采动断层突水机理研究
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摘要
矿井突水问题一直是困扰煤矿生产的一个难点问题,本文依托国家973计划项目“煤矿突水机理与防治基础理论研究”,围绕该项目拟解决的“采动岩体结构破坏与裂隙演化及渗流突变规律”科学问题进行研究,利用理论分析、数值模拟以及非线性方法等探讨了矿井突水的先决条件、断层活化突水机理、矿井涌水量的预测等问题。本文的主要研究内容及成果如下：
总结了矿井突水的两个先决条件——突水水源和突水通道,并结合实例分析其水文地质特征；重点阐述了断层的力学特征和水文地质特性,为本文的研究奠定了基础。
在分析地下水对岩体的物理化学及力学作用,以及探讨地下水对断层活化突水的影响规律的基础上,对水岩作用机理进行了研究。基于材料力学中的固支梁理论,建立了水压作用下断层张开位移方程。根据断裂力学中的D-M模型,提出了水压和矿压作用下断层附近岩体裂隙起裂的判据,并分析了水压、岩性和断层倾角对其影响的规律。
通过对底板隔水层破坏机理的研究,提出了底板组合隔水层概念,建立了底板组合隔水层的非线性力学模型,推导出了组合隔水层的非线性失稳的力学充要条件,分析了组合隔水层中软岩的力学性质及巷道跨度对组合隔水层稳定性的影响；从岩体力学理论着手,分析在矿压和水压作用下,采动断层对底板隔水层稳定性的影响,得到了底板隔水层临界水压力公式,并提出了断层影响下底板突水的判据,分析了断层倾角、断层的内聚力及隔水层厚度对底板突水的影响规律。
依据隔水关键层的概念,分析了小断层的突水机理。运用RFPA—FLOW2D软件模拟小断层突水规律,分析小断层影响下底板突水通道的形成过程。模拟结果表明小断层活化突水过程分三个阶段,即小断层活化阶段、小断层活化区扩展阶段和裂隙贯通阶段。通过对渗流场演化结果的解读发现渗流场与裂隙场同步演化,渗流场能标示工作面突水的位置；多条小断层活化突水模拟结果表明,底板中小断层分布密度越大,越容易发生底板突水。
针对矿井涌水量预测问题,基于分形和支持向量机理论建立矿井涌水量的非线性预测模型,在matlab下应用LIBSVM工具编制计算程序,利用所建立的模型对鹤壁四矿历年矿井涌水量的时间序列进行预测,并探讨了其预测效果。
针对铜角湾煤矿耒河下开采的工程问题,提出了走向条带开采与充填法相结合的水体下采煤的开采方案,并利用数值模拟结果验证所提出方案的可靠性。通过对比三种不同材料的充填效果,确定最优充填材料。
本文所做的研究工作,立足于学科前沿,运用各种理论和非线性方法,对采动断层突水机理及矿井涌水量预测问题进行了研究,具有较高的理论和应用价值,为系统开展矿井突水机理基础理论的研究奠定了基础。
Mine water inrush is a difficult problem which is always puzzling mine production. Relying on 973 National Basic Research Program of China -Research on Basic Theory about the Mechanism of Water Inrush and its Prevention, centering on the science problem being to solved - the structure failure, fracture evolution and flow catastrophe laws of mining strata, the problems including mine water inrush precondition, the water inrush mechanism of fault activation and the water inrush prediction are discussed with theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and nonlinear method in this paper. The main research contents and results are as follows.
The two preconditions of water inrush including water inrush source and pathway are summarized, and its hydrogeology features are analyzed with examples. The mechanical characteristics and hydrogeology features of fault are described with emphasis, which establish a foundation for the research of the paper.
Based on the analysis of physical, chemical and mechanical actions of groundwater on rock, and the effect of groundwater on fault activation, water-rock interaction mechanism is studied. With the clamped beam theory of material mechanics, the open displacement equation of fault is built under water pressure. According to the D-M model of fracture mechanics, the crack initiation criterion of single fracture near fault is proposed under hydraulic and underground pressure. The effects of hydrolic pressure, lithologic characters and fault angle are also discussed.
Through the research of failure mechanism of water-resisting floor, the concept of composed water-resisting floor is proposed. The nonlinear mechanical model of combined water-resisting floor is built, and its necessary and sufficient conditions of nonlinear destabilization are derived. The effects of soft rock's elastic modulus and tunnel span on the stability of the different composed water-resisting floor are analyzed. With rock mechanics theory, the effect of fault on the stability of water-resisting floor is discussed at the actions of mine pressure and hydraulic. The formula of critical water pressure supported by water-resisting strata is deduced, the water-inrush criterion is proposed simultaneously. Then the effect laws caused by the thickness of the water-resisting floor, the dip angle and cohesion force of fault on the water-resisting floor are analyzed.
Based on the concept of water-resisting key strata, the water inrush mechanism of little fault activation under ground pressure and hydraulic is analyzed. The water inrush laws of little fault are simulated with RFPA-FLOW2D. The results show that there are three periods including little fault activation, activation area extending and fracture transfixion in the process of water inrush. With the understanding of the seepage flow field, it shows that the seepage flow field evolves with the fracture field simultaneously, and it can label the position of the coal face water inrush. The simulation results of water inrush induced by several faults show that the larger the distribution density of little faults is, the easier the water inrush will happen.
For predicting the mine water inrush, the nonlinear prediction model of mine water inrush is established based on fractal and support vector machines theory. Under the Matlab environment, the calculating program is compiled with Libsvm. The mine water inrush of HeBi four mine in past years are predicted with the established model, and its prediction precision is discussed.
For the engineering problem of mining under Lei River in Tong Jiao Wan mine, the mining method of combining the strip mining with the backfill one is proposed. And its reliability is verified with numerical simulation. Through comparing the filling effect of three different filling materials, the optimal one is determined.
The water inrush mechanism of mining fault and mining water inrush prediction are researched in this dissertation based on the subject frontier, various theoretical and nonlinear methods. The results of this dissertation are useful both theoretically and practically, and established the foundation for the basic theory about the mechanism of water inrush.
总结了矿井突水的两个先决条件——突水水源和突水通道,并结合实例分析其水文地质特征；重点阐述了断层的力学特征和水文地质特性,为本文的研究奠定了基础。
在分析地下水对岩体的物理化学及力学作用,以及探讨地下水对断层活化突水的影响规律的基础上,对水岩作用机理进行了研究。基于材料力学中的固支梁理论,建立了水压作用下断层张开位移方程。根据断裂力学中的D-M模型,提出了水压和矿压作用下断层附近岩体裂隙起裂的判据,并分析了水压、岩性和断层倾角对其影响的规律。
通过对底板隔水层破坏机理的研究,提出了底板组合隔水层概念,建立了底板组合隔水层的非线性力学模型,推导出了组合隔水层的非线性失稳的力学充要条件,分析了组合隔水层中软岩的力学性质及巷道跨度对组合隔水层稳定性的影响；从岩体力学理论着手,分析在矿压和水压作用下,采动断层对底板隔水层稳定性的影响,得到了底板隔水层临界水压力公式,并提出了断层影响下底板突水的判据,分析了断层倾角、断层的内聚力及隔水层厚度对底板突水的影响规律。
依据隔水关键层的概念,分析了小断层的突水机理。运用RFPA—FLOW2D软件模拟小断层突水规律,分析小断层影响下底板突水通道的形成过程。模拟结果表明小断层活化突水过程分三个阶段,即小断层活化阶段、小断层活化区扩展阶段和裂隙贯通阶段。通过对渗流场演化结果的解读发现渗流场与裂隙场同步演化,渗流场能标示工作面突水的位置；多条小断层活化突水模拟结果表明,底板中小断层分布密度越大,越容易发生底板突水。
针对矿井涌水量预测问题,基于分形和支持向量机理论建立矿井涌水量的非线性预测模型,在matlab下应用LIBSVM工具编制计算程序,利用所建立的模型对鹤壁四矿历年矿井涌水量的时间序列进行预测,并探讨了其预测效果。
针对铜角湾煤矿耒河下开采的工程问题,提出了走向条带开采与充填法相结合的水体下采煤的开采方案,并利用数值模拟结果验证所提出方案的可靠性。通过对比三种不同材料的充填效果,确定最优充填材料。
本文所做的研究工作,立足于学科前沿,运用各种理论和非线性方法,对采动断层突水机理及矿井涌水量预测问题进行了研究,具有较高的理论和应用价值,为系统开展矿井突水机理基础理论的研究奠定了基础。
Mine water inrush is a difficult problem which is always puzzling mine production. Relying on 973 National Basic Research Program of China -Research on Basic Theory about the Mechanism of Water Inrush and its Prevention, centering on the science problem being to solved - the structure failure, fracture evolution and flow catastrophe laws of mining strata, the problems including mine water inrush precondition, the water inrush mechanism of fault activation and the water inrush prediction are discussed with theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and nonlinear method in this paper. The main research contents and results are as follows.
The two preconditions of water inrush including water inrush source and pathway are summarized, and its hydrogeology features are analyzed with examples. The mechanical characteristics and hydrogeology features of fault are described with emphasis, which establish a foundation for the research of the paper.
Based on the analysis of physical, chemical and mechanical actions of groundwater on rock, and the effect of groundwater on fault activation, water-rock interaction mechanism is studied. With the clamped beam theory of material mechanics, the open displacement equation of fault is built under water pressure. According to the D-M model of fracture mechanics, the crack initiation criterion of single fracture near fault is proposed under hydraulic and underground pressure. The effects of hydrolic pressure, lithologic characters and fault angle are also discussed.
Through the research of failure mechanism of water-resisting floor, the concept of composed water-resisting floor is proposed. The nonlinear mechanical model of combined water-resisting floor is built, and its necessary and sufficient conditions of nonlinear destabilization are derived. The effects of soft rock's elastic modulus and tunnel span on the stability of the different composed water-resisting floor are analyzed. With rock mechanics theory, the effect of fault on the stability of water-resisting floor is discussed at the actions of mine pressure and hydraulic. The formula of critical water pressure supported by water-resisting strata is deduced, the water-inrush criterion is proposed simultaneously. Then the effect laws caused by the thickness of the water-resisting floor, the dip angle and cohesion force of fault on the water-resisting floor are analyzed.
Based on the concept of water-resisting key strata, the water inrush mechanism of little fault activation under ground pressure and hydraulic is analyzed. The water inrush laws of little fault are simulated with RFPA-FLOW2D. The results show that there are three periods including little fault activation, activation area extending and fracture transfixion in the process of water inrush. With the understanding of the seepage flow field, it shows that the seepage flow field evolves with the fracture field simultaneously, and it can label the position of the coal face water inrush. The simulation results of water inrush induced by several faults show that the larger the distribution density of little faults is, the easier the water inrush will happen.
For predicting the mine water inrush, the nonlinear prediction model of mine water inrush is established based on fractal and support vector machines theory. Under the Matlab environment, the calculating program is compiled with Libsvm. The mine water inrush of HeBi four mine in past years are predicted with the established model, and its prediction precision is discussed.
For the engineering problem of mining under Lei River in Tong Jiao Wan mine, the mining method of combining the strip mining with the backfill one is proposed. And its reliability is verified with numerical simulation. Through comparing the filling effect of three different filling materials, the optimal one is determined.
The water inrush mechanism of mining fault and mining water inrush prediction are researched in this dissertation based on the subject frontier, various theoretical and nonlinear methods. The results of this dissertation are useful both theoretically and practically, and established the foundation for the basic theory about the mechanism of water inrush.
引文
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