传统蒙古包构造及室内空间优化设计研究
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摘要
长期的历史发展和自然选择,蒙古族人民形成了逐水草而居的生活方式,蒙古高原特有的地理特征与游牧文化长期融合形成了草原特殊的民居形式。传统的造型语言是蒙古民族对各历史时期游牧民族文化的继承与发展,由于生产关系和生活方式的改变,目前我国大草原上蒙古包的数量正在不断减少,原有蒙古包较多的锡林郭勒盟和呼伦贝尔盟,也因为四季轮牧变成了两季轮牧,蒙古包的数量也越来越少。虽然经济的发展使牧民的生活水平不断提高,但他们对蒙古包的情感依旧没变,比起在草原上搭建新的住宅房屋,他们更喜欢居住在蒙古包内。另一方面,在积极挖掘保护和发展草原文化遗产的进程中,蒙古包作为草原游牧民族的特殊民居形式,有着紧迫的文化保护需求和特殊的开发利用价值。
蒙古包这一北方游牧民族的传统民居经历风风雨雨,传承至今,己成为北方游牧民族的象征,对蒙古包的更新与改进也层出不穷。近年来,许多新材料与构造方式应用在蒙古包的制作上,例如轻钢骨架的应用以及在研制的充气蒙古包和其他轻质材料的应用,但大多将这些更新手法用于现代商业、旅游业中,忽略游牧民族自身的使用需求以及存在的现实问题。本文从草原牧民生活现状出发,深入内蒙古锡林郭勒盟锡林浩特蒙古草原,切身体验,提出传统蒙古包现存问题以及蒙古包存在的必要性与草原牧民之间的关系,通过现场实地调研及自身体验,将蒙古包建筑中的防潮问题、通风问题、内部空间隐私性的等等问题提出,试图针对这一系列问题进行阐释和分析,提出蒙古包内部功能适应性调整的设想,以蒙古包自身特点为基础,以及内部空间功能性的优化,改善草原牧民生活质量及提高牧民居住舒适度为出发点进行优化设计研究,试图探索出一条保护草原文化遗产及改善草原牧民生活的新道路。
Mongolia people have formed the nomadic way of life in the historical development and the long-term natural selection. The geographical features of ancient highland and the nomadic culture are formed by the fusion of the long-term grassland special forms of residential. The traditional modeling language is Mongolia nation inheritance and development of the culture of the nomadic nationalities in different historical periods. Because of the relations of production and the life style change, the number of China's grasslands of Mongolia package is decreasing. The original Mongolia packages more Xilin Gol and Hulun Buir, but also because of rotational grazing into two seasons rotational grazing, Mongolia number of packets is continuously decreasing. Although the economic developments of the herdsmen's living standards improve, but their emotion of Mongolia package still didn't change, rather than building a new residential housing in the grasslands, they are more like living in Mongolia package. On the other hand, in the process of the preservation and development of heritage prairie culture Mongolia as a special form of dwelling, there is urgent demand of protecting the cultural and a special value of development and utilization.
The traditional houses of the northern nomadic experience ups and downs, passing so far, Mongolia package has become a symbol of the northern nomadic, their constant updates and improvements are endless, in recent years, many new materials and construction method used in the production of yurts, such as the application of light steel skeleton and inflatable yurt and other lightweight materials developed For yurt improvements, but most of these updates tactics used in modern commerce, tourism, ignoring nomadic own needs and the presence of the real problem. Departure from the status quo of life of pastoralists, in-depth Xilin Gol League in Inner Mongolia Xilinhot Mongolian steppe, personal experience, put forward the relationship between the traditional yurts existing problems and yurts necessity and pastoralists, the yurt construction site observation and experience, the moisture problem, the problem of ventilation, interior space privacy issues, trying to interpret and analyze this series of questions, put forward the idea of the yurt internal functions adaptation, based yurt own characteristics, as well as the internal space function of optimization, to improve the quality of life for pastoralists and herders living comfort to optimize the design as a starting point, to try to explore a protection of grassland cultural heritage and improve pastoralists life new road.
蒙古包这一北方游牧民族的传统民居经历风风雨雨,传承至今,己成为北方游牧民族的象征,对蒙古包的更新与改进也层出不穷。近年来,许多新材料与构造方式应用在蒙古包的制作上,例如轻钢骨架的应用以及在研制的充气蒙古包和其他轻质材料的应用,但大多将这些更新手法用于现代商业、旅游业中,忽略游牧民族自身的使用需求以及存在的现实问题。本文从草原牧民生活现状出发,深入内蒙古锡林郭勒盟锡林浩特蒙古草原,切身体验,提出传统蒙古包现存问题以及蒙古包存在的必要性与草原牧民之间的关系,通过现场实地调研及自身体验,将蒙古包建筑中的防潮问题、通风问题、内部空间隐私性的等等问题提出,试图针对这一系列问题进行阐释和分析,提出蒙古包内部功能适应性调整的设想,以蒙古包自身特点为基础,以及内部空间功能性的优化,改善草原牧民生活质量及提高牧民居住舒适度为出发点进行优化设计研究,试图探索出一条保护草原文化遗产及改善草原牧民生活的新道路。
Mongolia people have formed the nomadic way of life in the historical development and the long-term natural selection. The geographical features of ancient highland and the nomadic culture are formed by the fusion of the long-term grassland special forms of residential. The traditional modeling language is Mongolia nation inheritance and development of the culture of the nomadic nationalities in different historical periods. Because of the relations of production and the life style change, the number of China's grasslands of Mongolia package is decreasing. The original Mongolia packages more Xilin Gol and Hulun Buir, but also because of rotational grazing into two seasons rotational grazing, Mongolia number of packets is continuously decreasing. Although the economic developments of the herdsmen's living standards improve, but their emotion of Mongolia package still didn't change, rather than building a new residential housing in the grasslands, they are more like living in Mongolia package. On the other hand, in the process of the preservation and development of heritage prairie culture Mongolia as a special form of dwelling, there is urgent demand of protecting the cultural and a special value of development and utilization.
The traditional houses of the northern nomadic experience ups and downs, passing so far, Mongolia package has become a symbol of the northern nomadic, their constant updates and improvements are endless, in recent years, many new materials and construction method used in the production of yurts, such as the application of light steel skeleton and inflatable yurt and other lightweight materials developed For yurt improvements, but most of these updates tactics used in modern commerce, tourism, ignoring nomadic own needs and the presence of the real problem. Departure from the status quo of life of pastoralists, in-depth Xilin Gol League in Inner Mongolia Xilinhot Mongolian steppe, personal experience, put forward the relationship between the traditional yurts existing problems and yurts necessity and pastoralists, the yurt construction site observation and experience, the moisture problem, the problem of ventilation, interior space privacy issues, trying to interpret and analyze this series of questions, put forward the idea of the yurt internal functions adaptation, based yurt own characteristics, as well as the internal space function of optimization, to improve the quality of life for pastoralists and herders living comfort to optimize the design as a starting point, to try to explore a protection of grassland cultural heritage and improve pastoralists life new road.
引文
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3杨嘉铭杨环著.四川藏区的建筑文化.版次.成都：四川民族出版社.2007
4陆元鼎主编.中国民居建筑.版次.广州：华南理工大学出版社.2003
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10宝贵贞.近现代蒙古族宗教信仰的演变.中央民族大学.博士学位论文.2007.5
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13金光高晓霞郑宏奎.传统蒙古包木结构研究-传统蒙古包木构件及拆装特征研究.内蒙古农业大学材料科学与艺术设计学院.内蒙古农业大学学报.2010.3
14天峰金玉荣.蒙古包的结构和空间文化的内涵.论草原文化.2010.8
15高晓霞郑宏奎金光.蒙古包建筑的绿色设计特征.内蒙古农业大学学报.2009.3
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18斯拉维德著.周志敏陈海明译.木建筑=Wood architecture.版次.北京：中国电力出版社.2007.3
19概念建筑=Top conceptual architecture.版次.武汉：华中科技大学出版社.2007.8
20渊上正幸编著.覃力译辅助.现代建筑的交叉流=Crosscurrents:fifty-one world architects:世界建筑师的思想和作品：Contemporary architects-ideas and works.版次.北京：中国建筑工业出版社.2000.3
21史蒂西编著曹伦译管娴静译王纳译辅助.简单建筑=Building simply.版次.大连：大连理工大学出版社,2009.5
22史蒂西编著贾子光译张磊译姜琦译辅助.建筑表皮=Building skins.版次.大连：大连理工大学出版社,2009.6
23鲍威尔编耿智译.理查德·罗杰斯：未来建筑=Richard Rogers:architecture of the future.版次.大连：大连理工大学出版社.2007.8
24端木红主编.世界新建筑.版次.台北：建筑出版事业股份有限公司.1997.5
2张驭寰林北钟著.内蒙古古建筑.版次.天津：天津大学出版社.2009
3杨嘉铭杨环著.四川藏区的建筑文化.版次.成都：四川民族出版社.2007
4陆元鼎主编.中国民居建筑.版次.广州：华南理工大学出版社.2003
5赵新良编著.诗意栖居：中国传统民居的文化解读.第一卷.版次.北京：中国建筑工业出版社.2007
6孙大章著.中国民居研究.版次.北京：中国建筑工业出版社.2004.8
7裴希.蒙古包创新设计研究.内蒙古农业大学.硕士学位论文.2010.6
8王强.内蒙古地区蒙古族毡帐建筑装饰艺术.内蒙古工业大学.硕士学位论文.2006.6
9高学勤.传统蒙古族建筑元素在现代类蒙古包设计中的体现.内蒙古农业大学.硕士学位论文.2010.5
10宝贵贞.近现代蒙古族宗教信仰的演变.中央民族大学.博士学位论文.2007.5
11刘铮.蒙古族民居及其环境特性研究.西南建筑科技大学.硕士学位论文.2001.4
12徐小林李百战.室内热环境对人体热舒适的影响.城市建设与环境工程学院.重庆大学学报.2005.4
13金光高晓霞郑宏奎.传统蒙古包木结构研究-传统蒙古包木构件及拆装特征研究.内蒙古农业大学材料科学与艺术设计学院.内蒙古农业大学学报.2010.3
14天峰金玉荣.蒙古包的结构和空间文化的内涵.论草原文化.2010.8
15高晓霞郑宏奎金光.蒙古包建筑的绿色设计特征.内蒙古农业大学学报.2009.3
16西林.蒙古族的传统色彩观念.新疆大学学报.1996年第24卷第一期
17韩冬梅.商业用生态蒙古包设计.内蒙古科技大学.2010.4
18斯拉维德著.周志敏陈海明译.木建筑=Wood architecture.版次.北京：中国电力出版社.2007.3
19概念建筑=Top conceptual architecture.版次.武汉：华中科技大学出版社.2007.8
20渊上正幸编著.覃力译辅助.现代建筑的交叉流=Crosscurrents:fifty-one world architects:世界建筑师的思想和作品：Contemporary architects-ideas and works.版次.北京：中国建筑工业出版社.2000.3
21史蒂西编著曹伦译管娴静译王纳译辅助.简单建筑=Building simply.版次.大连：大连理工大学出版社,2009.5
22史蒂西编著贾子光译张磊译姜琦译辅助.建筑表皮=Building skins.版次.大连：大连理工大学出版社,2009.6
23鲍威尔编耿智译.理查德·罗杰斯：未来建筑=Richard Rogers:architecture of the future.版次.大连：大连理工大学出版社.2007.8
24端木红主编.世界新建筑.版次.台北：建筑出版事业股份有限公司.1997.5