20(1)：1-5页
[24] 陈炳和．噪声信号处理．北京：国防工业出版社
[25] 李启虎．声呐信号处理引论．第二版．北京：海洋出版社，2000：334-340页
[26] 李启虎．声呐信号处理引论．北京：海洋出版社，2000：334-336页
[27] 阎福旺等．现代声呐技术．海洋出版社，1998：138-155页
[28] 姚蓝，樊羚珂．广义相关时延估计的一种推广应用．中国造船．1992(2)：97-106页
[29] 李启虎．水声信号处理领域若干专题研究进展．应用声学．2001，20(1)：1-5页
[30] 李方慧等．TMS320C6000系列DSPs原理与应用．第二版．北京：电子工业出版社．2003：1-100页
[31] TMS320C64XTechnical Overview, Texas Instruments Incorporated, January 2001
[32] TMS320C6000 Technical Brief, Texas Instruments Incorporated, February 1999
[33] 李真芳，苏涛，黄小宇．DSP程序开发—MATLAB调试及直接代码生成．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社
[34] 宋新见，数字式噪声目标被动测距声纳研究，哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学博??士论文，2003年
[35] 王新勇，互谱法被动测距改进研究，哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学博士论文，2003年
[36] 张雄伟，曹铁勇．DSP芯片的原理与开发应用．第二版．北京：电子工业出版社
[37] A．V．奥本海姆，R．W．谢弗．离散时间信号处理．陕西：西安交通大学出版社，2001：113-173页
[38] S. R. Dooley, A. K. Nandi. Adaptive time delay and frequency esitmation for digital signal synchronization in CDMA systems. Conference Records of the 32nd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems & Computers. 1998, 2: 1838-1842P
[2] Charles H. Knapp, G. Clifford Carter. The generalized correlation method for estimation of time delay. IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. 1976, 24(4): 320-327P
[3] P. M. Woodward, probability and Information Theory, With Application to Radar. New York: Pergamon, 1953
[4] W. R. Hahn. Optimum signal processing for passive sonar range and bearing estimation. J. Acount. Soc. Amer. 1975. 58 P, 201-207P
[5] P. M. Schultheiss. Locating passive sonar with array measurement-A summary result. In proc. I CASSP'79, Washington, 1979, 24,967-970P
[6] G. Tomlinson and J. Sorokowsky. Accuracy prediction report, Raploc error model, IBM, Manassas, VA, 1977, B1-B7P
[7] V. H. MacDonald and P. M. Schultheiss, "Optimum passive bearing estimation in a spatially incoherent noise enviro-ment, J. Acoust. Soc. mer,46, 3P
[8] A Papoulis, probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970
[9] 尤立克著，洪申译．水声原理．哈尔滨船舶工程学院出版社，1990：1-167页
[10] 李启虎．数字式声纳设计原理．合肥：安徽教育出版社，2002：221-378页
[11] (美)惠伦A．D，刘其培，迟惠生译．噪声中信号的检测．北京：科学出版社，2001：60-261页
[12] 毛卫宁．水下被动定位方法回顾与展望．东南大学学报．2001，31(6)：129-132页
[13] 概率论，复旦大学出版社
[14] 惠俊英．水下声信道．国防工业出版社，1992：1-98页，96-98页
[15] 田坦，刘国枝，孙大军．声纳技术．哈尔滨工程大学出版社，2000：1-18页．63-147页，192-246页[16] 郑兆宁，向大威．水声信号被动检测与参数估计理论。北京：科学出版社，1983：50-310页，365-450页
[17] 扬亦春，马驰州等井目关峰细化的精确时延估计快速算法研究．声学学报2003．28(2)：159-166页
[18] Lee, J. H., Chen, Y. M., and Yeh, C. C. A covariance approximation method for near-field direction-finding using a uniforrn linear array. IEEEE Trans. Signal Process. 1995, 43(5): 1293-1298P
[19] Jarvis, H., Jr. A nonparametric procedure for designing adaptive gain (αβ) trackers for passive sonar systems. OCEANS. 1981(13): 976-981P
[20] 项楚琪，田坦．离散估计导论．哈尔滨：哈尔滨船舶工程学院出版社，1989：131-137页
[21] 刘伯胜，雷加煜．水声学原理．哈尔滨工程大学出版社，1989：1-13页
[22] 陈希信，蒋国健，徐新盛．噪声低效法多源噪声成分分析系统．声学学报．2003：272-274页
[23] 李启虎．水声信号处理领域若干专题研究进展．应用声学．2001，20(1)：1-5页
[24] 陈炳和．噪声信号处理．北京：国防工业出版社
[25] 李启虎．声呐信号处理引论．第二版．北京：海洋出版社，2000：334-340页
[26] 李启虎．声呐信号处理引论．北京：海洋出版社，2000：334-336页
[27] 阎福旺等．现代声呐技术．海洋出版社，1998：138-155页
[28] 姚蓝，樊羚珂．广义相关时延估计的一种推广应用．中国造船．1992(2)：97-106页
[29] 李启虎．水声信号处理领域若干专题研究进展．应用声学．2001，20(1)：1-5页
[30] 李方慧等．TMS320C6000系列DSPs原理与应用．第二版．北京：电子工业出版社．2003：1-100页
[31] TMS320C64XTechnical Overview, Texas Instruments Incorporated, January 2001
[32] TMS320C6000 Technical Brief, Texas Instruments Incorporated, February 1999
[33] 李真芳，苏涛，黄小宇．DSP程序开发—MATLAB调试及直接代码生成．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社
[34] 宋新见，数字式噪声目标被动测距声纳研究，哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学博??士论文，2003年
[35] 王新勇，互谱法被动测距改进研究，哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学博士论文，2003年
[36] 张雄伟，曹铁勇．DSP芯片的原理与开发应用．第二版．北京：电子工业出版社
[37] A．V．奥本海姆，R．W．谢弗．离散时间信号处理．陕西：西安交通大学出版社，2001：113-173页
[38] S. R. Dooley, A. K. Nandi. Adaptive time delay and frequency esitmation for digital signal synchronization in CDMA systems. Conference Records of the 32nd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems & Computers. 1998, 2: 1838-1842P