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事实与价值
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摘要
19世纪末、20世纪初,受到工业化大生产的影响,设计艺术的价值观与价值构成发生了重大变化。与手工艺生产时代相比,现代设计受到更多的限制。设计艺术与纯粹的艺术创作之间逐渐形成了各自独立的价值主体。因此,在装饰的艺术表现性被削弱的同时,抽象艺术取代了装饰的部分功能。阿道夫·卢斯的装饰批判一方面是对传统装饰批判的延续,另一方面,他敏锐地发现了生产方式变化下现代设计的价值转型。
     但是,卢斯的设计价值分析不仅割裂了设计与艺术之间的关联性,也割裂了事实与价值之间的关系。对设计中经济价值的过分强调,体现了卢斯建立在二元思维方式之下的价值一元论。本文无意替装饰翻案,装饰的功过事非将随时代的变更而任人评说。本文试图从价值多元论的视角来重新审视卢斯的装饰批判,在肯定其对现代设计的敏锐认识的同时,指出该装饰批判的局限性,从而进一步指出价值一元论的局限性。价值多元论中的价值不可排序以及两种类型自由等观点都将为全面而客观地建立设计的价值体系奠定基础。
From the influence of industrialization, the values and the constitution of value of design had greatly changed in the late of 19th century and the initial of 20th century. Compared with the age of handicraft, the modern design was more confined. The Artistic Design and Fine Art both had the subject of value of itself. So, with the progress of which the artistic expressivity of ornament was weakened, the abstract art had replaced some function of ornament. Adolf Loos's criticism of ornament continued the conventional ornamental criticism, at the same time, he acutely found the transform of value under the change of mode of production.
     But the design value analyse of Loos broke up the relationship not only between the design and fine art, but also the fact and value. With the overemphasis to economical value of design, Loos's value singularism was embodied which based in the binary oppositions. Reversing a correct verdict for ornament is not the aim of my article, because the merits and demerits of ornament will be commented from head to feet with the change of age. In the visual angle of value pluralism, my article try to observe the Loos's criticism of ornament once again. With confirming Loos's acute cognition of modern design, I will point out the limitations of this criticism, and the limitations of value singularism. There are some view of unorderable in value and two kinds of liberty which came from value pluralism will establish the base of a overall and objective value system.
引文
1 Brent C. Brolin (1985), Flight of Fancy: the Banishment and Return of Ornament, New York: St. Martin's Press, p. 1.
    2 Stuart Durant (1986), Ornament: from the Industrial Revolution to Today, New York: The Overlook Press, p. 11.
    1 在此之前,他已经成功出版了《让·勒·保特利的建筑作品》(Oeuvres d'Archittecture de Jean le Pautre,1751)、《建筑教程》(Cours d'Architecture,1760)和《现代的建筑》(L'Architecture Modrne,1764)。
    2 Judith Nowinski (1970), Baron Dominique Vivant Denon (1747-1825): Hedonist and Scholar in a Period of Transition, Cranbury: Associated University Press, p.242.
    1 Lewis Foreman Day (1882), Every-Day Art: Short Essays on the Arts not Fine, London: B. T. Batsford, p.1.
    2 Stuart Durant (1986), Ornament: from the Industrial Revohttion to Today, New York: The Overlook Press, p. 13.
    3 J. Moyr Smith (1887), Ornamental Interiors: Ancient and Modern, London: Crosby Lockwood and Co., p.52.
    1 A. D. F. Hamlin (1916), History of Ornament, New York: The Century Co., Preface
    2 Owen Jones (1986), The Grammar of Ornament, London: the Bestseller Publication Ltd., p.5.
    1 参见[英]E.H.贡布里希:《秩序感:装饰艺术的心理学研究》,杨思梁、徐一维 译,杭州:浙江摄影出版社,1987年版,第331页。
    2 A. D. F. Hamlin (1916), History of Ornament, New York: The Century Co., p. 19.
    1 A. D. F. Hamlin (1916), History of Ornament, New York: The Century Co., p.14.
    2 Richard Glazier (1899), A Manual of Historic Ornament, London: B.T. Batsford, preface.
    3 Gilbert R. Redgrave (1884), Outlines of Historic Ornament, London: Chapman and Hall, Preface, V.
    4 他们主要是英国的一些设计师,如亨利·科尔等。例如雷德格雷夫在关于水晶宫博览会的报告中认为:物品方面的“用途如此重要以至于装饰被弃若敝履……最终难以形成高雅的简洁”。参见[英]尼古拉斯·佩夫斯纳:《现代建筑与设计的源泉》,殷凌云等译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2001年版,参见第163页。
    5 Lewis Foreman Day (1882), Every-Day Art: Short Essays on the Arts not Fine, London: B. T. Batsford, p.8.
    1 Lucy Crane (1887), Art and the Formation of Taste, Boston: Chautauqua Press, p.21.
    2 Ibid., p.22.
    3 例如佩夫斯纳认为新艺术处在两个世纪之间的分界线上,在革新方法方面具有超前的意义,是对19世纪历史主义的拒绝,并以坚定的信念与勇气来关注日常用品而不是绘画和雕塑。通过这样一种认识,佩夫斯纳将现代主义运动设定为一个渐进的过程。参见[英]尼古拉斯·佩夫斯纳:《现代建筑与设计的源泉》,殷凌云等译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2001年版,参见第104页。
    4 Arie Graafland (2005), The Socius of Architecture: Amsterdam, Tokyo, New York, Garden City Publishing Ltd., p.17.
    5 《建筑中的装饰》(1892),选自《工程学杂志3》(The Engineering Magazine 3,1892年8月)参见Edited by Robert Twombly (1988), Louis Sullivan: The Public Papers, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, p.80.
    6 勒·柯布西耶的原名。
    7 参见瑞勒尔·班汉姆:《阿道夫·卢斯》,王梅 译,选自《反理性主义与理性主义》,[英]尼古拉斯·佩夫斯纳等编著,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003年版,第二部分,第30页。
    1 Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson (1932), The International Style: Architecture Since 1922, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, p. 18.
    2 Walter Gropius (1965), The New Architecture and the Bauhaus, translated by P. Morton Shand, Massachusetts: the M.I.T. Press, p.23.
    3 Stuart Durant (1986), Ornament: from the Industrial Revolution to Today, New York: The Overlook Press, p.226.
    1 [德]阿尔布莱希特·维尔默:《论现代和后现代的辩证法——遵循阿多诺的理性批判》,北京:商务印书馆,钦文 译,2003年版,第133页。
    2 同上。
    3 [英]戴维·弗里斯比:《现代性的碎片》,卢晖临、周怡、李林艳 译,北京:商务印书馆,2003年版,第204页。
    1 James Trilling (2003), Ornament: a Modern Perspective, Washington: the University of Washington, p.23.
    2 Robert Venturi (1977), Complexity and Contradiction in A rchitecture, London: The Architectural Press Ltd., p.16.
    3 文丘里喜欢的设计元素是“混杂的”而不是“纯粹的”,是“妥协的”而不是“干脆的”,是“变形的”而不是“直接的”,是“朦胧的”而不是“清楚的”,是“任性的”而不是“冷漠的”,是“令人厌烦的”而不是“有趣的”,是“传统的”而不是“被设计的”,是“包容的”而不是“排外的”,是“丰富的”而不是“简单的”,是“遗留的”而不是“革新的”,是“矛盾和双关的”而不是“直接和清楚的”。参见同上。
    4 Patricia Conway and Robert Jensen (1982), Ornamentalism: the new decorativeness in architecture and design, New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc., p.2.
    1 Panayotis Tournikiotis (1994), Adolf Loos, New York: Princeton Architectural Press, p. 173
    2 Kurt Lustenberger (1994), Adolf Loos, Zurich: Artemis Verlags-AG, p. 10.
    3 参见阿道夫·奥佩尔序言,选自Adolf Loos(1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, pp.2, 3.
    4 Janet Stewart (2000), Fashioning Vienna: Adolf Loos's Cultural Criticism, London: Routledge, p.6-7.
    1 参见阿道夫·奥佩尔序言,选自Adolf Loos(1998),Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p.2.
    1 参见阿道夫·奥佩尔序言,选自Adolf Loos(1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p.5.
    2 Ibid., p.6.
    1 参见阿道夫·奥佩尔序言,选自Adolf Loos(1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p.2.
    2 Panayotis Tournikiotis (1994), Adolf Loos, New York: Princeton Architectural Press, p. 122.
    1 Panayotis Tournikiotis (1994), Adolf Loos, New York: Princeton Architectural Press, p.23.
    2 参见瑞勒尔·班汉姆:《阿道夫·卢斯》,王梅 译,选自《反理性主义与理性主义》,[英]尼古拉斯·佩夫斯纳等编著,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003年版,第二部分,第30页。
    3 同上,第32页。
    1 参见瑞勒尔·班汉姆:《阿道夫·卢斯》,王梅 译,选自《反理性主义与理性主义》,[英]尼古拉斯·佩夫斯纳等编著,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003年版,第二部分,第32页。
    2 同上,第33页。
    1 瑞勒尔·班汉姆:《阿道夫·卢斯》,王梅 译,选自《反理性主义与理性主义》,[英]尼古拉斯·佩夫斯纳等编著,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003年版,第二部分,第28页。
    2 [德]沃尔夫冈·书尔施:《我们的后现代的现代》,洪天富 译,北京:商务印书馆,2004年版,第93页。
    1 Lucy Crane (1887), Art and the Formation of Taste, Boston: Chautauqua Press, p.20.
    2 Janet Stewart (2000), Fashioning Vienna: Adolf Loos's Cultural Criticism, London: Routledge, p.44, 49.
    3 Ornament and Crime, 1908, Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p.171.
    4 由于参照的英文版本不同,最后形成的中文翻详之间会形成较大的差异。本段文字参考了陈志华的翻译版本。Ibid.,pp.170,175.
    5 Ornament and Education, 1924, Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p. 186.
    1 A. E. U. Lilley and W. Midgley (1896), Studies in Plant Form and Design, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p.3.
    2 拉斯金在1857年的演讲《艺术的政治经济体系》(The Political Economy of Art)中曾提到:“当人们持续地雕刻相同的装饰时,他们就进入了一种单调而有条不紊的劳动习惯中。”John Ruskin(1911), A Joy for Ever: The Two Paths, London: George Allen & Sons, p.42.
    3 John Ruskin (1898), The Seven Lamps of Architecture, the Seventh Edition, London: the Ballantyne Press, p.316.
    4 Karsten Harries (1989), The Broken Frame: Three Lectures, Washington, D.C: The Catholic University of America Press, p.39.
    5 Ornament and Education, 1924, Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p.186.
    6 Naomi Schor (1987), Reading in Detail: Aesthetics and the Feminine, New York: Methuen Inc, p.286.
    1 Harold B. Segel (1995), The Vienna Coffeehouse Wits 1890-1938, West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, p.345.
    2 Massimo Cacciari (1996), Posthumous People: Vienna at the Turning Point, Stanford: Stanford University Press, p.78.
    3 [英]E.H.贡布里希:《秩序感》,范景中、杨思梁、徐一维译,长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1999年版,第35页。
    4 Hands off!, 1917, Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p. 182.
    1 Hands Off!, 1917, Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p. 182.
    2 Ornament and Education, 1924, Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p. 187
    3 David Brett (2005), Rethinking Decoration: Pleasure and Ideology in the visual arts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.196.
    4 Ibid.
    1 Le Corbusier (1987), The Decorative Art of Today, London: The Architectural Press, p.85.
    2 Karsten Harries (1997), The Ethical Fzmction of Architecture, London: The MIT Press, p.48.
    3 Herbert Read (1934), Art and Indnstry: the Principles of Industrial Design, London: Faber and Faber Limited, p.180.
    4 [美]马歇尔·伯曼:《一切坚固的东西都烟消云散了》,徐大建 张辑 译,北京:商务印书馆,2004年版,第143页。
    1 尼采认为,现代的政治和经济就其本身来说具有深刻的虚无主义色彩。尼采指出了虚无主义的特点。在自然科学中表现为因果论和机械论;在政治上表现为缺乏对自身权力的信仰;在经济上表现为无政府主义抬头;在历史上表现为宿命论与达尔文主义;在历史上表现为浪漫主义及反浪漫主义。参见[德]弗里德里希·尼采:《权力意志:重估一切价值的尝试》,张念东 凌素心 译,北京:商务印书馆,1998年版,第197-198页。
    2 [美]马歇尔·伯曼:《一切坚固的东西都烟消云散了》,徐大建 张辑 译,北京:商务印书馆,2004年版,第143页。
    3 罗伯特·摩西斯(Robert Moses),是美国传奇的城市建设者,纽约市众多公共设施和建筑的规划者,其中包括林肯中心和联合国总部大楼。在吉迪翁《时间、空间与建筑》中,摩西斯得到了极高的评价。罗伯特·摩西斯在二战之后的十多年里掌控了纽约市的权力,推行他的高速公路计划和贫民窟清除方案。这种行为普遍遭到了对现代性进行反思时的强烈批判。例如The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York, 1974; The Death and Life of Great American Cities, 1961,以及在马歇尔·伯曼的《一切坚固的东西都烟消云散了》中作者在亲身经历之后包含深情的控诉。
    4 [美]马歇尔·伯曼:《一切坚固的东西都烟消云散了》,徐大建 张辑 译,北京:商务印书馆,2004年版,第405页。
    5 Le Corbusier (1929), The City of Tomorrow and it's Planning, London: John Rodker Publisher, p.274.
    1 参见阿道夫·奥佩尔序言,选自Adolf Loos(1998),Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p.2.
    2 Claude Cernuschi (2002), Re/casting Kokaschka: ethics and aesthetics, epistemology and politics in fin-de-siecle Vienna, Danvers: Rosemont Publishing & Printing Corp, p.21.
    3 Ralph N. Wornum (1879), Analysis of Ornament: Characteristics of Styles, Sixth Edition, London: Chapman and Hall, p.1.
    4 Ruskin (1911), A Joy for Ever: the Two Paths, London: George Allen & Sons, p.288.
    5 Ralph N. Wornum (1879), Analysis of Ornament: Characteristics of Styles, Sixth Edition, London: Chapman and Hall, p.2.
    1 对卢斯在美国经历的研究参见Janet Stewart(2000), Fashioning Vienna: Adolf Loos's Cultural Criticism, London: Routledge, p.44-51.
    2 《建筑中的装饰》(1892),选自《工程学杂志3》(The Engineering Magazine 3,1892年8月)参见Edited by Robert Twombly (1988), Louis Sullivan: The Public Papers, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, p.80.
    3 Ibid., p.80.
    4 Ibid., p.81.
    1 Edited by Robert Twombly (1988), Louis Sullivan: The Public Papers, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, p.84.
    2 Ornament and Education, 1924, Adolf Loos(1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p. 186.
    3 Claude Cernuschi (2002), Re/casting Kokoschka: ethics and aesthetics, epistemology and politics in fin-de-siecle Vienna, Danvers: Rosemont Publishing & Printing Corp, p.21.
    4 Ibid., p. 13.
    5 [德]沃尔夫冈·韦尔施:《我们的后现代的现代》,洪天富 译,北京:商务印书馆,2004年版,第148页。
    6 Claude Cernuschi (2002), Re/casting Kokoschka: ethics and aesthetics, epistemology and politics in fin-de-siecle Vienna, Danvers: Rosemont Publishing & Printing Corp, p.23.
    1 Robert Venturi (1977), Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture, London: The Architectural Press Ltd., p.16.
    2 Lucy Crane (1887), Art and the Formation of Taste, Boston: Chautauqua Press, p.21.
    3 Le Corbusier (1987), The Decorative Art of Today, London: The Architectural Press, p.85.
    4 Karsten Harries (1997), The Ethical Function of Architecture, London: The MIT Press, p.42.
    1 Herbert Read (1934), Art and Industry: the Principles of Industrial Design, London: Faber and Faber Limited,p.34-35.
    2 Edited by Steven Beller (2001), Rethinking Vienna 1900, New York: Berghahn Books, p.205.
    3 Ladies'Fashion, 1898, Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p.107.
    4 Ibid., p. 106.
    5 Hands off!., 1917, Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p. 179.
    1 Ornament and Education, 1924, Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p. 184.
    2 Ibid., p.186.
    3 Ibid.
    4 英国社会学家和哲学家,社会进化论和社会有机体论的代表人物。1852年发表论文《进化的假说》,首次提出社会进化论思想。在达尔文《物种起源》(1859)发表前7年就提出了社会进化思想,认为进化是一个普遍规律,但仍受达尔文生物进化论的影响,并将生存竞争、自然选择的原则移植到社会理论中。认为社会的进化过程同生物进化过程一样,也是优胜劣败,适者生存。
    5 拉马克(Jean Baptise de Lamarck,1744-1829)法国博物学家,生物进化论的先驱。于1802年提出并使用了“生物学”这一术语,同时逐渐形成了他的进化学说。早在1800年讲授无脊椎动物时,就首次向学生讲述了生物进化的观点;在1809年出版的《动物学的哲学》一书中,提出了全面的进化学说。
    1 David Brett (2005), Rethinking Decoration: Pleasure and Ideology in the visual arts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.200.
    2 Walter Gropius (1965), The New Architecture and the Bauhaus, translated by P. Morton Shand, Massachusetts: the M.I.T. Press, p.20.
    3 Le Corbusier (1987), The Decorative Art of Today, London: The Architectural Press, p.93-95.
    4 [美]罗伯特·文丘里 丹尼斯·斯科特·布朗 史蒂文·艾泽努尔:《向拉斯维加斯学习》,徐怡芳 王健 译,北京:知识产权出版社,第153页。
    1 Lewis Foreman Day (1882), Every-Day Art: Short Essays on the Arts not Fine, London: B. T. Batsford, p.3.
    2 Ver Sacrum是维也纳分离派创立的杂志,存在于1898年至1903年。Cultural Degeneration, 1908, Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p.164.
    3 卢斯在其文章中多次提到男装裁剪。例如《男人的时装》(Man's Fashion),《绅士的帽子》(Gentlemen's Hats),《赞美现在》(In Praise of the Present)等。
    4 In Praise of the Present, 1908, Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p. 157.
    1 Loos, Architecture, Leslie Topp (2004), Architecture and Truth in Fin-de-siecle Vienna, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 146.
    2 Ornament and Education, 1924, Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p. 185.
    3 Ibid., p.187.
    1 Ladies' Fashion (1898), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p. 109.
    2 Karsten Harries (1997), The Ethical Function of Architecture, London: The MIT Press, p.33.
    3 Karsten Harries (1983), The Bavarian Rococo: between Faith and Aestheticism, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 196-219.
    4 玛丽娅·特蕾西娅是奥地利权倾一时的女王,在位时间为1740年至1780年。Karsten Harries(1997), The Ethical Function of Architecture, London: The MIT Press, p.33.
    5 Ornament and Education (1924), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p. 187.
    6 Karsten Harries (1997), The Ethical Function of Architecture, London: The MIT Press, p.41.
    7 David Brett (2005), Rethinking Decoration: Pleasure and Ideology in the visual arts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.203.
    1 Nina Stritzler-Levine (1996), Josef Frank, Architect and Designer: An Alternative Vision of the Modern Home, New Haven: Yale University Press, p.22.
    2 Ibid., p.8.
    3 Hubert Damisch (1976), Ruptures/Cultures, Paris: Minuit, p. 150.
    1 Naomi Schor (1987), Reading in Detail: Aesthetics and the Feminine, New York: Methuen Inc., p.56.
    2 Ibid., p.54.
    3 James Trilling (2003), Ornament: a Modern Perspective, Washington: the University of Washington, p. 132.
    4 Ornament and Education, 1924, Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p. 187.
    1 Ornament and Education, 1924, Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p.187-188.
    2 Ornament and Crime, 1908, Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p.168.
    3 Debra Schafter (2003), The Order of Ornament, the Structure of Style: Theoretical Foundations of Modern Art and Architecture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.2.
    4 Massimo Cacciari (1993), Architecture and Nihilism: on the Philosophy of Modern Architecture, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 112.
    1 Panayotis Toumikiotis (1994), Adolf Loos, New York: Princeton Architectural Press, p.27.
    2 参见阿道夫·奥佩尔序言,选自Adolf Loos(1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p.4.
    3 Reyner Banham (1960), Theory and Design in the First Machine Age, London: The Architecture Press, p.88.
    4 Ibid.
    5 Nikolaus Pevsner (1960), Pioneers of Modern Design: from William Morris to Walter Gropius, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd., p.200.
    1 Hilde Heynen (1999), Architecture and Modernity: a Critique, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p.75.
    2 Leslie Topp (2004), Architecture and Truth in Fin-de-siecle Vienna, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.134.
    3 Ibid., p.24.
    4 Aldo Rossi, introduction to Adolf Loos, Adolf Loos (1982), Spoken into the Void: Collected Essays, 1897-1900, trans. Jane O. Newman and John H. Smith, Cambridge, MA: M1T, Leslie Topp, p.134.
    5 Leslie van Duzer & Kent Kleinman (1994), Villa Muller: a work of Adolf Loos, New York: Princeton Architectural Press, p. 18.
    1 Janet Stewart (2000), Fashioning Vienna: Adolf Loos's Cultural Criticism, London: Routiedge, p.50.
    2 Ornament and Education, 1924, Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p. 185.
    3 Kurt Lustenberger (1994), Adolf Loos, Zurich: Artemis Verlags-AG, pp.9, 10.
    1 Kurt Lustenberger (1994), Adolf Loos, Zurich: Artemis Verlags-AG, p. 11.
    2 Janet Stewart (2000), Fashioning Vienna: Adolf Loas's Cultural Criticism, London: Routledge, p.56.
    3 在卢斯的设计中,具有明显古典元素的作品包括:Steiner住宅(1910);为Prince Leo Sapieha的国家住宅计划(1918);Konstandt别墅(1919);芝加哥论坛报大厦(1923):布拉格的穆勒住宅(1928/30)。Mona Mury-leitner (1998), Adolf Loos, 1870-1933, Salzburg: Verlag Anton, p.9.
    4 Ibid.
    1 Brent C. Brolin (1985), Flight of Fancy: the Banishment and Return of Ornament, New York: St. Martin's Press, p.224.
    2 David Brett (2005), Rethinking Decoration: Pleasure and Ideology in the visual arts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.207.
    3 Brent C. Brolin (1985), Flight of Fancy: the Banishment and Return of Ornament, New York: St. Martin's Press, p.228.
    1 Brent C. Brolin (1985), Flight of Fancy: the Banishment and Return of Ornament, New York: St. Martin's Press, p.264.
    2 David Brett (2005), Rethinking Decoration: Pleasure and Ideology in the visual arts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 194.
    3 Edited by Steven Beller (2001), Rethinking Vienna 1900, New York: Berghahn Books, p.5.
    1 Kurt Lustenberger (1994), Adolf Loos, Zurich: Artemis Verlags-AG, p. 10.
    2 Ibid.
    3 最重要的展览有1981年汉堡Kunsthalle的“Experiment Weltuntergang: Wien um 1900”;1984年在Biennale in Venice的“Le arti a Vienna: Della Secessione alle cadute dell’Impero Asburgico”:1985年在维也纳Kunstlerhaus的“Wien 1870-1930: Traum and Wirklichkeit”;1986年在纽约现代艺术博物馆的“Vienna 1900: Art, Architecture, Design”:1986年在巴黎蓬皮杜艺术中心的“Wien 1880-1938: Die Frohliche Apokalypse”。参见Kurt Lustenberger(1994), Adolf Loos, Zurich: Artemis Verlags-AG, pp. 10,11.
    1 [德]沃尔夫冈·韦尔施:《我们的后现代的现代》,洪天富 译,北京:商务印书馆,2004年版,第35页。
    2 Brent C. Brolin (1985), Flight of Fancy: the Banishment and Return of Ornament, New York: St. Martin's Press, p.271.
    3 Ibid, p.280.
    1 David Brett (2005), Rethinking Decoration: Pleasure and Ideology in the visual arts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 13.
    2 Ibid., 184.
    3 Le Corbusier (1987), The Decorative Art of Today, London: The Architectural Press, p.90.
    1 David Brett (2005), Rethinking Decoration: Pleasure and Ideology in the visual arts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 184.
    2 Ibid., 185.
    3 Cicero, Orator,转引自Tzvetan Todorov, Translated by Catherine Porter (1982), Theories of the Symbol, New York: Cornell University Press, p.74.
    4 [清]李渔:《闲情偶寄》,西安:三秦出版社,1998年版,第29页。
    1 Vitruvius (1914), The Ten Books on Architecture, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, p.249.
    2 [德]康德:《判断力批判》,邓晓芒 译,北京:人民出版社,2002年版,第65页。
    3 [德]伽达默尔:《真理与方法》,王才勇 译,沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,1987年版,第65贝。
    4 William Shakespeare(1916), The Merchant of Venice, New York: D.C. Heath and Company, p.51.
    1 该部落始建于1780年6月19日,名为震族公社(Shaker Communities),由一帮志同道合者聚居创办。在1860年的鼎盛时期,这里有大约300人生活在100座房子里,占地达400英亩。他们的主要生活来源是耕作,同时依靠贩卖种子、草药以及制造农具、工艺品等副业维持生计。生活简单,笃信上帝。1992年,随着村里最后的居住者,一位96岁的老太太的安然去世,这个“震族部落”的历史也随之结束。
    2 Carl E. Schorske (1981), Fin-de-Siecle Vienna: Politics and Culture, New York: Vintage, p.363.
    1 Ralph N. Wornum (1879), Analysis of Ornament: Characteristics of Styles, Sixth Edition, London: Chapman and Hall, p.4.
    2 Susan Buck-Morss (1989), The Dialectics of Seeing: Walter Benjamin and the Arcades Project, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, pp. 113, 114.
    1 John Ruskin (1898), The Seven Lamps of Architecture, the Seventh Edition, London: the Ballantyne Press, p.95.
    2 [德]阿尔布莱希特·维尔默:《论现代和后现代的辩证法——遵循阿多诺的理性批判》,北京:商务印书馆,钦文 译,2003年版,第31页。
    3 恩斯特·马赫(Ernst Math,1838-1916),奥地利物理学家、生物学家、心理学家、哲学家。他研究物体在气体中高速运动时,发现了激波。确定了以物速与声速的比值(即马赫数)为标准,来描述物体的超声速运动。马赫是一位具有批判精神的理论物理学家。他通过对科学的历史考察和科学方法论的分析,写过几本富有浓厚认识论色彩和历史观点的著作,其中以1883年《力学及其发展的批判历史概论》这部著作影响最大,对物理学的发展产生了深刻的影响。Pauline M.H.Mazumdar(1995), Species and Specificity: an Interpretation of the History of Immunology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 171.
    1 卡尔·兰德斯坦纳(Karl·Landsteiner, 1868-1943)是奥地利著名医学家,他因发现了A、B、O、AB四种血型中的前三种,而于1930年获得诺贝尔医学及生理学奖。Ibid.,p.172.
    2 Kent Bloomer (2000), The Nature of Ornament: Rhythm and Metamorphosis in Architecture, New York: Norton & Company, Inc., p.208.
    3 Ibid., p.208.
    1 Walter Crane(1892),The Claims of Decorative Art, London: Lawrence and Bullen, p. 1.
    2 Ibid, pp. 1, 2.
    3 这里的“装饰艺术”是广义上的装饰艺术,与“应用艺术”一词长期混用。与今天所用的“设计艺术”一词在内容的指向上接近。
    4 柏拉图在一个例子中认为制造床的工匠模仿了观念中的床。而画家描绘的床则又模仿了工匠所制造出来的床。这种认识的意义并非是界定三种床之间的差异和层级关系,而是确立了理念和现实之间的二元关系。在这个基础上,装饰被视为对自然的被动模仿,是一种“低级”的艺术创造。参见[古希腊]柏拉图:《理想国》,郭斌和 张竹明 译,北京:商务印书馆,1986年版,第387至393页。
    5 David Brett (2005), Rethinking Decoration: Pleasure and Ideology in the visual arts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 15.
    6 Ibid., p.14.
    1 David Brett (2005), Rethinking Decoration: Pleasure and Ideology in the visual arts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 14.
    2 Gilbert R. Redgrave (1884), Outlines of Historic Ornament, London: Chapman and Hall, Preface, p.3.
    3 理查德·雷德格雷夫在《设计手册》中认为:“事实已经证明对建筑结构进行适当的装饰可以产生意料之外的美,而且毫无疑问的是这点也使用于作为建筑附属物的家具、日常用具和织物等次要物品”。Richard Redgrave (1890), Manual of Design, London: Chapman and Hall, p.43.
    4 Brent C. Brolin (1985), Flight of Fancy: the Banishment and Return of Ornament, New York: St. Martin's Press, p.70.
    5 Karsten Harries (1997), The Ethical Function of Architecture, London: The MIT Press, p.2.
    1 Brent C. Brolin (1985), Flight of Fancy: the Banishment and Return of Ornament, New York: St. Martin's Press, p.8.
    2 Harold Osborne (1970), Aesthetics and Art Theory: an Historical Introduction, New York: E. P. Dutton, p. 195.
    3 Brent C. Brolin (1985), Flight of Fancy: the Banishment and Return of Ornament, New York: St. Martin's Press, p.78.
    4 Herbert Cole (?), An Introduction to the Period Styles of England and France, Manchester: the Sutherland Publishing Co. Ltd., p.2.
    1 Brent C. Brolin (1985), Flight of Fancy: the Banishment and Return of Ornament, New York: St. Martin's Press, p.88.
    2 Ibid, p.98.
    3 刘易斯·戴也认识到:“在理论上我们都赞同这个观点,但在实践上这一点并不是那么清晰。”设计与艺术中自由度的差别因人而异。参见Lewis Foreman Day(1904), Ornament and It's Application, London: B.T. Batsford, P.267.
    4 Journal of Design and Manufactures, 1849, 1, Brent C. Brolin (1985), Flight of Fancy: the Banishment and Return of Ornament, New York: St. Martin's Press, p.126, 129.
    1 《关于约瑟夫·霍夫曼》,1931, Adolf Loos(1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p.193.
    1 [德]阿尔布莱希特·维尔默:《论现代和后现代的辩证法——遵循阿多诺的理性批判》,北京:商务印书馆,钦文 译,2003年版,第129页。
    2 David Brett (2005), Rethinking Decoration: Pleasure and Ideology in the visual arts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 199.
    3 Massimo Cacciari (1993), Architecture and Nihilism: on the Philosophy of Modern Architecture, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p.103.
    1 Cultural Degeneration, 1908, Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p. 165.
    2 Ibid., p.163.
    3 Ornament and Education, 1924, Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, pp. 187, 188.
    4 Massimo Cacciari (1993), Architecture and Nihilism: on the Philosophy of Modern Architecture, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p.105.
    1 Cultural Degeneration, 1908, Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p. 163.
    2 参见阿道夫·奥佩尔序苦,选自Adolf Loos(1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p.2.
    3 William M. Johnston (1972), The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848-1938, Berkeley: University of California Press, p.22.
    4 John Boyer (1981), Political Radicalism in Late Imperial Vienna: Origins of the Christian Social Movement, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. ⅹⅱ; Steven Beller (1989), Vienna and the Jews, 1867-1938: a cultural history, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-7.
    1 Leslie Topp (2004), Architecture and Truth in Fin-de-siecle Vienna, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 1
    2 Carl Schorske (1981), Fin-de-siecle Vienna: Politics and Culture, New York: Vintage, p.3.
    3 世纪末维也纳的第一个伟大的文学咖啡馆是Griensteidl咖啡馆,该处曾为Habsburg国王的办公场所,在1897年成为卡尔·克劳斯与现代主义文学组织“年轻维也纳”的营地。维也纳的现代主义文学运动就诞生在咖啡馆中,已经与咖啡馆成为不可分割的一个部分。卢斯在美国丰富的社会阅历所带来的最大益处或许就是使其较容易的融入了咖啡社会。参见Harold B.Segel(1995), The Vienna Coffeehouse Wits 1890-1938, West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, pp. 3, 4.
    4 Debra Schafter (2003), The Order of Ornament, the Structure of Style: Theorelical Foundations of Modern Art and Architecture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 14.
    1 参见阿道夫·奥佩尔为卢斯文集所作的序言,选自Adolf Loos(1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p.1.
    2 Kurt Lustenberger (1994), Adolf Loos, Zurich: Artemis Verlags-AG, p. 19.
    3 Debra Schafter (2003), The Order of Ornament, the Structure of Style: Theoretical Foundations of Modern Art and Architecture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 14.
    4 卢斯和维特根斯坦都承认受惠于克劳斯。参见Allen Janik and Stephen Toulmin(1973), Wittgenstein's Vienna, New York: Simon & Schuster, pp.92, 93.
    5 卢斯和维特根斯坦地第一次会面在1914年7月,关于他们的关系以及相似的哲学认识参见Paul Wijdeweld (1994), Ludwig Wittgenstein, Architecture, Cambridge: MIT Press, pp.30-36.
    1 Debra Schafter (2003), The Order of Ornament, the Structure of Style: Theoretical Foundations of Modern Art and Architecture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 193.
    2 Kurt Lustenberger (1994), Adolf Loos, Zurich: Artemis Verlags-AG, p. 16.
    3 Janet Stewart (2000), Fashioning Vienna: Adolf Loos's Cultural Criticism, London: Routledge, p.6.
    4 Panayotis Tournikiotis (1994), Adolf Loos, New York: Princeton Architectural Press, p.30.
    1 Kurt Lustenberger (1994), Adolf Loos, Zurich: Artemis Verlags-AG, p.23.
    2 Ornament and Crime, 1908, Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p.175.
    3 Ornament and Education, 1924, Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, pp. 185, 186.
    4 卢斯在这里指的是德意志制造同盟的设计师们。参见Cultural Degeneration, 1908, Adolf Loos(1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p. 163.
    1 Kurt Lustenberger (1994), Adolf Loos, Zurich: Artemis Verlags-AG, p.24.
    2 [德]瓦尔特·本雅明:《机械复制时代的艺术作品》,王才勇 译,北京:中国城市出版社,2002年版,第64页。
    3 转引自[德]阿尔布莱希特·维尔默:《论现代和后现代的辩证法——遵循阿多诺的理性批判》,北京:商务印书馆,钦文 译,2003年版,第126页。
    1 转引自[德]阿尔布莱希特·维尔默:《论现代和后现代的辩证法——遵循阿多诺的理性批判》,北京:商务印书馆,钦文 译,2003年版,第126页。
    2 Leslie Topp (2004), Architecture and Truth in Fin-de-siecle Vienna, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.144.
    3 参见卢斯1898年对朱比利博览会的描写,The Jubilee Exhibition in Vienna: The Exhibition Buildings: the New Style, 1898, Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p. 144.
    4 Leslie Topp (2004), Architecture and Truth in Fin-de-siecle Vienna, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.170.
    1 Hal Foster (2002), Design and Crime: and other diatribes, London: Verso, p. 17.
    2 转引自肯尼斯·弗兰姆普顿:《现代建筑:一部批判的历史》,张钦楠 等译,北京:三联书店,2004年版,第92页。英文参见Adolf Loos(1982), Spoken into the Void: Collected Essays 1897-1900, Cambridge: MIT Press, pp.126, 127.
    3 卢斯曾经于1898年在分离派的杂志Ver Sacrum上发表过两篇文章,但同年霍夫曼对卢斯提出设计分离派展馆中一个小房间的要求的拒绝,看起来导致他对霍夫曼、奥尔布列希和与分离派有关建筑的仇视。Leslie Topp (2004), Architecture and Truth in Fin-de-siecle Vienna, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 136.
    1 Hal Foster (2002), Design and Crime: and other diatribes, London: Verso, p. 18.
    2 Debra Schafter (2003), The Order of Ornament, the Structure of Style: Theoretical Foundations of Modern Art and Architecture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 187.
    1 Karsten Harries (1989), The Broken Frame: Three Lectures, Washington, D.C: The Catholic University of America Press, p.44.
    2 Le Corbusier (1987), The Decorative Art of Today, London: The Architectural Press, p.91.
    3 参见[美]乔治·里茨尔:《社会的麦当劳化》,顾建光译,上海:上海译文出版社,1999年版。
    1 Massimo Cacciari (1993), Architecture and Nihilism: on the Philosophy of Modern Architecture, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p.104.
    2 Adolf Loos, Architecture, Claude Cernuschi (2002), Re/casting Kokoschka: ethics and aesthetics, epistemology and politics in fin-de-siecle Vienna, Danvers: Rosemont Publishing & Printing Corp, p.34.
    3 Debra Schafter (2003), The Order of Ornament, the Structure of Style: Theoretical Foundations of Modern Art and Architecture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 194.
    4 Karsten Harries (1989), The Broken Frame: Three Lectures, Washington, D.C: The Catholic University of America Press, p. ⅹⅳ.
    1 Karsten Harfies (1997), The Ethical Function of Architecture, London: The MIT Press, p.43.
    2 Leslie van Duzer & Kent Kleinman (1994), Villa Miiller: a work of Adolf Loos, New York: Princeton Architectural Press, p. 16.
    3 瑞勒尔·班汉姆:《阿道夫·卢斯》,王梅译,选自《反理性主义与理性主义》,[英]尼古拉斯·佩夫斯纳等编著,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003年版,第二部分,第27页。
    4 Massimo Cacciari (1996), Posthumous People: Vienna at the Turning Point, Stanford: Stanford University Press, p.77.
    1 Hilde Heynen (1999), Architecture and Modernity: a Critique, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p.94.
    2 Ibid.
    3 Leslie Topp (2004), Architecture and Truth in Fin-de-siecle Vienna, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.132.
    4 “卢斯建筑作品体现了坚定地从内向外设计的原则。外部形体被武断地破坏,窗户排列的无规律,是根据内部房间的分布而被设置的。”参见Mona Mury-leitner(1998),Adolf Loos,1870-1933,Salzburg:Verlag Anton,p.9.
    5 Massimo Cacciari (1993), Architecture and Nihilism: on the Philosophy of Modern Architecture, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p.107.
    6 Hilde Heynen (1999), Architecture and Modernity: a Critique, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p.94.
    1 Massimo Cacciari (1993), Architecture and Nihilism: on the Philosophy of Modern Architecture, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 159.
    2 Hilde Heynen (1999), Architecture and Modernity: a Critique, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p.95.
    3 Ibid.
    4 Ibid.
    1 Karsten Harries (1997). The Ethical Function of Architecture, London: The MIT Press, p.43.
    2 贡布里希曾经指出抽象艺术的出现得益于装饰的批判以及随之而来的装饰衰落。他说道:“二十世纪抽象绘画的理论确实可以归功于十九世纪的那场装饰设计大辩论,尽管人们一般不愿承认这一点”。参见[英]E.H.贡布里希:《秩序感:装饰艺术的心理学研究》,杨思梁、徐一维 译,杭州:浙江摄影出版社,1987年版,第113页。
    3 James Trilling (2003), Ornament: a Modern Perspective, Washington: the University of Washington, preface, p.3.
    4 Stuart Durant (1986), Ornament:from the Industrial Revohaion to Today, New York: The Overlook Press, p.26.
    1 Stuart Durant (1986), Ornament:from the Industrial Revolution to Today, New York: The Overlook Press, p.26.
    2 Franz Sales Meyer (1900), Handbook of Ornament, the First American Edition, New York: The Architectural Book Publishing Company, preface, Ⅱ.
    3 克兰最后得出了这样一个结论:“我们可以把它当作一个普遍法则,那就是在我们设计中的装饰目的越纯粹,形式越抽象,我们就可以越果断地在设计本身及围绕它的边界线之间实现同一的原则。”(p.113)正文引文参见Walter Crane(1914),Line and Form,London:G Bell & Sons,Ltd.,p.79.
    4 Brent C. Brolin (1985), Flight of Fancy: The Banishment and Return of Ornament, New York: St. Martin's Press, p.193.
    1 Edwin Avery Park (1927), New Backgrounds for a New Age, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, p.89.
    2 Ibid.
    3 Claude Bragdon (1918), Architecture and Democracy, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, p.98.
    4 Ibid., p.99.
    5 Edwin Avery Park (1927), New Backgrounds for a New Age, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, p. 100.
    1 Nikolaus Pevsner (1960), Pioneers of Modern Design:from William Morris to Walter Gropius, Hannondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd., p.199.
    2 David Brett (2005), Rethinking Decoration: Pleasure and Ideology in the visual arts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.214.
    1 Karsten Harries (1997), The Ethical Function of Architecture, London: The MIT Press, p.43.
    2 [德]康德:《判断力批判》,邓晓芒 译,北京:人民出版社,2002年版,第65页。
    3 Karsten Harries (1997), The Ethical Function of Architecture, London: The MIT Press, p.45.
    4 Ibid.
    1 拉斯金曾这样描述人工的装饰之美:“人们可以清楚地看到有些地方比别的地方更快乐——此处曾经有过停顿,也有过担忧;然后将会出现粗心的地方,毛糙的地方,此处凿子敲得重一点,彼处敲得轻一点,而后缩手缩脚地敲凿;倘若人在干活时心到手到,一切都会各得其所,各个部分就会相得益彰;其总体效果倘若与通过机器或毫无生气的手所生产的同一设计产品的效果相比的话,就会形成如同声情并茂地朗读诗歌与机械地背诵韵文的区别。”参见John Ruskin(1898),TheSeven Lamps of Architecture,the Seventh Edition,London:The Ballantyne Press.p.310.
    2 Kirk Varnedoe (1986), Vienna 1900: Art, Architecture, and Design, New York: Museum of Modem Art, p.9.
    3 Carl E. Schorske (1981), Fin-de-siecle Vienna: Politics and Culture, New York: Vintage, pp.336.
    1 Massimo Cacciari (1993), Architecture and Nihilism: on the Philosophy of Modern Architecture, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 160.
    1 [英]休谟:《人性论》下册,北京:商务书书馆,关文运 译,1980年版,第505页。
    2 罗素:《西方哲学史》下卷,北京:商务印书馆,1981年版,第395页。
    3 孙伟平:《事实与价值:休谟问题及其解决尝试》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000年版,第4页。
    4 [德]李凯尔特:《文化科学和自然科学》,北京:商务印书馆,1996年版,第21页。
    1 王元骧:《文学原理》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2002年版,第7页。
    2 赫伯特·西蒙:《设计科学:创造人造物的学问》,选自《非物质社会》,[法]马克·第亚尼 编著,滕守尧译,四川人民出版社,1998年版,笫106页。
    3 同上,第110页。
    1 参见司马云杰:《文化价值论:关于文化建构价值意识的学说》,西安:陕西人民出版社,2003年版,第58页。
    1 孙伟平:《事实与价值:休谟问题及其解决尝试》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000年版,第21页。
    2 [德]奥特弗利德·赫费:《作为现代化之代价的道德:应用伦理学前沿问题研究》,邓安庆 朱更生 译,上海:上海译文出版社,2005年版,第10页。
    3 麦金太尔:《德行之后》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1995年版,第100-110页。
    4 培里:《价值和评价》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1989年版,第175页。
    5 毛崇杰:《颠覆与重建:后批评中的价值体系》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002年版,第82页。
    1 [德]阿尔布莱希特·维尔默:《论现代和后现代的辩证法——遵循阿多诺的理性批判》,北京:商务印书馆,钦文 译,2003年版,第146页。
    1 Herbert Read (1934), Art and Industry: the Principles of Industrial Design, London: Faber and Faber Limited, p.167-173.
    1 Eastlake: Hints on Household Taste (1868, reprint ed., New York: Dover Publication, 1969), p.46 转引自 Brent C. Brolin (1985), Flight of Fancy: The Banishment and Return of Ornament, New York: St. Martin's Press, n. 147
    2 《考工记·梓人为筍簇》中记载:“天下之大兽五:脂者、膏者、裸者、羽者、鳞者。宗庙之事,脂者、膏者以为牲。裸者、羽者、鳞者以为筍簇。”在这里,工匠并不是简简单为种和磐做一个架子,而是巧妙地把整个器具作为一个统一的形象来进行设计。在乐器的下面用虎豹等猛兽而不用牛羊等家禽来进行装饰,有利于声音感染力与形象感染力的结合。因为“这样一方面木雕的虎豹显得更有生气,而鼓声也形象化了,格外有情味,整个艺术品的感动力量就增加了一倍。在这里艺术家创造的是“实”,引起我们的想象是“虚”,由形象产生的意象境界就是虚实的结合……。”参见宗白华:《美学散步》,上海:上海人民出版社,1981年5月1版,第32页。
    3 A.E.U.Lilley and W. Midgley (1896), Studies in Plant Form and Design, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p.3.
    4 John Ruskin (1898), The Seven Lamps of Architecture, the Seventh Edition, London: the Ballantyne Press, p.216.
    1 John Ruskin (1898), The Seven Lamps of Architecture, the Seventh Edition, London: the Ballantyne Press, pp.219, 220.
    2 Karsten Harries (1989), The Broken Frame." Three Lectures, Washington, D.C: The Catholic University of America Press, p.41.
    3 Herbert Read (1934), Art and Industry: the Principles of Industrial Design, London: Faber and Faber Limited, p.35.
    1 Herbert Read (1934), Art and Industry: the Principles of Industrial Design, London: Faber and Faber Limited, p.164.
    2 《建筑中的装饰》(1892),选自《工程学杂志3》(The Engineering Magazin 3,1892年8月)参见Edited by Robert Twombly(1988),Louis Sullivan:The Public Papers,Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,p.82.
    3 Ibid., 83.
    4 Ibid.
    5 Herbert Read (1934), Art and Industry: the Principles of Industrial Design, London: Faber and Faber Limited, p.173.
    1 唐军:《追问百年:西方景观建筑学的价值批判》,南京:东南大学出版社,2004年版,第167页。
    2 Brent C. Brolin (1985), Flight of Fancy: the Banishment and Return of Ornament, New York: St. Martin's Press,
    4 John Ruskin (1898), The Seven Lamps of Architecture, the Seventh Edition, London: the Ballantyne Press, p.222.
    5 Ibid.
    6 Ibid., p.42.
    1 Richard Redgrave (1890), Manual of Design, London: Chapman and Hall, p.45.
    2 John Ruskin (1898), The Seven Lamps of Architecture, the Seventh Edition, London: the Ballantyne Press, p.223.
    3 Ibid., p.62.
    4 Pugin, True Principles, 转引自 Brent C. Brolin (1985), Flight of Fancy: the Banishment and Return of Ornament, New York: St. Martin's Press, p. 113.
    1 Pugin,Contrasts,转引自Brent c.Brolin(1985),Flight of Fancy:the Banishment and Return of Ornament,New York:St.Martin's Press,pp.113-115.
    2 例如拉斯金在《建筑的七盏明灯》中说道:“没有限制:这是建筑师在谈论过度装饰时最爱说的一句话。好的装饰永远也不会过度,坏的装饰则总是过度的。”John Ruskin(1898),The Seven Lamps of Architecture,the Seventh Edition,London:the Ballantyne Press,p.48.
    3 David Brett (2005), Rethinking Decoration: Pleasure and ldeology in the visual arts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.238.
    1 Carl Schorske(1981), Fin-de-siecle Vienna: Politics and Culture, New York: Vintage, p. 257.
    2 霍夫曼斯塔尔(Hugo von Hofmannsthal),奥地利诗人及剧作家,维也纳新浪漫主义文学运动的领导者.作品有《蔷薇骑士》等。
    3 Kazan Harries(1989), The Broken Frame: Three Lectures, Washington, D. C: The Catholic University of America Press, p. 33.
    4 波将金(Potemkin,Grigory Aleksandrovich,1739-1791)是俄国叶卡捷琳娜女皇二世时的大将和宠臣。1787年,女皇要沿第聂伯河巡视。由于路途两侧的村子贫困肮脏,波将金下令用大片的墙粉饰成鳞次栉比的房舍轮廓,前景中则安排农奴扮演成农人来营造歌舞升平的景象。后来人们常把这种为欺骗上司和公众舆论而弄虚作假的“样板”称为“波将金村”。
    1 Claude Cemuschi (2002), Re/casting Kokoschka: ethics and aesthetics, epistemology and politics infin-de-siecle Vienna, Danvers: Rosemont Publishing & Printing Corp, p. 17.
    2 Pauline M. H. Mazumdar (1995), Species and Specificity: an Interpretation of the History of Immunology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 173.
    3 Ibid.
    4 Leslie Topp (2004), Architecture and Truth in Fin-de-siecle Vienna, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.2.
    1 Leslie Topp (2004), Architecture and Truth in Fin-de-siecle Vienna, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.2.
    2 德国建筑批评家Karl Scheffler,写于1911年。Panayotis Tournikiotis(1994),Adolf Loos,New York:Princeton Architectural Press,p.10.
    3 Panayotis Toumikiotis(1994),Adolf Loos, New York: Princeton Architectural Press, p.9.
    4 Ibid.
    5 Leslie Topp (2004), Architecture and Truth in Fin-de-siecle Vienna, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.170.
    1 Leslie Topp (2004), Architecture and Truth in Fin-de-siecle Vienna, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.3.
    2 Ibid., p.132.
    3 Ibid., 0.154.
    4 该图表参见Panayotis Toumikiotis所著《阿道夫·卢斯》一书图115,Panayotis Tournikiotis(1994),Adolf Loos,New York:Princeton Architectural Press,p.126.
    1 Kent Bloomer (2000), The Nature of Ornament: Rhythm and Metamorphosis in Architecture, New York: Norton&Company, Inc., pp.206-208.
    2 Brent C. Brolin (1985), Flight of Fancy: the Banishment and Retttrn of Ornament, New York: St. Martin's Press, p.141.
    3 [德]马克思·舍勒:《伦理学中的形式主义与质料的价值伦理学》,倪粱康 译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2004年版,第102-103页。
    1 Leslie Topp (2004), Architecture and Truth in Fin-de-siecle Vienna, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, a.169.
    2 Otl Aicher (1994), The World as design, Berlin: Ernst & Sohn, p. 143.
    3 Walter Crane (1892), The Claims of Decorative Art, London: Lawrence and Bullen, p.2.
    1 [英]艾伦·科洪:《建筑评论——现代建筑与历史嬗变》,刘托 译,北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005年版,第86页。
    2 同上。
    3 [德]阿尔布莱希特·维尔默:《论现代和后现代的辩证法——遵循阿多诺的理性批判》,北京:商务印书馆,钦文 译,2003年版,第126页。
    4 同上。
    5 同上。
    6 同上。
    1 [德]阿尔布莱希特·维尔默:《论现代和后现代的辩证法——遵循阿多诺的理性批判》,北京:商务印书馆,钦文 译,2003年版,第137页。
    1 [德]阿尔布莱希特·维尔默:《论现代和后现代的辩证法——遵循阿多诺的理性批判》,北京:商务印书馆,钦文 译,2003年版,第137页。
    1 李江凌:《价值与兴趣:培里价值本质论研究》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004年版,第31页。
    2 [日]作田启一:《价值社会学》,北京:商务书书馆,宋金文 边静 译,2004年版,第4页。
    3 参见田宗介《价值意识的理论》,弘文堂,1966年。田宗介认为价值与价值意识在理论上同时成立,并不存在先后关系。转引自[日]作田启一:《价值社会学》,北京:商务印书馆,宋金文 边静 译,2004年版,第4页。
    1 [日]作田启一:《价值社会学》,北京:商务印书馆,宋金文 边静 译,2004年版,第4页。
    1 [德]马克思·舍勒:《伦理学中的形式主义与质料的价值伦理学》,倪梁康 译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2004年版,第105页。
    2 同上,第108至109页。
    3 同上,第105页。
    4 同上,参见第105页。
    1 [德]马克思·舍勒:《伦理学中的形式主义与质料的价值伦理学》,倪梁康 译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2004年版,第105页。
    2 [英]乔治·克劳德:《自由主义与价值多元论》,应奇等 译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2006年版,第8页。
    3 [德]马克思·舍勒:《伦理学中的形式主义与质料的价值伦理学》,倪梁康 译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2004年版,114。
    4 参见黄凯锋:《价值论及其部类研究》,上海:学林出版社,2005年版,第18页。
    1 Patrick W. Jordan (2000), Designing Pleasurable Products: an Introduction to the New Human Factors, London: Taylor and Francis, p.3.
    2 在价值中有这样一些价值,它们不依赖于所有其他价值而保持着它们的价值特征,还有这样一些价值,在他们的本质中包含着一种与其他价值的现象的(直观感受的)相关性,没有其他价值,它们便不再是“价值”。我把前者称之为“自身价值”,把后者称之为“后继价值”。[德]马克思·舍勒:《伦理学中的形式主义与质料的价值伦理学》,倪梁康 译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2004年版,第125页。
    3 如马克思·舍勒认为“所有时代的生活智慧都教导人们,偏好持续的善业甚于易逝的、变换的善业”。这种不参于时间变换的“至善”是否真的存在?“流星”与“昙花一现”的价值如来进行评价?设计中的时尚呢?它恰恰因为短暂而具有特殊的价值。
    1 [德]马克思·舍勒:《伦理学中的形式主义与质料的价值伦理学》,倪梁康 译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2004年版,第57页。
    2 同上,第57页。
    3 同上。
    1 [英]以塞亚·柏林:《自由论》,胡传胜 译,南京:译林出版社,2003年版,第245页。
    2 [英]乔治·克劳德:《自由主义与价值多元论》,应奇 等译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2006年版,第70页。
    3 同上。
    1 黄凯锋:《价值论及其部类研究》,上海:学林出版社,2005年版,第14页。
    2 同上,第17页。
    3 同上。
    4 [英]齐格蒙特·鲍曼:《后现代伦理学》,张成岗 译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2003年4月第1版,70页。
    5 同上。
    6 Ornament and Crime, 1908, Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p.167.
    1 [英]乔治·克劳德:《自由主义与价值多元论》,应奇 等译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2006年版,第71至72页。
    1 [英]乔治·克劳德:《自由主义与价值多元论》,应奇 等译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2006年版,第71至72页。
    2 转引自唐军:《追问百年:西方景观建筑学的价值批判》,南京:东南大学出版社:,2004年版,第169页。
    1 [德]埃德蒙德·胡塞尔:《伦理学与价值论的基本问题》,艾四林、安仕侗 译,北京:中国城市出版社,2002年版,第119页。
    2 同上,第120页。
    3 黄凯锋:《价值论及其部类研究》,上海:学林出版社,2005年版,第27页。
    1 [德]沃尔夫冈·韦尔施:《我们的后现代的现代》,洪天富 译,北京:商务印书馆,2004年版,第173页。
    1 [英]以塞亚·柏林:《自由论》,胡传胜 译,南京:译林出版社,2003年版,第189页。
    2 同上。
    3 查尔斯·泰勒:《消极自由有什么错?》,选自达巍等主编《消极自由有什么错》,北京:文化艺术出版社,2001年版,第70页。
    1 [德]沃尔夫冈·韦尔施:《我们的后现代的现代》,洪天富 译,北京:商务书书馆,2004年版,第144页。
    2 Nina Stritzler-Levine (1996), Josef Frank, Architect and Designer: An Alternative Vision of the Modern Home, New Haven: Yale University Press, p.13.
    3 Ibid., p.16.
    4 [德]沃尔夫冈·韦尔施:《我们的后现代的现代》,洪天富 译,北京:商务印书馆,2004年版,第30页。
    5 同上,第143页。
    1 转引自[德]沃尔夫冈·韦尔施:《我们的后现代的现代》,洪天富 译,北京:商务印书馆,2004年版,第29-30页。
    2 同上,第133页。
    3 同上,第149页。
    1 [英]以塞亚·柏林:《自由论》,胡传胜 译,南京:译林出版社,2003年版,第189页。
    2 [德]沃尔夫冈·韦尔施:《我们的后现代的现代》,洪天富 译,北京:商务印书馆,2004年版,第152页。
    1 Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press, p. 167.
    Adolf Loos (1998), Ornament and Crime: Selected essays, Riverside: Ariadne Press.
    Panayotis Toumikiotis (1994), Adolf Loos, New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
    Kurt Lustenberger (1994), Adolf Loos, Zurich: Artemis Verlags-AG.
    Janet Stewart (2000), Fashioning Vienna: Adolf Loos's Cultural Criticism, London: Routledge.
    Leslie van Duzer & Kent Kleinman (1994), Villa Muller: a work of Adolf Loos, New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
    Mona Mury-leitner (1998), Adolf Loos, 1870-1933, Salzburg: Verlag Anton.
    Carl E. Schorske (1981), Fin-de-Siecle Vienna: Politics and Culture, New York: Vintage.
    Massimo Cacciari (1996), Posthumous People: Vienna at the Turning Point, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    Massimo Cacciari (1993), Architecture and Nihilism: on the Philosophy of Modern Architecture, New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
    Leslie Topp (2004), Architecture and Truth in Fin-de-siecle Vienna, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Harold B. Segel (1995), The Vienna Coffeehouse Wits 1890-1938, West Lafayette: Purdue University Press.
    Kirk Varnedoe (1986), Vienna 1900: Art, Architecture, and Design, New York: Museum of Modem Art.
    William M. Johnston (1972), The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848-1938, Berkeley: University of Califomia Press.
    Claude Cernuschi (2002), Re/casting Kokoschka: ethics and aesthetics, epistemology and politics in fin-de-siecle Vienna, Danvers: Rosemont Publishing & Printing Corp.
    Edited by Steven Belier (2001), Rethinking Vienna 1900, New York: Berghahn Books.
    Allen Janik and Stephen Toulmin (1973), Wittgenstein's Vienna, New York: Simon & Schuster.
    Paul Wijdeweld (1994), Ludwig Wittgenstein, Architecture, Cambridge: MIT Press.
    John Boyer (1981), Political Radicalism in Late Imperial Vienna: Origins of the Christian Social Movement, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    Steven Belier (1989), Vienna and the Jews, 1867-1938: a cultural history, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Karsten Harries (1997), The Ethical Function of Architecture, London: The MIT Press.
    Karsten Harries (1989), The Broken Frame: Three Lectures, Washington, D.C: The Catholic University of America Press.
    Karsten Harries (1983), The Bavarian Rococo: between Faith and Aestheficism, New Haven: Yale University Press.
    Brent C. Brolin (1985), Flight of Fancy: the Banishment and Return of Ornament, New York: St. Martin's Press.
    David Brett (2005), Rethinking Decoration: Pleasure and Ideology in the visual arts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Kent Bloomer (2000), The Nature of Ornament: Rhythm and Metamorphosis in Architecture, New York: Norton & Company, Inc.
    Stuart Durant (1986), Ornament: from the Industrial Revolution to Today, New York: The Overlook Press.
    James Trilling (2003), Ornament: a Modern Perspective, Washington: the University of Washington.
    Oleg Grabar (1992), The Mediation of Ornament, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
    Debra Schafter (2003), The Order of Ornament, the Structure of Style: Theoretical Foundations of Modern Art and Architecture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Patricia Conway and Robert Jensen (1982), Ornamentalism: the new decorativeness in architecture and design, New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc.
    Judith Nowinski (1970), Baron Dominique Vivant Denon (1747-1825): Hedonist and Scholar in a Period of Transition, Cranbury: Associated University Press.
    Naomi Schor (1987), Reading in Detail: Aesthetics and the Feminine, New York: Methuen Inc.
    Derek Hill and Oleg Grabar (1964), Islamic Architecture and its Decoration A.D.800-1500, London: Faber and Faber.
    Edited by Isabelle Frank (2000), The Theory of Decorative Art, New Haven: Yale University Press.
    Kennedy Fraser (1997), Ornament and Silence, New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
    Malcolm Miles (2000), The Uses of Decoration: Essays in the Architectural Everyday, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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