基于UG的轮胎模具CAD/CAM技术研究
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摘要
模具CAD／CAM技术是先进制造技术的基础和重要组成部分，正在向着集成化、网络化、智能化的方向发展。本论文的题目是基于UG的轮胎模具CAD／CAM技术研究。课题首先对模具CAD／CAM技术的现状与发展进行了简要综述，在此基础上选择了微机Unigraphics(简称UG)系统作为支撑环境，根据客户提供的轮胎设计的二维图样，实现了轮胎模具基模的三维造型和数控加工，并进行了相关误差分析，满足了生产要求。
UG是当今世界上最先进和紧密集成的、面向制造业的CAD／CAE／CAM高端软件，具有工程制图、三维造型、机构分析、运动分析、制造、渲染和动画仿真、工业标准交互传输、模拟加工等强大功能，并具有先进的二次开发工具。论文对该系统的CAD／CAM功能进行了分析。
轮胎胎面及花纹是复杂的三维实体，本文利用UG的草图功能(Sketch)及扫描特征中的旋转体(Revolve Body)功能创建了全相关参数化的轮胎胎面三维造型，利用UG自由形式特征中的延伸片(Extension)功能、扫描(Swept)功能以及二次开发功能用户自定义特征UDF，完成了花纹的精确三维造型。
论文分析了UG系统提供的各种铣削加工类型的特点，分析了数控加工程序生成的方法与过程。根据轮胎模具基模及我公司数控机床的特点，分别选用了往复式曲面铣和可变轴曲面轮廓铣两种加工方法分别加工胎面及花纹，配置了机床的后置处理程序，并定制了具有本企业特点的加工模板，生成了五坐标联动数控程序，进行了仿真检验。利用我公司的五坐标联动数控加工中心完成了轮胎模具基础模的加工，取得了令人满意的效果。
为了提高加工精度，论文对数控加工的误差进行了分析，特别针对用三坐标联动加工模具的误差进行了分析，在此基础上提出了改进方法，对减少设备投资，降低加工成本具有一定实用性。
Mold CAD/CAM technology is the base and important part of advanced manufacturing technology. It is developing to the direction of integration, network and intelligence. The title of this thesis is Research on Tire Mold CAD/CAM Technology Based on UG. First, the article simply presents the current status and development of mold CAD/CAM technology, then on the basis, choose UG of PC version as a platform, as per customer's 2D drawings, set up a 3D model of tire molds and generate NC programs for manufacturing, finally, analyze the manufacturing errors. All above work meet the requirement of the production. UG is a high-end software, which is the most advanced and integrated CAD/CAE/CAM software which object to the manufacturing industry. It has a powerful function in drafting, 3D modeling, mechanism analysis, manufacturing, photo and animation, verification etc. and has advanced development tools.
Tire top and tread pattern are complicated 3D solids. Here in the thesis, by using Sketch and Revolve Body in Form feature of UG, an associated parameterized 3D model of tire top is set up. And by using of Extension, Swept of Free From Feature and UDF development function in UG, a precise 3D tread model is completed.
The thesis analyzes the feature and method of different milling manufacturing type provided by UG and the process of generating NC programs. According to the feature of base model of tire molds and our CNC machines, choose Zig-Zag Surface to manufacture tire top and use Variable Contour manufacture tread grooves, create postprocessor files for different machines, customize operation templates and generate out 5 axes coordinates NC programs, and make verifications before engraving. Master models were manufactured on the 5 axes CNC machines. To improve the manufacturing precision, Error analysis in NC manufacturing is performed in the thesis, especially in 3 axis manufacturing. On this basis, an improving method is carried out which are useful in decreasing equipment investment and decreasing cost.
UG是当今世界上最先进和紧密集成的、面向制造业的CAD／CAE／CAM高端软件，具有工程制图、三维造型、机构分析、运动分析、制造、渲染和动画仿真、工业标准交互传输、模拟加工等强大功能，并具有先进的二次开发工具。论文对该系统的CAD／CAM功能进行了分析。
轮胎胎面及花纹是复杂的三维实体，本文利用UG的草图功能(Sketch)及扫描特征中的旋转体(Revolve Body)功能创建了全相关参数化的轮胎胎面三维造型，利用UG自由形式特征中的延伸片(Extension)功能、扫描(Swept)功能以及二次开发功能用户自定义特征UDF，完成了花纹的精确三维造型。
论文分析了UG系统提供的各种铣削加工类型的特点，分析了数控加工程序生成的方法与过程。根据轮胎模具基模及我公司数控机床的特点，分别选用了往复式曲面铣和可变轴曲面轮廓铣两种加工方法分别加工胎面及花纹，配置了机床的后置处理程序，并定制了具有本企业特点的加工模板，生成了五坐标联动数控程序，进行了仿真检验。利用我公司的五坐标联动数控加工中心完成了轮胎模具基础模的加工，取得了令人满意的效果。
为了提高加工精度，论文对数控加工的误差进行了分析，特别针对用三坐标联动加工模具的误差进行了分析，在此基础上提出了改进方法，对减少设备投资，降低加工成本具有一定实用性。
Mold CAD/CAM technology is the base and important part of advanced manufacturing technology. It is developing to the direction of integration, network and intelligence. The title of this thesis is Research on Tire Mold CAD/CAM Technology Based on UG. First, the article simply presents the current status and development of mold CAD/CAM technology, then on the basis, choose UG of PC version as a platform, as per customer's 2D drawings, set up a 3D model of tire molds and generate NC programs for manufacturing, finally, analyze the manufacturing errors. All above work meet the requirement of the production. UG is a high-end software, which is the most advanced and integrated CAD/CAE/CAM software which object to the manufacturing industry. It has a powerful function in drafting, 3D modeling, mechanism analysis, manufacturing, photo and animation, verification etc. and has advanced development tools.
Tire top and tread pattern are complicated 3D solids. Here in the thesis, by using Sketch and Revolve Body in Form feature of UG, an associated parameterized 3D model of tire top is set up. And by using of Extension, Swept of Free From Feature and UDF development function in UG, a precise 3D tread model is completed.
The thesis analyzes the feature and method of different milling manufacturing type provided by UG and the process of generating NC programs. According to the feature of base model of tire molds and our CNC machines, choose Zig-Zag Surface to manufacture tire top and use Variable Contour manufacture tread grooves, create postprocessor files for different machines, customize operation templates and generate out 5 axes coordinates NC programs, and make verifications before engraving. Master models were manufactured on the 5 axes CNC machines. To improve the manufacturing precision, Error analysis in NC manufacturing is performed in the thesis, especially in 3 axis manufacturing. On this basis, an improving method is carried out which are useful in decreasing equipment investment and decreasing cost.
引文
[1] 机械工业科技交流中心，中国模具工业协会，机械工业信息生产力促进中心编．中国机械制造技术与装备精选集模具工业篇[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2001．
[2] 金涤尘，宋方之．现代模具制造技术．北京：机械工业出版社，2002．
[3] 蒋祖华等．虚拟产品开发技术研究[J]．机械工业自动化，1998，1(3)：8-12
[4] 赵汝嘉等．虚拟制造系统[J]．中国机械工程，1995，1(6)：10-12
[5] 李志刚，李玉华．欧洲模展上的先进模具技术[J]．模具工业，2002，10(4)：4-7
[6] 伊启中，殷铖．模具CAD／CAM[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2001．
[7] 王都．办好中国国际模展，加快模具工业发展[J]．模具工业，2002，10(4)：3-4
[8] STEP Ⅲ A: CMM - Software, Offer for Machinery/Equipment & Know How for CMC a Joint Venture Company between AZ and Shenyang Mold Factory, August 26,1994 (内部资料)
[9] Yoshida. Material Increase Manufacturing by Rapid Prototyping Techniques. Annals of CIRP, 1991, (2): 603-614
[10] Nagel Roger N, et al. 21st Century Manufacturing Enterprises Strategy Report. 1991. 1,AD-A257167
[11] 赵波，龚勉，浦维达．UG CAD实用教程．北京：清华大学出版社，2002．
[12] 姚建国，吕樟权，孙淑慧．制造业信息化工程的关键技术及应用(‘2001UGS中国用户论文集)．北京：机械工业出版社，2001．83-90
[13] 仇晓黎等．应用虚拟制造技术，提升车间制造水平[J]．制造业自动化，2000，(1)：22
[14] Kimura F. Product and Process Modeling as Kernel for Virtual Manufacturing Environment [J]. Annals of the CIRP, 1993, (1): 201-210
[15] 蔡清等．CAD／CAM系统的可视化、集成化、智能化、网络化[M]．西安：西北工业大学出版社，1996．
[16] 严隽琪．虚拟制造系统的体系结构及其关键技术[J]．中国机械工程，1999，1(9)：60-65
[17] 侯晓林等．面向并行工程的产品装配模型和虚拟制造技术的研究[J]．机械科学与技术，1995，(1)：122-126
[18] Michael Weyrich, Paul Drews. An interactive environment for virtual manufacturing: the virtual workbench [J]. Computers in Industry, 1999, (38): 5-15
[19] 张玲等．虚拟制造中的产品建模技术研究—基于产品定义单元和元建模的产品模型[J]．机械科学与技术，2000，(6)：993-997
[20] S.Marshall. A new cutter-path topology for milling machines. Computer Aided Design, 1994, (3): 55-59
[21] Jordan. J. Cox. Space-filling Curves in tool-path application. Computer Aided Design, 1994, (3): 101-105
[22] 王庆林，李莉敏，韦纪祥．UG制造过程实用指导．北京：清华大学出版社，2002．
[23] Modeling User Manual (Version 14.0), EDS Corperation, 1997.
[24] 吴卫东．UG中结合KF与UDF进行变结构变参数快速设计．CAD／CAM与制造业信息化，2002，(6)：43-45
[25] 橡胶工业手册编写小组．橡胶工业手册第四分册轮胎、胶带与胶管．北京：化学工业出版社，1982．
[26] 谭忠南．汽车轮胎的选择与使用[M]．成都：四川科学技术出版社，1998．
[27] 郑云生．汽车轮胎翻修[M]．北京：人民交通出版社，1985．
[28] Unigraphics Solutions Inc著．黄蔬荣，顾菘译．UG多轴铣削制造过程培训教程．北京：清华大学出版社，2002．
[29] 李世杰，房京．曲面铣削中刀具路径的自适应研究．机械设计与制造，2001，(1)：62-64
[30] 郭建亨等．Unigraphics CAD高级篇[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，2001．
[31] Lai, S. H. Y. Feature based models for manufacturability assessment. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 1992, (23): 31-35
[32] Gupta, S. K., Concurrent evaluation of machinability during product design. IEEE Computer, 1993, 26(1): 61
[33] 万立新．应用CAD／CAM技术进行轮胎模具基模的制造．机械设计与制造，1999，(1)：57-58
[34] Unigraphics Solutions Inc编著．苏红卫翻译．UG铣制造过程培训教程[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2002．
[35] Par klingstarm, Per Gullander. Overview of simulation tools for computer-aided production engineering [J] . Computers in Industry, 1999, (38): 173-186
[36] 谭关宇等．数控加工碰撞干涉检验的新方法[J]．制造技术与机床，1999，(1)：37-39
[37] 王仁德，赵春雨，张耀满编著．机床数字控制技术[M]．沈阳：东北大学出版社，2002．
[38] 王永章．机床的数字控制技术[M]．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社，1995．
[39] NUM 1060-7F Programming Manual. NUM Company, 1996.
[40] Manufacturing User Manual (Version 14.0). EDS Corperation, 1998.
[41] 严爱珍编著．机床数控原理与系统[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2002．
[42] 蔡国铭，黄俊明，吴运明编著．Unigraphics／CAM三轴铣削加工．北京：中国铁道出版社，2003．
[43] L. Semmens, et al. Integrated Structured Analysis and Form Specification Techniques. The Computer Journal, 1992, 1 (6): 35
[44] 赵文杰，徐燕申．提高汽车覆盖件模具加工精度的数控编程技术．CAD／CAM计算机辅助设计与制造，2001，(4)：36-37
[2] 金涤尘，宋方之．现代模具制造技术．北京：机械工业出版社，2002．
[3] 蒋祖华等．虚拟产品开发技术研究[J]．机械工业自动化，1998，1(3)：8-12
[4] 赵汝嘉等．虚拟制造系统[J]．中国机械工程，1995，1(6)：10-12
[5] 李志刚，李玉华．欧洲模展上的先进模具技术[J]．模具工业，2002，10(4)：4-7
[6] 伊启中，殷铖．模具CAD／CAM[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2001．
[7] 王都．办好中国国际模展，加快模具工业发展[J]．模具工业，2002，10(4)：3-4
[8] STEP Ⅲ A: CMM - Software, Offer for Machinery/Equipment & Know How for CMC a Joint Venture Company between AZ and Shenyang Mold Factory, August 26,1994 (内部资料)
[9] Yoshida. Material Increase Manufacturing by Rapid Prototyping Techniques. Annals of CIRP, 1991, (2): 603-614
[10] Nagel Roger N, et al. 21st Century Manufacturing Enterprises Strategy Report. 1991. 1,AD-A257167
[11] 赵波，龚勉，浦维达．UG CAD实用教程．北京：清华大学出版社，2002．
[12] 姚建国，吕樟权，孙淑慧．制造业信息化工程的关键技术及应用(‘2001UGS中国用户论文集)．北京：机械工业出版社，2001．83-90
[13] 仇晓黎等．应用虚拟制造技术，提升车间制造水平[J]．制造业自动化，2000，(1)：22
[14] Kimura F. Product and Process Modeling as Kernel for Virtual Manufacturing Environment [J]. Annals of the CIRP, 1993, (1): 201-210
[15] 蔡清等．CAD／CAM系统的可视化、集成化、智能化、网络化[M]．西安：西北工业大学出版社，1996．
[16] 严隽琪．虚拟制造系统的体系结构及其关键技术[J]．中国机械工程，1999，1(9)：60-65
[17] 侯晓林等．面向并行工程的产品装配模型和虚拟制造技术的研究[J]．机械科学与技术，1995，(1)：122-126
[18] Michael Weyrich, Paul Drews. An interactive environment for virtual manufacturing: the virtual workbench [J]. Computers in Industry, 1999, (38): 5-15
[19] 张玲等．虚拟制造中的产品建模技术研究—基于产品定义单元和元建模的产品模型[J]．机械科学与技术，2000，(6)：993-997
[20] S.Marshall. A new cutter-path topology for milling machines. Computer Aided Design, 1994, (3): 55-59
[21] Jordan. J. Cox. Space-filling Curves in tool-path application. Computer Aided Design, 1994, (3): 101-105
[22] 王庆林，李莉敏，韦纪祥．UG制造过程实用指导．北京：清华大学出版社，2002．
[23] Modeling User Manual (Version 14.0), EDS Corperation, 1997.
[24] 吴卫东．UG中结合KF与UDF进行变结构变参数快速设计．CAD／CAM与制造业信息化，2002，(6)：43-45
[25] 橡胶工业手册编写小组．橡胶工业手册第四分册轮胎、胶带与胶管．北京：化学工业出版社，1982．
[26] 谭忠南．汽车轮胎的选择与使用[M]．成都：四川科学技术出版社，1998．
[27] 郑云生．汽车轮胎翻修[M]．北京：人民交通出版社，1985．
[28] Unigraphics Solutions Inc著．黄蔬荣，顾菘译．UG多轴铣削制造过程培训教程．北京：清华大学出版社，2002．
[29] 李世杰，房京．曲面铣削中刀具路径的自适应研究．机械设计与制造，2001，(1)：62-64
[30] 郭建亨等．Unigraphics CAD高级篇[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，2001．
[31] Lai, S. H. Y. Feature based models for manufacturability assessment. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 1992, (23): 31-35
[32] Gupta, S. K., Concurrent evaluation of machinability during product design. IEEE Computer, 1993, 26(1): 61
[33] 万立新．应用CAD／CAM技术进行轮胎模具基模的制造．机械设计与制造，1999，(1)：57-58
[34] Unigraphics Solutions Inc编著．苏红卫翻译．UG铣制造过程培训教程[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2002．
[35] Par klingstarm, Per Gullander. Overview of simulation tools for computer-aided production engineering [J] . Computers in Industry, 1999, (38): 173-186
[36] 谭关宇等．数控加工碰撞干涉检验的新方法[J]．制造技术与机床，1999，(1)：37-39
[37] 王仁德，赵春雨，张耀满编著．机床数字控制技术[M]．沈阳：东北大学出版社，2002．
[38] 王永章．机床的数字控制技术[M]．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社，1995．
[39] NUM 1060-7F Programming Manual. NUM Company, 1996.
[40] Manufacturing User Manual (Version 14.0). EDS Corperation, 1998.
[41] 严爱珍编著．机床数控原理与系统[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2002．
[42] 蔡国铭，黄俊明，吴运明编著．Unigraphics／CAM三轴铣削加工．北京：中国铁道出版社，2003．
[43] L. Semmens, et al. Integrated Structured Analysis and Form Specification Techniques. The Computer Journal, 1992, 1 (6): 35
[44] 赵文杰，徐燕申．提高汽车覆盖件模具加工精度的数控编程技术．CAD／CAM计算机辅助设计与制造，2001，(4)：36-37