数字化光伏并网系统的逆变技术研究
|
摘要
世界能源问题日益严重，各国正在加大可再生能源的开发和利用。国内出台了各项政策鼓励支持太阳能的开发，其中光伏并网发电逐渐受到了青睐。光伏并网系统的核心部件一并网逆变器得到了广泛的研究。本文以数字化光伏并网发电系统为研究对象，对光伏逆变控制技术环节进行深入研究，开发了基于DSP控制的单相两级式非隔离型/隔离型光伏并网逆变器。
首先介绍了光伏并网发电的背景及发展，分析了光伏逆变器的基本原理，提出了基于DSP+ARM双核的数字化控制的并网光伏逆变技术研究，进行了系统主电路及其主要元件参数设计、信号调理电路及辅助电源等设计，在该系统中通过DC/DC (Boost或移相全桥）把太卩n能电池板输出的直流电转换为约400V直流电，再经过DC/AC (全桥逆变）为正弦交流电，以单位功率因数馈入电网并与其保持同频同相，通过仿真及实验验证理论分析的正确性。
多于两级的变换器级联必须确保其稳定性和动态性等性能，两级式光伏并网逆变器也是如此。本文以EMI滤波器和DC/DC级级联为例，从噪声抑制的观点介绍了EMI滤波器及其应用在峰值电流模式控制下DC/DC级（以Boost转换器为例）如何避免系统性能退化和不稳定。利用状态空间平均法，构造了Boost转换器的小信号模型，设计了使转换器具有4kHz的控制带宽和约°52.6的相位裕度的PI控制器，建立了仿真模型。基于Matlab平台上设计的EMI滤波器达到欧盟标准规定的噪声抑制，同时保持了与Boost转换器级联后的稳定性和动态性。变换器之间的相互作用是构建级联系统的核心问题，对此提出了图形化阻抗比判据结合奈奎斯特稳定判据来评估级联系统的稳定性，对闭环转换器进行仿真和建模。仿真和实验结果证明了与Boost级联的EMI滤波器不仅能抑制噪声电流，获得一个符合欧盟标准可接受的水平，而且保持了两级级联系统的稳定和动态性，从而提供了一个可应用于两级式光伏逆变器的DC/DC级的无缝解决方案，也为其他级之间的级联提供了稳定性判定的参考。
为将太阳能电池板输出的直流电输送到电网上，需要通过并网逆变器将直流电转换为交流电，控制逆变器的输出电流与电网电压同频同相，以单位功率因数向电网馈电。本文提出了采用电流跟踪控制、电网电压前馈控制和双闭环并网控制的策略，其中双闭环的外电压环为采用PI恒压控制逆变前直流侧稳压，分析比较了准比例谐振调节和PI调节两种电流内环的输出外特性，根据仿真结果电流内环采用准比例谐振控制实现并网电流的无静态误差控制，并减小电网频率偏移对并网电流的影响。电网电压前馈可消除电网电压畸变或波动造成的并网电流畸变，从而提高了光伏并网的电能质量和抗干扰能力。对控制系统进行建模分析，给出环路相关参数设计过程，利用DSP数字锁相环来实现输出电流与网压同频同相，建立逆变器的单相并网仿真模型，仿真得到输出正弦电流波形良好，且针对实际电网电压有可能出现的畸变、突变和光伏阵列功率变化等情况，进行抗干扰测试。在实验样机上，用DSP编程来实现数字化控制，基于该并网控制策略的光伏逆变器能高功率因数向电网馈电，动态响应快，鲁棒性强，跟踪精度高，并网电流的THD小（3%），仿真和实验结果验证了该控制方案的可行性和实用性。
最后针对目前光伏并网发电时的不稳定及电能质量控制等问题，研究了并网光伏发电的关键共性技术，研究分析了新型的变步长+扰动观察法作为最大功率点跟踪算法，并通过设计实验进行了检验，表明设计的MPPT算法实现了最大功率点的快速稳定跟踪。详细分析了孤岛检测方法的工作原理，提出了一种过/欠压、过/欠频的被动式孤岛检测、主动式移频和主动式移相孤岛检测三种方法相结合的反孤岛效应方案，使用DSP进行数字控制使得逆变器孤岛检测的实现大大简化，完成了基于DSP控制的孤岛保护电路和软件设计，实验结果表明，该孤岛检测方案快速可靠，检测所需时间远小于国际标准所规定的最大检测时间，检测盲区非常小。基于以上理论分析及研究，设计了1500W非隔离型和隔离型光伏并网逆变器实验样机，搭建并网测试实验平台，给出了系统在CCS开发环境下的软件开发过程，进行了直流分量检测和EMC试验，取得了符合国际标准认证的实验结果，大量有效的测试数据验证了本文理论分析的可行性和正确性。
The global energy issue is increasingly serious, each country is increasing thedevelopment and utilization of renewable energy. Grid connected photovoltaic generatingelectricity is being favored gradually when various policies is imposed in China forencouraging and supporting the development of photovoltaic energy. The key role of gridconnected PV system i.e. solar inverter has been obtained extensive research. This dissertationdeals with the digitized photovoltaic generating electricity system as the study goal, focusingon the photovoltaic converting technology which leads to developing DSP controlledsingle-phase two-section non-isolation/isolation grid-connected solar inverter.
Firstly an introduction is given of the background and development of PV generatingelectricity and analysis of its basic principles, then research is proposed on digital controlledgrid-connected photovoltaic inverting technology based on dual-core of DSP and ARM,design is carried on the system main circuit, key device parameters, signal conditioningcircuits and auxiliary power supply etc., in which the400VDC is obtained from solar panel byDC/DC(Boost or phase shift full bridge converter) and then converted to sinusoidal current byDC/AC, which is finally fed into grid tie while being in synchronized with unity power factor,simulation and experiments verify theoretical analysis.
Cascaded converters of more than two-section have to guarantee their stability anddynamics etc., so do two-section photovoltaic inverters. Using the EMI filter cascaded withDC/DC converter as an example, an introduction is given of EMI filter from the noisesuppression viewpoint and how to avoid the system performance degradation and instabilitywhen being applied to DC/DC such as Boost converters under PCMC. Via the state-spaceaveraging method, the small-signal model of Boost converters is constructed and the design ofthe PI controller used in the converter leading to its control bandwidth of4kHz and phasemargin of52.6°, as well as its simulation model is set up. EMI filter is designed on a Matlabplatform in respect to the noise suppression stipulated by the European standards whileremaining stability and dynamic performance of Boost converters cascaded. The interactionbetween the converters is the key problem of constructing cascade system, a graphical impedance ratio criterion with Nyquist stability criterion is presented to evaluate the stabilityof cascade system, simulation and modeling for the closed-loop converter is constructed.Simulation and experiment results prove that not only the EMI filter cascaded with Boostsuppresses the noise current and obtains an acceptable level complying with Europeanstandard but also remains stability and dynamics of the cascaded system, thus providing asolution seamless implemented the DC/DC of two-section solar inverter applications as wellas the reference of stable determination for the cascades between other levels.
To feed solar DC into grid necessitating the inverter to convert DC to AC, the invertermust control its output current in synchronized with grid voltage of the same frequency andphase as well as unity power factor. The dissertation proposes current tracking control, gridvoltage feed-forward control and two close loop control strategy in which PI constant controlthe DC side voltage in front of inverting, compares and analyzes the external characteristics ofproportional resonant control and PI control as regulating current inner loop, according to thesimulation results PR control is adopted as realizing the output current inner loop withnon-static error and reduces effect of the grid frequency displacement. The grid voltagefeed-forward may eliminate the output current distortion resulting from grid voltage distortionor fluctuation, thus sharpening the power quality and anti-disturbing ability of grid connectedPV. The mathematical model of the control system is built. Related loop parameters designprocess is given, also single-phase inverter feeding grid simulation model established whichkeeps output current with the grid of the frequency/phase synchronism realized by using theDSP DPLL. The simulation results show that ideal sinusoidal output current is producedwhile avoiding the actual grid voltage distortion and spike, abrupt changing of solar arrayvoltage etc. Based on the grid connecting control strategy on an experimental prototype viaDSP digital control the inverter can generate electricity to the grid with a high power factor,having fast dynamic response, strong robustness with a high tracking precision, fast response,small THD of less than3%. Both simulation results and experimental waveforms verify thefeasibility and correctness of the control scheme.
Finally the essential common technology of grid connected photovoltaic generation isstudied on issues of instability and controlling the electricity quality when generating electricity at present, an novel vary step plus perturbation and observation method as theMPPT algorithm is analyzed and verified through the experiment, which indicating thedesigned MPPT implementation realizes the fast tenacious tracking the maximum power point.The principle of islanding detection method is analyzed in detail, a combined scheme isproposed of the over/under-voltage, over/under-frequency of the passive form islandingdetection, active one and the phase shifting one, uses DSP as numerical control leading to thebig simplification of realizing the inverter islanding detection, which is completed on DSPcontrol including the island protect electric circuit and software design, experimental resultsshow that rapid, reliable islanding detection scheme in this dissertation brings out themaximum detection time required being far less than the international standards, the NDZ isvery small. Based on the above theoretical analysis and research, the1500Wnon-isolation/isolation grid-connected solar inverter is carried on, and testing experimentplatform built, the software design procedure of the system in CCS development environmentis given, the direct component examination and EMC experiment are conducted and obtainedthe authentication catering for international standards, the abundant practical experimentalresults obtained confirm the feasibility and correctness of theoretical analysis and design inthis dissertation.
首先介绍了光伏并网发电的背景及发展，分析了光伏逆变器的基本原理，提出了基于DSP+ARM双核的数字化控制的并网光伏逆变技术研究，进行了系统主电路及其主要元件参数设计、信号调理电路及辅助电源等设计，在该系统中通过DC/DC (Boost或移相全桥）把太卩n能电池板输出的直流电转换为约400V直流电，再经过DC/AC (全桥逆变）为正弦交流电，以单位功率因数馈入电网并与其保持同频同相，通过仿真及实验验证理论分析的正确性。
多于两级的变换器级联必须确保其稳定性和动态性等性能，两级式光伏并网逆变器也是如此。本文以EMI滤波器和DC/DC级级联为例，从噪声抑制的观点介绍了EMI滤波器及其应用在峰值电流模式控制下DC/DC级（以Boost转换器为例）如何避免系统性能退化和不稳定。利用状态空间平均法，构造了Boost转换器的小信号模型，设计了使转换器具有4kHz的控制带宽和约°52.6的相位裕度的PI控制器，建立了仿真模型。基于Matlab平台上设计的EMI滤波器达到欧盟标准规定的噪声抑制，同时保持了与Boost转换器级联后的稳定性和动态性。变换器之间的相互作用是构建级联系统的核心问题，对此提出了图形化阻抗比判据结合奈奎斯特稳定判据来评估级联系统的稳定性，对闭环转换器进行仿真和建模。仿真和实验结果证明了与Boost级联的EMI滤波器不仅能抑制噪声电流，获得一个符合欧盟标准可接受的水平，而且保持了两级级联系统的稳定和动态性，从而提供了一个可应用于两级式光伏逆变器的DC/DC级的无缝解决方案，也为其他级之间的级联提供了稳定性判定的参考。
为将太阳能电池板输出的直流电输送到电网上，需要通过并网逆变器将直流电转换为交流电，控制逆变器的输出电流与电网电压同频同相，以单位功率因数向电网馈电。本文提出了采用电流跟踪控制、电网电压前馈控制和双闭环并网控制的策略，其中双闭环的外电压环为采用PI恒压控制逆变前直流侧稳压，分析比较了准比例谐振调节和PI调节两种电流内环的输出外特性，根据仿真结果电流内环采用准比例谐振控制实现并网电流的无静态误差控制，并减小电网频率偏移对并网电流的影响。电网电压前馈可消除电网电压畸变或波动造成的并网电流畸变，从而提高了光伏并网的电能质量和抗干扰能力。对控制系统进行建模分析，给出环路相关参数设计过程，利用DSP数字锁相环来实现输出电流与网压同频同相，建立逆变器的单相并网仿真模型，仿真得到输出正弦电流波形良好，且针对实际电网电压有可能出现的畸变、突变和光伏阵列功率变化等情况，进行抗干扰测试。在实验样机上，用DSP编程来实现数字化控制，基于该并网控制策略的光伏逆变器能高功率因数向电网馈电，动态响应快，鲁棒性强，跟踪精度高，并网电流的THD小（3%），仿真和实验结果验证了该控制方案的可行性和实用性。
最后针对目前光伏并网发电时的不稳定及电能质量控制等问题，研究了并网光伏发电的关键共性技术，研究分析了新型的变步长+扰动观察法作为最大功率点跟踪算法，并通过设计实验进行了检验，表明设计的MPPT算法实现了最大功率点的快速稳定跟踪。详细分析了孤岛检测方法的工作原理，提出了一种过/欠压、过/欠频的被动式孤岛检测、主动式移频和主动式移相孤岛检测三种方法相结合的反孤岛效应方案，使用DSP进行数字控制使得逆变器孤岛检测的实现大大简化，完成了基于DSP控制的孤岛保护电路和软件设计，实验结果表明，该孤岛检测方案快速可靠，检测所需时间远小于国际标准所规定的最大检测时间，检测盲区非常小。基于以上理论分析及研究，设计了1500W非隔离型和隔离型光伏并网逆变器实验样机，搭建并网测试实验平台，给出了系统在CCS开发环境下的软件开发过程，进行了直流分量检测和EMC试验，取得了符合国际标准认证的实验结果，大量有效的测试数据验证了本文理论分析的可行性和正确性。
The global energy issue is increasingly serious, each country is increasing thedevelopment and utilization of renewable energy. Grid connected photovoltaic generatingelectricity is being favored gradually when various policies is imposed in China forencouraging and supporting the development of photovoltaic energy. The key role of gridconnected PV system i.e. solar inverter has been obtained extensive research. This dissertationdeals with the digitized photovoltaic generating electricity system as the study goal, focusingon the photovoltaic converting technology which leads to developing DSP controlledsingle-phase two-section non-isolation/isolation grid-connected solar inverter.
Firstly an introduction is given of the background and development of PV generatingelectricity and analysis of its basic principles, then research is proposed on digital controlledgrid-connected photovoltaic inverting technology based on dual-core of DSP and ARM,design is carried on the system main circuit, key device parameters, signal conditioningcircuits and auxiliary power supply etc., in which the400VDC is obtained from solar panel byDC/DC(Boost or phase shift full bridge converter) and then converted to sinusoidal current byDC/AC, which is finally fed into grid tie while being in synchronized with unity power factor,simulation and experiments verify theoretical analysis.
Cascaded converters of more than two-section have to guarantee their stability anddynamics etc., so do two-section photovoltaic inverters. Using the EMI filter cascaded withDC/DC converter as an example, an introduction is given of EMI filter from the noisesuppression viewpoint and how to avoid the system performance degradation and instabilitywhen being applied to DC/DC such as Boost converters under PCMC. Via the state-spaceaveraging method, the small-signal model of Boost converters is constructed and the design ofthe PI controller used in the converter leading to its control bandwidth of4kHz and phasemargin of52.6°, as well as its simulation model is set up. EMI filter is designed on a Matlabplatform in respect to the noise suppression stipulated by the European standards whileremaining stability and dynamic performance of Boost converters cascaded. The interactionbetween the converters is the key problem of constructing cascade system, a graphical impedance ratio criterion with Nyquist stability criterion is presented to evaluate the stabilityof cascade system, simulation and modeling for the closed-loop converter is constructed.Simulation and experiment results prove that not only the EMI filter cascaded with Boostsuppresses the noise current and obtains an acceptable level complying with Europeanstandard but also remains stability and dynamics of the cascaded system, thus providing asolution seamless implemented the DC/DC of two-section solar inverter applications as wellas the reference of stable determination for the cascades between other levels.
To feed solar DC into grid necessitating the inverter to convert DC to AC, the invertermust control its output current in synchronized with grid voltage of the same frequency andphase as well as unity power factor. The dissertation proposes current tracking control, gridvoltage feed-forward control and two close loop control strategy in which PI constant controlthe DC side voltage in front of inverting, compares and analyzes the external characteristics ofproportional resonant control and PI control as regulating current inner loop, according to thesimulation results PR control is adopted as realizing the output current inner loop withnon-static error and reduces effect of the grid frequency displacement. The grid voltagefeed-forward may eliminate the output current distortion resulting from grid voltage distortionor fluctuation, thus sharpening the power quality and anti-disturbing ability of grid connectedPV. The mathematical model of the control system is built. Related loop parameters designprocess is given, also single-phase inverter feeding grid simulation model established whichkeeps output current with the grid of the frequency/phase synchronism realized by using theDSP DPLL. The simulation results show that ideal sinusoidal output current is producedwhile avoiding the actual grid voltage distortion and spike, abrupt changing of solar arrayvoltage etc. Based on the grid connecting control strategy on an experimental prototype viaDSP digital control the inverter can generate electricity to the grid with a high power factor,having fast dynamic response, strong robustness with a high tracking precision, fast response,small THD of less than3%. Both simulation results and experimental waveforms verify thefeasibility and correctness of the control scheme.
Finally the essential common technology of grid connected photovoltaic generation isstudied on issues of instability and controlling the electricity quality when generating electricity at present, an novel vary step plus perturbation and observation method as theMPPT algorithm is analyzed and verified through the experiment, which indicating thedesigned MPPT implementation realizes the fast tenacious tracking the maximum power point.The principle of islanding detection method is analyzed in detail, a combined scheme isproposed of the over/under-voltage, over/under-frequency of the passive form islandingdetection, active one and the phase shifting one, uses DSP as numerical control leading to thebig simplification of realizing the inverter islanding detection, which is completed on DSPcontrol including the island protect electric circuit and software design, experimental resultsshow that rapid, reliable islanding detection scheme in this dissertation brings out themaximum detection time required being far less than the international standards, the NDZ isvery small. Based on the above theoretical analysis and research, the1500Wnon-isolation/isolation grid-connected solar inverter is carried on, and testing experimentplatform built, the software design procedure of the system in CCS development environmentis given, the direct component examination and EMC experiment are conducted and obtainedthe authentication catering for international standards, the abundant practical experimentalresults obtained confirm the feasibility and correctness of theoretical analysis and design inthis dissertation.
引文
[1]吴万林.论绿色太阳能发电的经济效益[J].科技与企业,2012,11(8):19-20.
[2] IEA. Key world energy statistics2012, Technical report, International Energy Agency.http://www.iea.org/.
[3]国家中长期科技发展规划纲要(2006－2020)[R].北京：国务院,2006,2,9.
[4]中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会,可再生能源中长期发展规划(发改能源[2007]2174号)
[R].北京：中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会，2007,8,31
[5]李华.中国光伏产业发展战略研究[D].上海：上海交通大学,2009.
[6]北京华经纵横咨询有限公司产业研究部.2008-2009年中国光伏发电用逆变器市场分析及预测报告[R].2010.
[7]王霞.中国光伏产业的现状及展望[J].电源技术,2009,33(8):737-740.
[8] Salas V, Ol as E, Alonsob M, et al. Overview of the legislation of DC injection in the network for lowvoltage small grid-connected PV systems in Spain and other countries[J]. Renewable and SustainableEnergy Reviews,2008(12):575-583.
[9]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检疫检验总局.中国国家标准化管理委员会. GB/T19939-2005光伏系统并网技术要求[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2006.
[10] Salas V, Alonso-Abella M, Olias E, et al. DC current injection into the network from PV inverters of5kW for low-voltage small grid-connected PV systems[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,2007,91(9):801-806.
[11]李冬辉,王鹤雄,朱晓丹,等.光伏并网发电系统几个关键问题的研究[J].电力系统保护与控制,2010,38(21):208-214.
[12] Blewitt W M, Atkinson D J, Kelly J, et al. Approach to low-cost prevention of DC injection intransformerless grid connected inverters[J]. IET Power Electron,2010,3(1):111-119.
[13] Chan, F., Calleja, H. Reliability estimation of three single-phase topologies in grid-connected PVsystems[J], IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.2011,58(7):2683–2689.
[14] Blaabjerg, F., Chen, Z., Kjaer, S. B. Power electronics as efficient interface in dispersed powergeneration systems[J], IEEE Trans. Power Electron.2004,19(5):1184–1194.
[15] Burger, B. and Schmidt, H.,25Years Transformerless Inverters[C]. Proceedings of PVSEC,2007.
[16]刘东冉，陈树勇，马敏等．光伏发电系统模型综述[J]．电网技术,2011,35(8):47-52.
[17]舒杰.高频并网光伏逆变器的主电路拓扑技术[J].电力电子技术,2008,42(7):79-82.
[18] Lai, J.-S. Power conditioning circuit topologies: power conversion from lowvoltage dc to high-voltageac for single-phase grid-tie applications[J], IEEE Ind. Electron.Mag.2009,3(2):24–34.
[19] G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, R. Teodorescu, etc, Reliability issues in photovoltaic power processingsystems[J], IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics,2008,55(7):2569-2580.
[20] M. A. Eltawil, and Z. Zhao, Grid-connected photovoltaic power systems: Technical and potentialproblems–Areview[J], Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2010,14(1):112-129.
[21]张文，薛家祥. PCMC Boost转换器与EMI滤波器的级联系统设计[J].华南理工大学学报:自然科学版,2013,33(4)：39-46
[22] C. R. Paul. Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility[M]. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New York,USA,1999.
[23] R. W. Erickson, and D. Maksimovic. Fundamentals of Power Electronics(Second Edition)[M].Kluwer Academic Publishers,2001.
[24] N. Mohan, T. Undeland, and W. Robbins. Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, andDesign(Second Edition)[M]. NewYork: John Wiley&Sons,1995.
[25] C. W. Deisch. Simple switching control method changes power converter into a current source[C].Proc.IEEE PESC’78,1978:300-304.
[26] R. Redl, and N. O. Sokal. Near optimum dynamic regulation of DC-DC converters using feedBoost ofoutput current and input voltage with current mode control[J].IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, July1986,PE-1(3):181-191.
[27] R. D. Middlebrook. Input filter considerations in design and applications of switching regulators[C].Proc. IEEE IAS’76,1976:366-382.
[28] Xu, C.D. Cheng, K.W.E. Examination of bifurcation of the non-linear dynamics in buck-Boostconverters with input capacitor rectifier[J].IET Power Electronics,2011,4(2):209.
[29] Vesti, S., Oliver, J.A., Prieto, R., Cobos, J.A., Suntio, T.. Stability and transient performanceassessment in a COTS-module-based distributed DC/DC system[C].Telecommunications EnergyConference (INTELEC),2011IEEE33rd International:1-7.
[30] Feng X, Liu J, Lee F C. Impedance specifications for stable DC distributed power systems [J]. IEEETransactions on Power Electronics,2002,17(2):157-162
[31] Vesti, S., Oliver, J.A., Prieto, R., Combos, J.A., Huusari, J., Suntio, T.. Practical characterization ofinput-parallel-connected converters with a common input filter[C].Applied Power ElectronicsConference and Exposition (APEC),2012Twenty-SeventhAnnual IEEE:1845-1852.
[32]吴涛,阮新波.分布式供电系统中源变换器输出阻抗的研究[J]．中国电机工程学报,2008,28(3)：66-72．
[33]吴涛,阮新波．分布式供电系统中负载变换器的输入阻抗分析[J]．中国电机工程学报,2008,28(12)：20-25．
[34]姚雨迎,张东来,徐殿国．级联式DC/DC变换器输出阻抗的优化设计与稳定性[J]．电工技术学报,2009,24(3)：147-152．
[35]傅望.光伏电池工程用数学模型研究[J].电工技术学报，2011(10):211-216.
[36]张臻，沈辉，李达.局部阴影遮挡的太阳电池组件输出特性实验研究[J].太阳能学报,2012,33(1):5-12.
[37] Ropp M E, Begovic M, Rohatgi A. Analysis and performance assessment of the active frequency driftmethod of islanding prevention[J]. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,1999,14(3):810-816.
[38]郑诗程,丁明,苏建徽,等.光伏发电系统及其孤岛效应的仿真与实验研究[J].系统仿真学报,2005,17(12):3085-3088.
[39] Patcharaprakiti N, Premrudeepreechacharn S. Maximum power point tracking using adaptive fuzzylogic control for grid-connected photovoltaic system[C]. IEEE Power Engineering Society WinterMeeting.2002,1:372-377
[40] Xuanyuan Wang，Kazerani.M. A novel maximum power point tracking method for photovoltaicgrid-connected inverters[C]. The29th Annual Conference of the IEEE,2003,3:2332-2337
[41] Esram, T. and Chapman, P. L.Comparison of photovoltaic array maximum power point trackingtechniques[J], IEEE Trans. Energy Convers.2007,22(2):439–449.
[42]余世杰.光伏水泵系统的最大功率点跟踪器[J].太阳能学报,1991,12(3):225-230.
[43]李晶.光伏发电系统中最大功率点跟踪算法的研究[J].太阳能学报,2007,28(3):268-273.
[44]张建坡，张红艳，马朝晖.光伏系统变步长最大功率跟踪策略仿真研究[J].可再生能源,2009,27(5):10-14.
[45] Patel, H. and Agarwal, V. Maximum power point tracking scheme for PV systems operating underpartially shaded conditions[J], IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.2008,55(4):1689–1698.
[46]王兴贵，刘健.光伏电源系统最大功率点跟踪控制方法的研究[J].电力电子技术,2009,43(9):38-40.
[47] Wang, Y.-J. and Hsu, P.-C. Analytical modelling of partial shading and different orientation ofphotovoltaic modules[J], IET Renew. Power Gener.2010,4(3):272–282.
[48] Shimizu T，Wada K，Nakamura N．.Flyback-Type Single-Phase Utility Interactive Inverter With PowerPulsation Decoupling on the DC Input for an AC Photovoltaic Module System[J].IEEE Trans on PE，2006，21(5):1264—1272．
[49] Maki, A. and Valkealahti, S. Power losses in long string and parallel-connected short strings ofseries-connected silicon-based photovoltaic modules due to partial shading conditions[J], IEEE Trans.Energy Convers.2012,27(1):173–183.
[50]吴小进,魏学业,丁蓉蓉,等.复杂光照环境下光伏阵列MPPT算法研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2012，44(1):132-138.
[51]程启明.光伏电池最大功率点的跟踪方法[J].上海电机学院学报,2009,25(8):346-352.
[52] Salas, V., M. Alonso-Abellá. Analysis of the maximum power point tracking in the photovoltaic gridinverters of5kW[J]. Renewable Energy,2009,34(11):2366-2372.
[53]姚志垒，王赞，肖岚，等．一种新的逆变器并网控制策略的研究[J]．中国电机工程学报，2006，26(18)：61-64．
[54]王兴贵，刘健.光伏并网发电系统中逆变器的设计与控制方法[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(20):97-102.
[55] Koutroul Is E, Kala K, Voulgar Is C. Development of a microcontroller based photovoltaic maximumpower point tracking control system [J]. IEEE Trans on Power Electronics,2001,16(1):46-54.
[56] Wen Zhang, Jiaxiang Xue, Hongbo Jiang. Design of the Controller for PCMC Forward Converters[J].Advanced Materials Research,2012,591-593(11):1535-1538
[57] IEEE Std.929-2000, IEEE Recommended Practice for Utility Interface of Photovoltaic (PV) Systems,IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee21on Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, andEnergy Storage, NY,USA:IEEE,2000.
[58] UL1741-1999.Standard for Static Inverters and Charge Controllers for Use in Photovoltaic PowerSystems.USA:UL,1999
[59] Ciobotaru, M., Agelidis, V. G., Teodorescu, R. and Blaabjerg, F. Accurate and less-disturbing activeantiislanding method based on PLL for grid-connected converters[J], IEEE Trans. Power Electron.2010,25(6):1576–1584.
[60] Chiang, W.-J., H.-L. Jou, et al. Active islanding detection method for the grid-connected photovoltaicgeneration system[J]. Electric Power Systems Research,2010,80(4):372-379
[61]张纯江,郭忠南,孟慧英,等.主动电流扰动法在并网发电系统孤岛检测中的应用[J].电工技术学报,2007,22(7):176-179.
[62] Rodriguez.C, Amaratunga G. A. J. Dynamic maximum power injection control of AC photovoltaicmodules using current-mode control[C]. Electric Power Applications, IEE Proceedings,2006,153(1):83~87
[63] Belkacem F., Diallo D., Capolino G. A.Design and control of a low power DC-AC converter fed by aphotovoltaic array[C].39th IndustryApplications Conference,2004:1161-1164.
[64] Stevens J, Ginn J, Gonzalez S, et al. Development and testing of an approach to anti-islanding inutility interconnected photovoltaic systems[R]. Sandia National Laboratories: Albuquerque, NM. Aug.2000.
[65]林少华，许洪华．基于电网电压前馈的光伏并网逆变器的仿真与实现[J]．可再生能源，2008，26(4)：10-12．
[66]刘方锐，余蜜，张宇，等．主动移频法在光伏并网逆变器并联运行下的孤岛检测机理研究[J]．中国电机工程学报，2009，29(12)：47-51．
[67] Smith G A, Onions P A, Infield D G. Predicting islanding operation of grid connected PV inverters[J].IEE Proc Electr. Power Appl.,2000,147(1):1-6.
[68] Ropp M. Design issues for grid-connected photovoltaic systems[D]. Atlanta: Georgia Institute ofTechnology,1998.
[69]禹华军,潘俊民.并网发电逆变系统孤岛检测新方法的研究[J].电力系统及其自动化学报,2005,17(5):55-59.
[70]沈辉.太阳能光伏发电技术[M].化学工业出版社，2009:127-128.
[71] Villanueva, E., Correa, P., Rodriguez, J. and Pacas, M. Control of a single-phase cascaded H-bridgemultilevel inverter for grid-connected photovoltaic systems[J], IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.2009,56(11):4399–4406.
[72]彭乐乐，孙以泽，林学龙等.工程用太阳电池模型及参数确定法[J].太阳能学报,2012,33(3):283-286.
[73] Wu, J.-F., Chang, C.-H., Lin, L.-C. and Kuo, C.-L. Power loss comparison of single-and two-stagegrid connected photovoltaic systems[J], IEEE Trans. Energy Convers.2011,26(2):707–715.
[74]姚金生.元器件(第二版)[M].电子工业出版社，2009:8-9.
[75]陈兴峰，曹志峰，焦在强等.基于DSP的20kW单相并网光伏逆变器[J].电气应用,2005,24(8):53-55.
[76] TMS320F2808, TMS320F2806，TMS320F2801, UCD9501Digital Signal Processors Data Manual, TILiterature Number SPRS230F.
[77] Benavides, N. D. and Chapman, P. L. Modeling the effect of voltage ripple on the power output ofphotovoltaic modules[J], IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.2008,55(7):2638–2643.
[78] Liserre, M., Blaabjerg, F. and Dell’Aquila, A. Step-by-step design procedure for a grid-connectedthree-phase PWM voltage source converter[J], Int. J. Electronics,2004,91(8):445–460.
[79]彭双剑，罗安，荣飞，等．LCL滤波器的单相光伏并网控制策略[J]．中国电机工程学报，2011，31(21)：17-24．
[80] Xiao Huafeng，Xie Shaojun，Chen Yang，et al．An optimized transformerless photovoltaicgrid-connected inverter[J]．IEEE Trans. on Industry Electronics，2011，58(5)：1887-1895．
[81] Mazumder S K，Burra R K，Huang R，et al．Auniversal grid-connected fuel-cell inverter for residentialapplication[J]．IEEE Trans. on Industry Electronics，2010，57(10)：3431-3447．
[82]周志敏,纪爱华.太阳能光伏发电系统设计与应用实例[M].电子工业出版社，2010:114-158.
[83] Application Report Understanding Boost Power Stages in Switchmode Power Supplies, TI LiteratureNumber SLVA061.
[84]陈建萍,张文.一种基于IR2113的隔离型MOSFET驱动电路设计[J].赣南师范学院学报，2011,32(3):57-59
[85]谭颖琦.基于线性光耦HCNR200的DSP采集电路设计与实现[J].电测与仪表，2006,43(6):46-48.
[86] Xiao,W., Dunford,W. G., Palmer, P. R. and Capel, A. Regulation of photovoltaic voltage[J], IEEETrans. Ind. Electron.2007,54(3):1365–1374.
[87] Popovic-Gerber, J., Ferreira, J. A. and van Wyk, J. D. Quantifying the value of power electronics insustainable electrical energy systems[J], IEEE Trans. Power Electron.2011,26(12):3534–3544.
[88] Suntio, T. Dynamic Profile of Switched-Mode Converter: Modeling, Analysis and Control[M],Wiley-VCH, Germany.2009.
[89] M. A. S. Masoum, H. Dehbonei, and E. F. Fuchs.Theoretical and experimental analyses ofphotovoltaic systems with voltage and current-based maximum power-point tracking[J], IEEE Trans.Energy Convers.,2002,17(4):514–522.
[90] G. C. Goodwin, S. F. Graebe, and M. E. Salgado, Control System Design. Upper Saddle River[M], NJ:Prentice-Hall,2001.
[91](美)伦克著.王正仕,张军明译.实用开关电源设计[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2006.
[92]张占松，蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计[M].北京：电子工业出版社，1998.
[93]阮新波,严仰光.脉宽调制DC/DC全桥变换器的软开关技术(第二版)[M].北京:科学出版社,2012.
[94]刘胜利编著.现代高频开关电源实用技术[M].电子工业出版社,2001
[95] Kerekes, T., Teodorescu, R. and Borup, U. Transformerless photovoltaic inverters connected to thegrid[C],22nd Annu. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference(APEC), Anaheim, California, U.S.,2007:1733–1737.
[96]张兴，曹仁贤．太阳能光伏并网发电及其逆变控制[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2011：1-30．
[97]兰吉昌. TMS32OF2812DSP应用实例精讲[M].化学工业出版社，2010:260-271.
[98]王兴贵.“风光柴”发电系统10kW风电并网逆变器设计[J].电力电子技术,2010,44(10):1-3.
[99] Lopez, O., Teodorescu, R., Freijedo, F. etc., Leakage Current Evaluation of a Single-PhaseTransformerless PV Inverter Connected to the Grid. Applied Power Electronics Conference, APEC2007–Twenty SecondAnnual IEEE,25February–1March2007:907–912.
[100] Wibawa Chou. Choose Your IGBTs Correctly for Solar Inverter Applications[J]. Power ElectronicsTechnology, August2008,74(4):20-22.
[101]王水平. MOSFET/IGBT驱动集成电路及应用[M].人民邮电出版社,2009:198-201.
[102]周志敏,周纪海,纪爱华.开关电源功率因数校正电路设计与应用[M].人民邮电出版社,2004:194-218.
[103]张文，魏仲华，薛家祥等.一种用于光伏逆变器的反激式开关电源的设计[J].半导体光电,2011,32(4):576-579
[104]陈建萍,张文.一种基于FAN6754N的PWM反激式开关电源的设计[J].电测与仪表，2011,48(10):88-92
[105]周志敏,周纪海,纪爱华编著.开关电源实用电路[M].中国电力出版社，2006:191-194.
[106]王长贵.太阳能光伏发电实用技术(第2版)[M].化学工业出版社,2010:1-12
[107]张思章.高频隔离型并网逆变器的研制[D].广州：华南理工大学2012.
[108]钟良文.高效单相非隔离型光伏并网逆变器的研制[D].广州：华南理工大学2012.
[109] HP. High-LinearityAnalog Optocouplers Technical Data: HCNR200/HCNR201.
[110] LEM.high-linearity analog optocouplers technical Data [Z].Geneva LEM1997.
[111] LEM.Current transducer CKSR series[Z].Geneva LEM1997.
[112] R. D. Middlebrook. Modeling current-programmed buck and Boost regulators[J]. IEEE Trans. onPower Electronics, January1989,4(1):36-52.
[113] T. Suntio, M. Hankaniemi, T. Roinila, Dynamical modelling of peak-current-mode-controlledconverter in continuous conduction mode[J]. Elsevier Simulation Modelling Practice Theory,2007,15(10):1320–1337.
[114] R.B. Ridley. A new continuous-time model for current-mode control[J]. IEEE Transactions on PowerElectronics,1991,6(2):271–280.
[115] F. D. Tan, R. D. Middlebrook. A Unified model for current programmed converters[J]. IEEE Trans.on Power Electronics,1995,10(4):397-408.
[116] M. Karppanen, M. Hankaniemi, T. Suntio, et al. Dynamical characterization ofpeak-current-mode-controlled buck converter with output-current feedforward[J]. IEEE Transactionson Power Electronics,2007,22(2):444–451.
[117] R. Mammano, and B. Carsten. Understanding and optimizing electromagnetic compatibility inswitchmode power supplies[C]. Proc. Power Supply Design Seminar SEM1500, Texas Instruments,2002:1-1–1-17.
[118] T. Suntio, I. Gadoura, and K. Zenger. Input filter interactions in peakcurrent-mode controlled buckconverter operating in CICM[J]. IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, February2002,49(1):76-86.
[119] Carrasco, J. M., Franquelo, L. G., Bialasiewicz, J. T., Galvan, E., Guisado, R. C. P., Prats, M. A. M.,Leon, J. I. and Moreno-Alfonso, N. Power-electronic systems for the grid integration of renewableenergy sources: Asurvey[J], IEEE Trans. Ind.Electron.2006,53(4):1002–1016.
[120]窦伟，徐正国，彭燕昌，等.三相光伏并网逆变器输出电流波形控制技术研究[J].太阳能学报,2007,28（11）：22-26
[121]王飞,余世杰.太阳能光伏并网发电系统的研究[J].电工技术学报,2005,20(5):72-74.
[122] IEEE．STD929~2000IEEE recommended practice for utility interface of photovoltaic(PV)systems[S]．NewYork：IEEE，2002．
[123]董密,罗安.光伏并网发电系统中逆变器的设计与控制方法[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(20):97-102.
[124]顾和荣,杨子龙,邬伟扬.并网逆变器输出电流滞环跟踪控制技术研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2006,26(9):108-112.
[125]刘胜荣,杨苹,肖莹,等.两级式光伏并网逆变器的无差拍控制算法研究[J].电力系统保护与控制,2010,38(8):26-29.
[126]杨勇,阮毅,叶斌英,等．三相并网逆变器无差拍电流预测控制方法[J]．中国电机工程学报,2009,9(37):40-46．
[127]郑诗程,刘伟.光伏并网发电系统及其控制策略的研究与仿真[J].系统仿真学报,2009,21(19):6161-6165.
[128] Wu E，Lehn P W．Digital current control of a voltage source converter with active damping of lclresonance[J]．IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics，2006，21(5)：1364-1373．
[129] Shen Guoqiao，Zhu Xuancai，Zhang Jun，et al. A new feedback method for PR current control ofLCL-fillter based grid-connected inverter[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics，2010，54(4):11861194．
[130]吴春华,陈国呈,丁海洋,等．一种新型光伏并网逆变器控制策略[J]．中国电机工程学报,2007,27(33):103-107．
[131]刘飞,徐鹏威,陈国强,等．基于LCL滤波器的三相光伏并网控制系统研究[J]．太阳能学报,2008,29(8):965-971．
[132]姜世公,王卫,王盼宝,等．基于功率前馈的单相光伏并网控制策略[J]．电力自动化设备,2010,30(6):16-22．
[133]耿攀,吴卫民,叶银忠,等.基于重复控制的单相分时复合级联光伏逆变器控制[J].电工技术学报,2011,26(3):116-122.
[134] S. B. Kjaer, J. K. Pedersen and F. Blaabjerg. A Review of Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverters forPhotovoltaic Modules[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,2005,41(5):1292-1306.
[135]徐志英，许爱国，谢少军．采用LCL滤波器的并网逆变器双闭环入网电流控制技术[J]．中国电机工程学报，2009，29(27)：36-41．
[136]张强，张崇巍，张兴，等．风力发电用大功率并网逆变器研究[J]．中国电机工程学报，2007，27(16)：55-59．
[137] Shen Guoqiao,Xu Dehong,Cao Luping, et al．An improved control strategy for grid-connectedvoltage source inverters with an LCL filter[J]．IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics，2008，23(4)：1899-1906．
[138]沈国桥，徐德鸿．LCL滤波并网逆变器的分裂电容法电流控制[J]．中国电机工程学报，2008，28(18)：36-41．
[139] APapathanassiou,S A Papathanassiou,S N Manias,et al. Current Control of a Voltage Source InverterConnected to the Grid via LCLFilter[C].PESC’07.Orlando,FL,United States,2007:2379-2384.
[140]汪海宁,苏建徽,丁明,等.光伏并网功率调节系统[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,27(2):75-79.
[141] Yazdani A,Iravani R. A unified dynamic model and control for the voltage sourced converter underunbalanced grid conditions[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2006,21(3):1620-1629.
[142] Abeyyasekera T, Johnson CM, Atkinson D J,et al. Suppression of line voltage related distortion incurrent controlled grid connected inverter[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics，2005,20(6):1393-1401
[143]光伏系统并网技术要求.GB/T1993-2005.中国国家标准化管理委员会,2005.11.11.
[144]陈卫民,陈国呈,吴春华,等.基于分布式并网发电的新型孤岛检测研究[J].电工技术学报,2007,22(8):114-118
[145]张恩领．光伏发电系统并网控制与孤岛检测的研究[D]．天津：天津大学，2010．
[146] Standards Australia. AS4777.2-2005Grid connection of energy systems via inverters-Inverterrequirements,2005:12-19
[147]刘家恒.基于DSP的新型并网逆变器的研制[J].电力电子技术,2009,43(6):50-53.
[148] Application Report TMS320C2000DSP Controllers: A Perfect Fit for Solar Power Inverters, TILiterature Number SPRAAE3.
[149] Carrasco, J. M., Franquelo, L. G., Bialasiewicz, J. T., etc. Power-electronic systems for the gridintegration of renewable energy sources: A survey[J], IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.2006,53(4):1002–1016.
[150] Chen C，Wang Y，Lai J，et al．Design of parallel inverters for smooth mode transfer micro-gridapplications[J]．IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics，2010，25(1)：6-15．
[151]刘芙蓉，康勇，王辉，等.主动移相式孤岛检测的一种改进的算法[J].电工技术学报，2010,25(3):172-176
[152] Salas V, Olías E, Alonso M, et al. DC current injection into the network from PV grid inverters[C].Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Conference Record of the2006IEEE4th World Conference on, May2006, Hawaii, USA,2006:2371-2374．
[2] IEA. Key world energy statistics2012, Technical report, International Energy Agency.http://www.iea.org/.
[3]国家中长期科技发展规划纲要(2006－2020)[R].北京：国务院,2006,2,9.
[4]中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会,可再生能源中长期发展规划(发改能源[2007]2174号)
[R].北京：中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会，2007,8,31
[5]李华.中国光伏产业发展战略研究[D].上海：上海交通大学,2009.
[6]北京华经纵横咨询有限公司产业研究部.2008-2009年中国光伏发电用逆变器市场分析及预测报告[R].2010.
[7]王霞.中国光伏产业的现状及展望[J].电源技术,2009,33(8):737-740.
[8] Salas V, Ol as E, Alonsob M, et al. Overview of the legislation of DC injection in the network for lowvoltage small grid-connected PV systems in Spain and other countries[J]. Renewable and SustainableEnergy Reviews,2008(12):575-583.
[9]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检疫检验总局.中国国家标准化管理委员会. GB/T19939-2005光伏系统并网技术要求[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2006.
[10] Salas V, Alonso-Abella M, Olias E, et al. DC current injection into the network from PV inverters of5kW for low-voltage small grid-connected PV systems[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,2007,91(9):801-806.
[11]李冬辉,王鹤雄,朱晓丹,等.光伏并网发电系统几个关键问题的研究[J].电力系统保护与控制,2010,38(21):208-214.
[12] Blewitt W M, Atkinson D J, Kelly J, et al. Approach to low-cost prevention of DC injection intransformerless grid connected inverters[J]. IET Power Electron,2010,3(1):111-119.
[13] Chan, F., Calleja, H. Reliability estimation of three single-phase topologies in grid-connected PVsystems[J], IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.2011,58(7):2683–2689.
[14] Blaabjerg, F., Chen, Z., Kjaer, S. B. Power electronics as efficient interface in dispersed powergeneration systems[J], IEEE Trans. Power Electron.2004,19(5):1184–1194.
[15] Burger, B. and Schmidt, H.,25Years Transformerless Inverters[C]. Proceedings of PVSEC,2007.
[16]刘东冉，陈树勇，马敏等．光伏发电系统模型综述[J]．电网技术,2011,35(8):47-52.
[17]舒杰.高频并网光伏逆变器的主电路拓扑技术[J].电力电子技术,2008,42(7):79-82.
[18] Lai, J.-S. Power conditioning circuit topologies: power conversion from lowvoltage dc to high-voltageac for single-phase grid-tie applications[J], IEEE Ind. Electron.Mag.2009,3(2):24–34.
[19] G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, R. Teodorescu, etc, Reliability issues in photovoltaic power processingsystems[J], IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics,2008,55(7):2569-2580.
[20] M. A. Eltawil, and Z. Zhao, Grid-connected photovoltaic power systems: Technical and potentialproblems–Areview[J], Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2010,14(1):112-129.
[21]张文，薛家祥. PCMC Boost转换器与EMI滤波器的级联系统设计[J].华南理工大学学报:自然科学版,2013,33(4)：39-46
[22] C. R. Paul. Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility[M]. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New York,USA,1999.
[23] R. W. Erickson, and D. Maksimovic. Fundamentals of Power Electronics(Second Edition)[M].Kluwer Academic Publishers,2001.
[24] N. Mohan, T. Undeland, and W. Robbins. Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, andDesign(Second Edition)[M]. NewYork: John Wiley&Sons,1995.
[25] C. W. Deisch. Simple switching control method changes power converter into a current source[C].Proc.IEEE PESC’78,1978:300-304.
[26] R. Redl, and N. O. Sokal. Near optimum dynamic regulation of DC-DC converters using feedBoost ofoutput current and input voltage with current mode control[J].IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, July1986,PE-1(3):181-191.
[27] R. D. Middlebrook. Input filter considerations in design and applications of switching regulators[C].Proc. IEEE IAS’76,1976:366-382.
[28] Xu, C.D. Cheng, K.W.E. Examination of bifurcation of the non-linear dynamics in buck-Boostconverters with input capacitor rectifier[J].IET Power Electronics,2011,4(2):209.
[29] Vesti, S., Oliver, J.A., Prieto, R., Cobos, J.A., Suntio, T.. Stability and transient performanceassessment in a COTS-module-based distributed DC/DC system[C].Telecommunications EnergyConference (INTELEC),2011IEEE33rd International:1-7.
[30] Feng X, Liu J, Lee F C. Impedance specifications for stable DC distributed power systems [J]. IEEETransactions on Power Electronics,2002,17(2):157-162
[31] Vesti, S., Oliver, J.A., Prieto, R., Combos, J.A., Huusari, J., Suntio, T.. Practical characterization ofinput-parallel-connected converters with a common input filter[C].Applied Power ElectronicsConference and Exposition (APEC),2012Twenty-SeventhAnnual IEEE:1845-1852.
[32]吴涛,阮新波.分布式供电系统中源变换器输出阻抗的研究[J]．中国电机工程学报,2008,28(3)：66-72．
[33]吴涛,阮新波．分布式供电系统中负载变换器的输入阻抗分析[J]．中国电机工程学报,2008,28(12)：20-25．
[34]姚雨迎,张东来,徐殿国．级联式DC/DC变换器输出阻抗的优化设计与稳定性[J]．电工技术学报,2009,24(3)：147-152．
[35]傅望.光伏电池工程用数学模型研究[J].电工技术学报，2011(10):211-216.
[36]张臻，沈辉，李达.局部阴影遮挡的太阳电池组件输出特性实验研究[J].太阳能学报,2012,33(1):5-12.
[37] Ropp M E, Begovic M, Rohatgi A. Analysis and performance assessment of the active frequency driftmethod of islanding prevention[J]. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,1999,14(3):810-816.
[38]郑诗程,丁明,苏建徽,等.光伏发电系统及其孤岛效应的仿真与实验研究[J].系统仿真学报,2005,17(12):3085-3088.
[39] Patcharaprakiti N, Premrudeepreechacharn S. Maximum power point tracking using adaptive fuzzylogic control for grid-connected photovoltaic system[C]. IEEE Power Engineering Society WinterMeeting.2002,1:372-377
[40] Xuanyuan Wang，Kazerani.M. A novel maximum power point tracking method for photovoltaicgrid-connected inverters[C]. The29th Annual Conference of the IEEE,2003,3:2332-2337
[41] Esram, T. and Chapman, P. L.Comparison of photovoltaic array maximum power point trackingtechniques[J], IEEE Trans. Energy Convers.2007,22(2):439–449.
[42]余世杰.光伏水泵系统的最大功率点跟踪器[J].太阳能学报,1991,12(3):225-230.
[43]李晶.光伏发电系统中最大功率点跟踪算法的研究[J].太阳能学报,2007,28(3):268-273.
[44]张建坡，张红艳，马朝晖.光伏系统变步长最大功率跟踪策略仿真研究[J].可再生能源,2009,27(5):10-14.
[45] Patel, H. and Agarwal, V. Maximum power point tracking scheme for PV systems operating underpartially shaded conditions[J], IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.2008,55(4):1689–1698.
[46]王兴贵，刘健.光伏电源系统最大功率点跟踪控制方法的研究[J].电力电子技术,2009,43(9):38-40.
[47] Wang, Y.-J. and Hsu, P.-C. Analytical modelling of partial shading and different orientation ofphotovoltaic modules[J], IET Renew. Power Gener.2010,4(3):272–282.
[48] Shimizu T，Wada K，Nakamura N．.Flyback-Type Single-Phase Utility Interactive Inverter With PowerPulsation Decoupling on the DC Input for an AC Photovoltaic Module System[J].IEEE Trans on PE，2006，21(5):1264—1272．
[49] Maki, A. and Valkealahti, S. Power losses in long string and parallel-connected short strings ofseries-connected silicon-based photovoltaic modules due to partial shading conditions[J], IEEE Trans.Energy Convers.2012,27(1):173–183.
[50]吴小进,魏学业,丁蓉蓉,等.复杂光照环境下光伏阵列MPPT算法研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2012，44(1):132-138.
[51]程启明.光伏电池最大功率点的跟踪方法[J].上海电机学院学报,2009,25(8):346-352.
[52] Salas, V., M. Alonso-Abellá. Analysis of the maximum power point tracking in the photovoltaic gridinverters of5kW[J]. Renewable Energy,2009,34(11):2366-2372.
[53]姚志垒，王赞，肖岚，等．一种新的逆变器并网控制策略的研究[J]．中国电机工程学报，2006，26(18)：61-64．
[54]王兴贵，刘健.光伏并网发电系统中逆变器的设计与控制方法[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(20):97-102.
[55] Koutroul Is E, Kala K, Voulgar Is C. Development of a microcontroller based photovoltaic maximumpower point tracking control system [J]. IEEE Trans on Power Electronics,2001,16(1):46-54.
[56] Wen Zhang, Jiaxiang Xue, Hongbo Jiang. Design of the Controller for PCMC Forward Converters[J].Advanced Materials Research,2012,591-593(11):1535-1538
[57] IEEE Std.929-2000, IEEE Recommended Practice for Utility Interface of Photovoltaic (PV) Systems,IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee21on Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, andEnergy Storage, NY,USA:IEEE,2000.
[58] UL1741-1999.Standard for Static Inverters and Charge Controllers for Use in Photovoltaic PowerSystems.USA:UL,1999
[59] Ciobotaru, M., Agelidis, V. G., Teodorescu, R. and Blaabjerg, F. Accurate and less-disturbing activeantiislanding method based on PLL for grid-connected converters[J], IEEE Trans. Power Electron.2010,25(6):1576–1584.
[60] Chiang, W.-J., H.-L. Jou, et al. Active islanding detection method for the grid-connected photovoltaicgeneration system[J]. Electric Power Systems Research,2010,80(4):372-379
[61]张纯江,郭忠南,孟慧英,等.主动电流扰动法在并网发电系统孤岛检测中的应用[J].电工技术学报,2007,22(7):176-179.
[62] Rodriguez.C, Amaratunga G. A. J. Dynamic maximum power injection control of AC photovoltaicmodules using current-mode control[C]. Electric Power Applications, IEE Proceedings,2006,153(1):83~87
[63] Belkacem F., Diallo D., Capolino G. A.Design and control of a low power DC-AC converter fed by aphotovoltaic array[C].39th IndustryApplications Conference,2004:1161-1164.
[64] Stevens J, Ginn J, Gonzalez S, et al. Development and testing of an approach to anti-islanding inutility interconnected photovoltaic systems[R]. Sandia National Laboratories: Albuquerque, NM. Aug.2000.
[65]林少华，许洪华．基于电网电压前馈的光伏并网逆变器的仿真与实现[J]．可再生能源，2008，26(4)：10-12．
[66]刘方锐，余蜜，张宇，等．主动移频法在光伏并网逆变器并联运行下的孤岛检测机理研究[J]．中国电机工程学报，2009，29(12)：47-51．
[67] Smith G A, Onions P A, Infield D G. Predicting islanding operation of grid connected PV inverters[J].IEE Proc Electr. Power Appl.,2000,147(1):1-6.
[68] Ropp M. Design issues for grid-connected photovoltaic systems[D]. Atlanta: Georgia Institute ofTechnology,1998.
[69]禹华军,潘俊民.并网发电逆变系统孤岛检测新方法的研究[J].电力系统及其自动化学报,2005,17(5):55-59.
[70]沈辉.太阳能光伏发电技术[M].化学工业出版社，2009:127-128.
[71] Villanueva, E., Correa, P., Rodriguez, J. and Pacas, M. Control of a single-phase cascaded H-bridgemultilevel inverter for grid-connected photovoltaic systems[J], IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.2009,56(11):4399–4406.
[72]彭乐乐，孙以泽，林学龙等.工程用太阳电池模型及参数确定法[J].太阳能学报,2012,33(3):283-286.
[73] Wu, J.-F., Chang, C.-H., Lin, L.-C. and Kuo, C.-L. Power loss comparison of single-and two-stagegrid connected photovoltaic systems[J], IEEE Trans. Energy Convers.2011,26(2):707–715.
[74]姚金生.元器件(第二版)[M].电子工业出版社，2009:8-9.
[75]陈兴峰，曹志峰，焦在强等.基于DSP的20kW单相并网光伏逆变器[J].电气应用,2005,24(8):53-55.
[76] TMS320F2808, TMS320F2806，TMS320F2801, UCD9501Digital Signal Processors Data Manual, TILiterature Number SPRS230F.
[77] Benavides, N. D. and Chapman, P. L. Modeling the effect of voltage ripple on the power output ofphotovoltaic modules[J], IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.2008,55(7):2638–2643.
[78] Liserre, M., Blaabjerg, F. and Dell’Aquila, A. Step-by-step design procedure for a grid-connectedthree-phase PWM voltage source converter[J], Int. J. Electronics,2004,91(8):445–460.
[79]彭双剑，罗安，荣飞，等．LCL滤波器的单相光伏并网控制策略[J]．中国电机工程学报，2011，31(21)：17-24．
[80] Xiao Huafeng，Xie Shaojun，Chen Yang，et al．An optimized transformerless photovoltaicgrid-connected inverter[J]．IEEE Trans. on Industry Electronics，2011，58(5)：1887-1895．
[81] Mazumder S K，Burra R K，Huang R，et al．Auniversal grid-connected fuel-cell inverter for residentialapplication[J]．IEEE Trans. on Industry Electronics，2010，57(10)：3431-3447．
[82]周志敏,纪爱华.太阳能光伏发电系统设计与应用实例[M].电子工业出版社，2010:114-158.
[83] Application Report Understanding Boost Power Stages in Switchmode Power Supplies, TI LiteratureNumber SLVA061.
[84]陈建萍,张文.一种基于IR2113的隔离型MOSFET驱动电路设计[J].赣南师范学院学报，2011,32(3):57-59
[85]谭颖琦.基于线性光耦HCNR200的DSP采集电路设计与实现[J].电测与仪表，2006,43(6):46-48.
[86] Xiao,W., Dunford,W. G., Palmer, P. R. and Capel, A. Regulation of photovoltaic voltage[J], IEEETrans. Ind. Electron.2007,54(3):1365–1374.
[87] Popovic-Gerber, J., Ferreira, J. A. and van Wyk, J. D. Quantifying the value of power electronics insustainable electrical energy systems[J], IEEE Trans. Power Electron.2011,26(12):3534–3544.
[88] Suntio, T. Dynamic Profile of Switched-Mode Converter: Modeling, Analysis and Control[M],Wiley-VCH, Germany.2009.
[89] M. A. S. Masoum, H. Dehbonei, and E. F. Fuchs.Theoretical and experimental analyses ofphotovoltaic systems with voltage and current-based maximum power-point tracking[J], IEEE Trans.Energy Convers.,2002,17(4):514–522.
[90] G. C. Goodwin, S. F. Graebe, and M. E. Salgado, Control System Design. Upper Saddle River[M], NJ:Prentice-Hall,2001.
[91](美)伦克著.王正仕,张军明译.实用开关电源设计[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2006.
[92]张占松，蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计[M].北京：电子工业出版社，1998.
[93]阮新波,严仰光.脉宽调制DC/DC全桥变换器的软开关技术(第二版)[M].北京:科学出版社,2012.
[94]刘胜利编著.现代高频开关电源实用技术[M].电子工业出版社,2001
[95] Kerekes, T., Teodorescu, R. and Borup, U. Transformerless photovoltaic inverters connected to thegrid[C],22nd Annu. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference(APEC), Anaheim, California, U.S.,2007:1733–1737.
[96]张兴，曹仁贤．太阳能光伏并网发电及其逆变控制[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2011：1-30．
[97]兰吉昌. TMS32OF2812DSP应用实例精讲[M].化学工业出版社，2010:260-271.
[98]王兴贵.“风光柴”发电系统10kW风电并网逆变器设计[J].电力电子技术,2010,44(10):1-3.
[99] Lopez, O., Teodorescu, R., Freijedo, F. etc., Leakage Current Evaluation of a Single-PhaseTransformerless PV Inverter Connected to the Grid. Applied Power Electronics Conference, APEC2007–Twenty SecondAnnual IEEE,25February–1March2007:907–912.
[100] Wibawa Chou. Choose Your IGBTs Correctly for Solar Inverter Applications[J]. Power ElectronicsTechnology, August2008,74(4):20-22.
[101]王水平. MOSFET/IGBT驱动集成电路及应用[M].人民邮电出版社,2009:198-201.
[102]周志敏,周纪海,纪爱华.开关电源功率因数校正电路设计与应用[M].人民邮电出版社,2004:194-218.
[103]张文，魏仲华，薛家祥等.一种用于光伏逆变器的反激式开关电源的设计[J].半导体光电,2011,32(4):576-579
[104]陈建萍,张文.一种基于FAN6754N的PWM反激式开关电源的设计[J].电测与仪表，2011,48(10):88-92
[105]周志敏,周纪海,纪爱华编著.开关电源实用电路[M].中国电力出版社，2006:191-194.
[106]王长贵.太阳能光伏发电实用技术(第2版)[M].化学工业出版社,2010:1-12
[107]张思章.高频隔离型并网逆变器的研制[D].广州：华南理工大学2012.
[108]钟良文.高效单相非隔离型光伏并网逆变器的研制[D].广州：华南理工大学2012.
[109] HP. High-LinearityAnalog Optocouplers Technical Data: HCNR200/HCNR201.
[110] LEM.high-linearity analog optocouplers technical Data [Z].Geneva LEM1997.
[111] LEM.Current transducer CKSR series[Z].Geneva LEM1997.
[112] R. D. Middlebrook. Modeling current-programmed buck and Boost regulators[J]. IEEE Trans. onPower Electronics, January1989,4(1):36-52.
[113] T. Suntio, M. Hankaniemi, T. Roinila, Dynamical modelling of peak-current-mode-controlledconverter in continuous conduction mode[J]. Elsevier Simulation Modelling Practice Theory,2007,15(10):1320–1337.
[114] R.B. Ridley. A new continuous-time model for current-mode control[J]. IEEE Transactions on PowerElectronics,1991,6(2):271–280.
[115] F. D. Tan, R. D. Middlebrook. A Unified model for current programmed converters[J]. IEEE Trans.on Power Electronics,1995,10(4):397-408.
[116] M. Karppanen, M. Hankaniemi, T. Suntio, et al. Dynamical characterization ofpeak-current-mode-controlled buck converter with output-current feedforward[J]. IEEE Transactionson Power Electronics,2007,22(2):444–451.
[117] R. Mammano, and B. Carsten. Understanding and optimizing electromagnetic compatibility inswitchmode power supplies[C]. Proc. Power Supply Design Seminar SEM1500, Texas Instruments,2002:1-1–1-17.
[118] T. Suntio, I. Gadoura, and K. Zenger. Input filter interactions in peakcurrent-mode controlled buckconverter operating in CICM[J]. IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, February2002,49(1):76-86.
[119] Carrasco, J. M., Franquelo, L. G., Bialasiewicz, J. T., Galvan, E., Guisado, R. C. P., Prats, M. A. M.,Leon, J. I. and Moreno-Alfonso, N. Power-electronic systems for the grid integration of renewableenergy sources: Asurvey[J], IEEE Trans. Ind.Electron.2006,53(4):1002–1016.
[120]窦伟，徐正国，彭燕昌，等.三相光伏并网逆变器输出电流波形控制技术研究[J].太阳能学报,2007,28（11）：22-26
[121]王飞,余世杰.太阳能光伏并网发电系统的研究[J].电工技术学报,2005,20(5):72-74.
[122] IEEE．STD929~2000IEEE recommended practice for utility interface of photovoltaic(PV)systems[S]．NewYork：IEEE，2002．
[123]董密,罗安.光伏并网发电系统中逆变器的设计与控制方法[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(20):97-102.
[124]顾和荣,杨子龙,邬伟扬.并网逆变器输出电流滞环跟踪控制技术研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2006,26(9):108-112.
[125]刘胜荣,杨苹,肖莹,等.两级式光伏并网逆变器的无差拍控制算法研究[J].电力系统保护与控制,2010,38(8):26-29.
[126]杨勇,阮毅,叶斌英,等．三相并网逆变器无差拍电流预测控制方法[J]．中国电机工程学报,2009,9(37):40-46．
[127]郑诗程,刘伟.光伏并网发电系统及其控制策略的研究与仿真[J].系统仿真学报,2009,21(19):6161-6165.
[128] Wu E，Lehn P W．Digital current control of a voltage source converter with active damping of lclresonance[J]．IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics，2006，21(5)：1364-1373．
[129] Shen Guoqiao，Zhu Xuancai，Zhang Jun，et al. A new feedback method for PR current control ofLCL-fillter based grid-connected inverter[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics，2010，54(4):11861194．
[130]吴春华,陈国呈,丁海洋,等．一种新型光伏并网逆变器控制策略[J]．中国电机工程学报,2007,27(33):103-107．
[131]刘飞,徐鹏威,陈国强,等．基于LCL滤波器的三相光伏并网控制系统研究[J]．太阳能学报,2008,29(8):965-971．
[132]姜世公,王卫,王盼宝,等．基于功率前馈的单相光伏并网控制策略[J]．电力自动化设备,2010,30(6):16-22．
[133]耿攀,吴卫民,叶银忠,等.基于重复控制的单相分时复合级联光伏逆变器控制[J].电工技术学报,2011,26(3):116-122.
[134] S. B. Kjaer, J. K. Pedersen and F. Blaabjerg. A Review of Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverters forPhotovoltaic Modules[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,2005,41(5):1292-1306.
[135]徐志英，许爱国，谢少军．采用LCL滤波器的并网逆变器双闭环入网电流控制技术[J]．中国电机工程学报，2009，29(27)：36-41．
[136]张强，张崇巍，张兴，等．风力发电用大功率并网逆变器研究[J]．中国电机工程学报，2007，27(16)：55-59．
[137] Shen Guoqiao,Xu Dehong,Cao Luping, et al．An improved control strategy for grid-connectedvoltage source inverters with an LCL filter[J]．IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics，2008，23(4)：1899-1906．
[138]沈国桥，徐德鸿．LCL滤波并网逆变器的分裂电容法电流控制[J]．中国电机工程学报，2008，28(18)：36-41．
[139] APapathanassiou,S A Papathanassiou,S N Manias,et al. Current Control of a Voltage Source InverterConnected to the Grid via LCLFilter[C].PESC’07.Orlando,FL,United States,2007:2379-2384.
[140]汪海宁,苏建徽,丁明,等.光伏并网功率调节系统[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,27(2):75-79.
[141] Yazdani A,Iravani R. A unified dynamic model and control for the voltage sourced converter underunbalanced grid conditions[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2006,21(3):1620-1629.
[142] Abeyyasekera T, Johnson CM, Atkinson D J,et al. Suppression of line voltage related distortion incurrent controlled grid connected inverter[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics，2005,20(6):1393-1401
[143]光伏系统并网技术要求.GB/T1993-2005.中国国家标准化管理委员会,2005.11.11.
[144]陈卫民,陈国呈,吴春华,等.基于分布式并网发电的新型孤岛检测研究[J].电工技术学报,2007,22(8):114-118
[145]张恩领．光伏发电系统并网控制与孤岛检测的研究[D]．天津：天津大学，2010．
[146] Standards Australia. AS4777.2-2005Grid connection of energy systems via inverters-Inverterrequirements,2005:12-19
[147]刘家恒.基于DSP的新型并网逆变器的研制[J].电力电子技术,2009,43(6):50-53.
[148] Application Report TMS320C2000DSP Controllers: A Perfect Fit for Solar Power Inverters, TILiterature Number SPRAAE3.
[149] Carrasco, J. M., Franquelo, L. G., Bialasiewicz, J. T., etc. Power-electronic systems for the gridintegration of renewable energy sources: A survey[J], IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.2006,53(4):1002–1016.
[150] Chen C，Wang Y，Lai J，et al．Design of parallel inverters for smooth mode transfer micro-gridapplications[J]．IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics，2010，25(1)：6-15．
[151]刘芙蓉，康勇，王辉，等.主动移相式孤岛检测的一种改进的算法[J].电工技术学报，2010,25(3):172-176
[152] Salas V, Olías E, Alonso M, et al. DC current injection into the network from PV grid inverters[C].Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Conference Record of the2006IEEE4th World Conference on, May2006, Hawaii, USA,2006:2371-2374．