酚酸类物质与牡丹试管苗生根及褐化关系的研究
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摘要
本研究以牡丹品种‘乌龙捧盛’、‘太平红’和‘凤丹白’腋芽为供试材料,研究不同品种试管苗在褐化和生根过程中总酚含量及相关酶活性的动态变化,并对不同品种试管苗中的酚类物质定性定量分析,比较未褐化试管苗和褐化试管苗中的酚类物质种类和含量差异及主要酚类物质在试管苗生根过程中的变化差异,探讨酚类物质和相关酶活性与牡丹试管苗褐化及生根的关系；同时,以牡丹试管苗中主要酚类物质和IAA为原料,研究哪些酚类物质能在多酚氧化酶的催化下与IAA发生反应,并对产物分离、提纯,鉴定其结构,明确牡丹试管苗中酚类物质、IAA和PPO之间的关系,为了解试管苗体内的生理生化代谢提供了重要证据,以期为解决牡丹试管苗生根困难和褐化等问题提供理论指导意义。主要研究结果如下：
1.通过研究3个褐变程度不同的牡丹品种在增殖过程中总酚含量和PPO、PAL及POD活性的动态变化,结果表明,总酚含量及PPO、POD和PAL活性与牡丹试管苗在增殖过程中的褐变密切相关,褐变越严重的品种,总酚含量和POD活性越低,PPO活性越高,PAL活性的高低与牡丹的褐变程度未能表现出类似的规律。
2.以绿原酸、没食子酸、儿茶酚、4-甲基儿茶酚、香豆酸、6-羟基香豆素、咖啡酸、肉桂酸、苯甲酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、莽草酸、3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯乙酮、2,3-二羟基-4-甲氧基苯乙酮、丹皮酚、4-羟基苯甲酰肼、白藜芦醇、没食子酸甲酯、芍药苷18种酚酸作为标准样品,采用LC-MS方法,定性定量分析3个品种在增殖过程中未褐化试管苗和褐化试管苗中的酚类物质种类和含量差异,结果如下：在3个品种的试管苗中均检测到苯甲酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、咖啡酸、没食子酸、没食子酸甲酯、莽草酸、儿茶酚、芍药苷、3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯乙酮、绿原酸这10种酚酸,其余8种未能检出。在3个品种中,没食子酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、咖啡酸在褐化试管苗中的含量均低于未褐化试管苗,芍药苷、没食子酸甲酯、苯甲酸、莽草酸、儿茶酚在褐化的试管苗中含量高于未褐化试管苗；其中没食子酸、苯甲酸和莽草酸在褐化严重的品种中含量较高,咖啡酸在褐变严重的品种中含量较低。初步认为,牡丹试管苗褐化与这9种酚酸有关,其中以没食子酸和咖啡酸关系最为密切。
3.通过对生根能力不同的3个品种牡丹试管苗生根培养中相关酶活性与总酚含量的测定与分析,结果表明,在生根培养的前20天,3个品种的试管苗体内的相关酶活性和总酚含量发生了变化,这些变化因生根时期不同而不同。生根率较高的品种‘凤丹白’与生根率较低的品种‘乌龙捧盛’和‘太平红’之间存在显著差异。生根率较高的品种体内的POD活性和总酚含量总体上高于生根率低的品种,而IAAO活性始终低于生根率低的品种；PPO和PAL活性在3个品种中因生根时期不同表现出不同差异。
4.在试管苗生根培养过程中,不同品种试管苗体内主要酚酸的含量与对照相比均发生了的变化,‘太平红’体内的芍药苷、苯甲酸、4-羟基苯甲酸含量整体上高于‘乌龙捧盛’和‘凤丹白’,而没食子酸甲酯和莽草酸含量则低于‘乌龙捧盛’和‘凤丹白’,没食子酸在不同品种体内的变化趋势和含量差异不大。本研究初步认为芍药苷、没食子酸甲酯、没食子酸、莽草酸、苯甲酸、4-羟基苯甲酸可能与牡丹试管苗生根密切相关。
5.以牡丹试管苗中检测到的10种酚类物质和IAA为原料,研究酚类物质在PPO的催化下与IAA的反应,结果如下：苯甲酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、莽草酸、3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯乙酮、芍药苷在20h内不会被PPO氧化,它们不是PPO的适宜作用底物,也不能与IAA发生反应；绿原酸、没食子酸、没食子酸甲酯、儿茶酚、咖啡酸在2-7小时内易被PPO氧化,是PPO作用的适宜底物；其中绿原酸、咖啡酸和儿茶酚与PPO及IAA同时存在的条件下,混合液中发生了反应,产生了新的物质,通过对绿原酸与IAA作用产物的分离、提纯,结构鉴定,明确了这种新化合物并不是绿原酸与IAA相结合的产物,是与IAA结构类似的一类化合物,推测在绿原酸、IAA和PPO同时存在的环境中,可促使IAA发生反应,形成新的化合物。
Three cultivars of tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)'Wu Long Peng Sheng','Tai Ping Hong' and 'Feng Dan Bai' were used as materials, the dynamic changes of phenolic content and related enzymes activities were assessed during the in vitro rooting and browing process of three cultivars of tree peony. Qualitatively and quantitatively of phenolic acids were analyzed of the higher browing degree plantlets and lower browing degree plantlets and the dynamic changes of the main phenolic acids was assessed during the in vitro rooting process of three cultivars of tree peony. The relationship between phenolic acids and related enzymes activities and rooting and browing of three cultivars of tree peony in vitro will be discussed. In order to clear the relationship between phenolic acids, IAA and PPO, the main phenolic acids in tree peony and IAA as materials, the reaction between them using PPO as catalyst was researched and the chemical structures of products were identified. An understanding for physiological and biochemical of plantlets provided is expected to provide vital clues to how better to try and improve tree peony in vitro rooting and browing. The main results were as follows:
1. The dynamic changes of phenolic contents and PAL, PPO and POD activities were assessed during the differentiation process of three tree peony (Peaonia suffruticosa Andr.) cultivars grown in vitro. The results were as follows:there is a close relationship between PAL, PPO, POD activity as well as phenolic contents and tissue browning during the differentiation process in tree peony in vitro. The similar regulation was not appeared between the high or low level of PAL activity and tree peony browning degree, as the higher browning degree the cultivars, the lower phenolic contents and POD activities, and the higher PPO activities.
2. Chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, catechol,4-methylcatechol, coumalic acid,6-hydroxycoumarin, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, benzoic acid,4-hydroxy benzoic acid, shikimic acid,4-methoxy-3-hydroxyacetophenone,4-hydroxybenzhydrazide, paeonolum, resveratrol, paeoniflorin,2,3-dihydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone methyl gallate were used as standard. The LC-MS method was used to qualitative and quantitative analysis of some phenolic acids in higher browing degree plantlets and lower browing degree plantlets of three cultivars of tree peony. The results were as follows:ten phenolic acids were detected in three different cultivars tree peony plantlets, and it is respectively paeoniflorin, methyl gallate, gallic acid, shikimic acid, benzoic acid,4-hydroxy benzoic acid,4-methoxy-3-hydroxyacetophenone, caffeic acid, catechol and chlorogenic acid. The rest of the eight kinds failed to detected. The content of gallic acid,4-hydroxy benzoic acid and caffeic acid in higher browing degree plantlets was lower than in lower browing degree plantlets in three cultivars; The content of paeoniflorin, methyl gallate, benzoic acid, shikimic acid and catechol was higher than in lower browing degree plantlets in three cultivars; The content of gallic acid, shikimic acid and benzoic acid was higher in higher browing degree cultivars, however, the content of caffeic acid was lower in higher browing degree cultivars. So, this study preliminary holds that these nine phenolic acids are related to tissue browing of tree peony, and gallic acid and coffee acid are related to tissue browing closely.
3. Enzyme-related activities and total phenol content, which were related to the rooting of tree peony, changed in rooting culture for all three tree peony cultivars. These changes differed over the rooting period and there were significant differences between higher rooting rate cultivar 'Feng Dan Bai' and lower rooting rate cultivars 'Wu Long Peng Sheng'and'Tai Ping Hong'. POD activity and total phenolic content were higher in the higher rooting rate cultivar'Feng Dan Bai'than in lower rooting rate cultivars'Tai Ping Hong'and'Wu Long Peng Sheng'on the whole, while IAAO activity was lower in'Feng Dan Bai'than in'Tai Ping Hong'and'Wu Long Peng Sheng'throughout the entire experimental period. PPO and PAL activity showed different differences in different period in rooting process of three cultivars.
4. During the rooting culture process of tree peony, the phenolic acids in all three cultivars had changed compared with that of in control. And the content of paeoniflorin, benzoic acid and4-hydroxy benzoic acid in'Tai Ping Hong'cultivar was higher than that of in'Wu Long Peng Sheng'and'Feng Dan Bai'. While the gallicin and shikimic acid was lower than that of in'Wu Long Peng Sheng'and'Feng Dan Bai'. However, no significantly different could be drawn for gallic acid in three tree peony cultivars. So, this study preliminary holds that paeoniflorin, gallicin, gallic acid, shikimic acid, benzoic acid and4-hydroxy benzoic acid may be closely related with rooting in vitro of tree peony.
5. The ten phenolic acids which were detected in tree peony and IAA as materials, the reaction between them using PPO as catalyst was researched, the results showed that, benzoic acid,4-hydroxy benzoic acid, shikimic acid,4-methoxy-3-hydroxyacetophenone and paeoniflorin were not the appropriate substrate on PPO because they could not be oxidation by PPO Within20hours and could not be reaction with IAA. Gallicin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and gallic acid were the appropriate substrate on PPO because they could be oxidation by PPO Within2-7hours. When IAA and PPO was added to chlorogenic acid or caffeic acid or catechol solution, the mixtures had reacted and produced new compounds. The new compounds were not chlorogenic acid combinating with IAA after identified the chemical structures, but a class of compounds similar with IAA, which may be speculated that when chlorogenic acid, IAA and PPO were presence at the same time, IAA may be reacted with itself and formed a new compounds.
1.通过研究3个褐变程度不同的牡丹品种在增殖过程中总酚含量和PPO、PAL及POD活性的动态变化,结果表明,总酚含量及PPO、POD和PAL活性与牡丹试管苗在增殖过程中的褐变密切相关,褐变越严重的品种,总酚含量和POD活性越低,PPO活性越高,PAL活性的高低与牡丹的褐变程度未能表现出类似的规律。
2.以绿原酸、没食子酸、儿茶酚、4-甲基儿茶酚、香豆酸、6-羟基香豆素、咖啡酸、肉桂酸、苯甲酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、莽草酸、3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯乙酮、2,3-二羟基-4-甲氧基苯乙酮、丹皮酚、4-羟基苯甲酰肼、白藜芦醇、没食子酸甲酯、芍药苷18种酚酸作为标准样品,采用LC-MS方法,定性定量分析3个品种在增殖过程中未褐化试管苗和褐化试管苗中的酚类物质种类和含量差异,结果如下：在3个品种的试管苗中均检测到苯甲酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、咖啡酸、没食子酸、没食子酸甲酯、莽草酸、儿茶酚、芍药苷、3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯乙酮、绿原酸这10种酚酸,其余8种未能检出。在3个品种中,没食子酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、咖啡酸在褐化试管苗中的含量均低于未褐化试管苗,芍药苷、没食子酸甲酯、苯甲酸、莽草酸、儿茶酚在褐化的试管苗中含量高于未褐化试管苗；其中没食子酸、苯甲酸和莽草酸在褐化严重的品种中含量较高,咖啡酸在褐变严重的品种中含量较低。初步认为,牡丹试管苗褐化与这9种酚酸有关,其中以没食子酸和咖啡酸关系最为密切。
3.通过对生根能力不同的3个品种牡丹试管苗生根培养中相关酶活性与总酚含量的测定与分析,结果表明,在生根培养的前20天,3个品种的试管苗体内的相关酶活性和总酚含量发生了变化,这些变化因生根时期不同而不同。生根率较高的品种‘凤丹白’与生根率较低的品种‘乌龙捧盛’和‘太平红’之间存在显著差异。生根率较高的品种体内的POD活性和总酚含量总体上高于生根率低的品种,而IAAO活性始终低于生根率低的品种；PPO和PAL活性在3个品种中因生根时期不同表现出不同差异。
4.在试管苗生根培养过程中,不同品种试管苗体内主要酚酸的含量与对照相比均发生了的变化,‘太平红’体内的芍药苷、苯甲酸、4-羟基苯甲酸含量整体上高于‘乌龙捧盛’和‘凤丹白’,而没食子酸甲酯和莽草酸含量则低于‘乌龙捧盛’和‘凤丹白’,没食子酸在不同品种体内的变化趋势和含量差异不大。本研究初步认为芍药苷、没食子酸甲酯、没食子酸、莽草酸、苯甲酸、4-羟基苯甲酸可能与牡丹试管苗生根密切相关。
5.以牡丹试管苗中检测到的10种酚类物质和IAA为原料,研究酚类物质在PPO的催化下与IAA的反应,结果如下：苯甲酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、莽草酸、3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯乙酮、芍药苷在20h内不会被PPO氧化,它们不是PPO的适宜作用底物,也不能与IAA发生反应；绿原酸、没食子酸、没食子酸甲酯、儿茶酚、咖啡酸在2-7小时内易被PPO氧化,是PPO作用的适宜底物；其中绿原酸、咖啡酸和儿茶酚与PPO及IAA同时存在的条件下,混合液中发生了反应,产生了新的物质,通过对绿原酸与IAA作用产物的分离、提纯,结构鉴定,明确了这种新化合物并不是绿原酸与IAA相结合的产物,是与IAA结构类似的一类化合物,推测在绿原酸、IAA和PPO同时存在的环境中,可促使IAA发生反应,形成新的化合物。
Three cultivars of tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)'Wu Long Peng Sheng','Tai Ping Hong' and 'Feng Dan Bai' were used as materials, the dynamic changes of phenolic content and related enzymes activities were assessed during the in vitro rooting and browing process of three cultivars of tree peony. Qualitatively and quantitatively of phenolic acids were analyzed of the higher browing degree plantlets and lower browing degree plantlets and the dynamic changes of the main phenolic acids was assessed during the in vitro rooting process of three cultivars of tree peony. The relationship between phenolic acids and related enzymes activities and rooting and browing of three cultivars of tree peony in vitro will be discussed. In order to clear the relationship between phenolic acids, IAA and PPO, the main phenolic acids in tree peony and IAA as materials, the reaction between them using PPO as catalyst was researched and the chemical structures of products were identified. An understanding for physiological and biochemical of plantlets provided is expected to provide vital clues to how better to try and improve tree peony in vitro rooting and browing. The main results were as follows:
1. The dynamic changes of phenolic contents and PAL, PPO and POD activities were assessed during the differentiation process of three tree peony (Peaonia suffruticosa Andr.) cultivars grown in vitro. The results were as follows:there is a close relationship between PAL, PPO, POD activity as well as phenolic contents and tissue browning during the differentiation process in tree peony in vitro. The similar regulation was not appeared between the high or low level of PAL activity and tree peony browning degree, as the higher browning degree the cultivars, the lower phenolic contents and POD activities, and the higher PPO activities.
2. Chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, catechol,4-methylcatechol, coumalic acid,6-hydroxycoumarin, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, benzoic acid,4-hydroxy benzoic acid, shikimic acid,4-methoxy-3-hydroxyacetophenone,4-hydroxybenzhydrazide, paeonolum, resveratrol, paeoniflorin,2,3-dihydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone methyl gallate were used as standard. The LC-MS method was used to qualitative and quantitative analysis of some phenolic acids in higher browing degree plantlets and lower browing degree plantlets of three cultivars of tree peony. The results were as follows:ten phenolic acids were detected in three different cultivars tree peony plantlets, and it is respectively paeoniflorin, methyl gallate, gallic acid, shikimic acid, benzoic acid,4-hydroxy benzoic acid,4-methoxy-3-hydroxyacetophenone, caffeic acid, catechol and chlorogenic acid. The rest of the eight kinds failed to detected. The content of gallic acid,4-hydroxy benzoic acid and caffeic acid in higher browing degree plantlets was lower than in lower browing degree plantlets in three cultivars; The content of paeoniflorin, methyl gallate, benzoic acid, shikimic acid and catechol was higher than in lower browing degree plantlets in three cultivars; The content of gallic acid, shikimic acid and benzoic acid was higher in higher browing degree cultivars, however, the content of caffeic acid was lower in higher browing degree cultivars. So, this study preliminary holds that these nine phenolic acids are related to tissue browing of tree peony, and gallic acid and coffee acid are related to tissue browing closely.
3. Enzyme-related activities and total phenol content, which were related to the rooting of tree peony, changed in rooting culture for all three tree peony cultivars. These changes differed over the rooting period and there were significant differences between higher rooting rate cultivar 'Feng Dan Bai' and lower rooting rate cultivars 'Wu Long Peng Sheng'and'Tai Ping Hong'. POD activity and total phenolic content were higher in the higher rooting rate cultivar'Feng Dan Bai'than in lower rooting rate cultivars'Tai Ping Hong'and'Wu Long Peng Sheng'on the whole, while IAAO activity was lower in'Feng Dan Bai'than in'Tai Ping Hong'and'Wu Long Peng Sheng'throughout the entire experimental period. PPO and PAL activity showed different differences in different period in rooting process of three cultivars.
4. During the rooting culture process of tree peony, the phenolic acids in all three cultivars had changed compared with that of in control. And the content of paeoniflorin, benzoic acid and4-hydroxy benzoic acid in'Tai Ping Hong'cultivar was higher than that of in'Wu Long Peng Sheng'and'Feng Dan Bai'. While the gallicin and shikimic acid was lower than that of in'Wu Long Peng Sheng'and'Feng Dan Bai'. However, no significantly different could be drawn for gallic acid in three tree peony cultivars. So, this study preliminary holds that paeoniflorin, gallicin, gallic acid, shikimic acid, benzoic acid and4-hydroxy benzoic acid may be closely related with rooting in vitro of tree peony.
5. The ten phenolic acids which were detected in tree peony and IAA as materials, the reaction between them using PPO as catalyst was researched, the results showed that, benzoic acid,4-hydroxy benzoic acid, shikimic acid,4-methoxy-3-hydroxyacetophenone and paeoniflorin were not the appropriate substrate on PPO because they could not be oxidation by PPO Within20hours and could not be reaction with IAA. Gallicin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and gallic acid were the appropriate substrate on PPO because they could be oxidation by PPO Within2-7hours. When IAA and PPO was added to chlorogenic acid or caffeic acid or catechol solution, the mixtures had reacted and produced new compounds. The new compounds were not chlorogenic acid combinating with IAA after identified the chemical structures, but a class of compounds similar with IAA, which may be speculated that when chlorogenic acid, IAA and PPO were presence at the same time, IAA may be reacted with itself and formed a new compounds.
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