四种药用植物的化学成分及其生物活性研究
|
摘要
本文系统研究了四种药用植物的化学成分及部分化合物的生物活性,其中包括三种菊科植物驱虫斑鸠菊(Vernonia anthelmintica Willd)、褐毛橐吾(Ligularia achyrotricha(Diels) Ling)、菊叶千里光(Senecio chrysanthemoides DC)和一种杜英科植物圆果杜英(Elaeocarpus ganitrus)。驱虫斑鸠菊具有清热、消炎、活血化瘀、杀虫祛斑的作用；褐毛橐吾的根和叶有清热解毒的功效,在藏药部颁标准中长期用来治疗白喉、疫疠、皮肤病等；菊叶千里光具有活血、消肿的功效,用于治疗跌打损伤,痈疮肿疡；圆果杜英对中枢神经系统有镇静作用,对治疗中等、慢性疼痛有一定效果。
采用常规的萃取、硅胶柱层析(CC)、制备薄层层析(PTLC)、高效液相(HPLC)、重结晶等手段从上述四种植物中分离得到了94个化合物。利用各种现代波谱技术(IR、UV、CD、EIMS、ESIMS、HRESIMS、1H NMR、13C NMR, DEPT、NOEd、1H-1HCOSY、HSQC、HMBC、NOESY)、X-ray单晶衍射分析和CD激了手性分析方法,确定了90个化合物的结构,其中16个为新化合物。从驱虫斑鸠菊的地上部分得到40个化合物,并鉴定了其中38个化合物的结构(有12个为新化合物),主要涉及甾体、甾体糖苷、三萜、黄酮、倍半萜、木脂素、斑鸠菊酸和长链脂肪酸甘油酸酯等结构类型；从褐毛橐吾的根部得到了25个化合物,确定了其中24个化合物的结构,有1个为新化合物,化合物的结构类型包括吡咯里西啶生物碱、木脂素、松柏醇和芥子醇衍生物、甾体、三萜和黄酮等；从菊叶千里光中分离得到了7个化合物；从圆果杜英的地上部分分离得到了22个化合物,确定了其中21个化合物的结构,有3个为新化合物,化合物的结构类型有吲哚里西啶生物碱、三萜、甾体、维生素E、泛醌类等化合物。此外,利用X-单晶衍射分析方法和CD激了手性方法确定了12个新的甾体化合物(Va1—Va 12)的绝对构型。
本文对部分化合物的生物活性也做了研究。利用微量肉汤稀释法将驱虫斑鸠菊中的部分甾体类化合物(Va 1、Va 5、Va 7、Va 9、Va13、Va 15、Va16、Va 19和Va 20)对蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphyloccocus aureus)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)的抗菌活性进行了评价,实验结果表明化合物Va 13对这4种细菌均显示了较好的抗细菌活性,MIC值的范围是3.15～15.5μmL我们还研究了这些化合物对人卵巢颗粒样细胞(KGN细胞)的雌激素生物合成的作用,发现化合物Va 13显示了促进雌激素生物合成的作用,ECso值为56.95μg/mL其次,对从褐毛橐吾根部分离得到的化合物La 1的细胞毒活性的研究发现,其对人早幼粒急性白血病细胞(HL-60)和人肝癌细胞(SMMC-7721)有中等的抑制活性。第三,我们还对圆果杜英地上部分分离得到的生物碱Es 8—Es 10进行了抗乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的测试。
最后,本论文就2004年以来斑鸠菊属植物在化学成分和生物活性方面的研究进行了综述,为该属植物的进一步深入研究提供了一些参考依据。
本论文研究结果可望为传统民间中草药的活性成分、构效关系研究、药理学、植物化学分类学及新药筛选提供科学依据,为更好地开发和利用这些天然资源提供有益的帮助。
Chemical components and bioactivities of some compounds of four medicinal plants were researched systematically, including three Compositae species(Vernonia anthelmintica Willd, Ligularia achyrotricha (Diels) Ling, and Senecio chrysanthemoides DC.) and one southern plants belonging to the family of Elaeocarpus(Elaeocarpus sphaericus). V. anthelmintica Willd have been used for the treatment of asthma, hiccough, inflammatory swellings, sores, and itching of the eyes. The roots and leaves of Z. achyrotricha have heat-clearing and detoxic effects and have been used as an important species of traditional Tibetan medicine for a long time to treat dermatosis, diphtheria, and pestilence. S. chrysanthemoides DC. posses efficacy of invigoration the circulation of blood and soothing pain. E. sphaericus is used also as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine due to its calming effect on central nervous system and having a certain effect on the treatment of moderate chronic pain.
94 compounds were isolated from these plants by means of silica gel column chromatography (CC), preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and recrystallization etc. Then various spectroscopic methods including IR, UV, CD, EIMS, ESIMS, HRESIMS,1HNMR,13C NMR, DEPT, NOEd,'H-'H COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY, single-crystal X-ray crystallography and CD exciton chirality method were used to elucidate the structures of 90 compounds, among which there were sixteen new compounds.40 compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of V. anthelmintica Willd, and 38 compounds (including 12 new compounds) of them were elucidated. Their structures were determined as steroids, steroidal glycosides, triterpenoids, flavonoids, sesquiterpenoids, etc.25 compounds (including 1 new compound) were isolated and 24 were elucidated from the roots of Z. achyrotricha. The structures of them included pyrrolizidine alkaloid, lignans, coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol derivatives, steroids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, etc.7 compounds were separated from S. chrysanthemoides.22 compounds (including 3 new compounds) were obtained and 21 were elucidated from the aerial parts of E. sphaericus. The structures of these compounds were confirmed as alkaloid, triterpenoids, steroids, Vitamin E, ubiquinone, etc. Moreover, the absolute configurations of compounds Va 1- Va 12 were deduced using single-crystal X-ray diffraction and the CD exciton chirality method.
The bioactivities of some of these compounds were also studied. Firstly, micro-broth dilution method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of steroids from the aerial parts of V. anthelmintica Willd(Va 1、Va 5、Va 7、Va 9、Va 13、Va15、Va 16、Va 19 and Va 20) against Staphylococcus aureus. Bacillus cereus. Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Compound Va 13 showed antibacterial activity against these bacteria with MICs ranging from 3.15 to 15.5μg/mL. We also examined their effects on estrogen biosynthesis in human ovarian granulosa-like KGN cells. Va 13 showed the ability to promote estrogen biosynthesis with ECso of 56.95μg/mL. Secondly, compound La 1 from the roots of L. achyrotricha exhibited moderate activity against HL-60 and SMMC-7721 cells. Lastly, the AChE inhibitory activities for three alkaloids Es 8-Es 10 from the aerial parts of E.sphaericus were tested.
Finally, the chemical constituents and their activities of the species of genus Vernonia reported from 2004 were reviewed in this dissertation. We hoped this review was useful to chemotaxonomy of subtribe Vernonia.
The results of this dissertation will be supplement for the research on phytochemistry, the relationship of structure and activity, biological activity, chemotaxonomy and screening new medicines. Moreover, they are meaningful in providing scientific evidence to further development and utilization of traditional natural medicine resources.
采用常规的萃取、硅胶柱层析(CC)、制备薄层层析(PTLC)、高效液相(HPLC)、重结晶等手段从上述四种植物中分离得到了94个化合物。利用各种现代波谱技术(IR、UV、CD、EIMS、ESIMS、HRESIMS、1H NMR、13C NMR, DEPT、NOEd、1H-1HCOSY、HSQC、HMBC、NOESY)、X-ray单晶衍射分析和CD激了手性分析方法,确定了90个化合物的结构,其中16个为新化合物。从驱虫斑鸠菊的地上部分得到40个化合物,并鉴定了其中38个化合物的结构(有12个为新化合物),主要涉及甾体、甾体糖苷、三萜、黄酮、倍半萜、木脂素、斑鸠菊酸和长链脂肪酸甘油酸酯等结构类型；从褐毛橐吾的根部得到了25个化合物,确定了其中24个化合物的结构,有1个为新化合物,化合物的结构类型包括吡咯里西啶生物碱、木脂素、松柏醇和芥子醇衍生物、甾体、三萜和黄酮等；从菊叶千里光中分离得到了7个化合物；从圆果杜英的地上部分分离得到了22个化合物,确定了其中21个化合物的结构,有3个为新化合物,化合物的结构类型有吲哚里西啶生物碱、三萜、甾体、维生素E、泛醌类等化合物。此外,利用X-单晶衍射分析方法和CD激了手性方法确定了12个新的甾体化合物(Va1—Va 12)的绝对构型。
本文对部分化合物的生物活性也做了研究。利用微量肉汤稀释法将驱虫斑鸠菊中的部分甾体类化合物(Va 1、Va 5、Va 7、Va 9、Va13、Va 15、Va16、Va 19和Va 20)对蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphyloccocus aureus)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)的抗菌活性进行了评价,实验结果表明化合物Va 13对这4种细菌均显示了较好的抗细菌活性,MIC值的范围是3.15～15.5μmL我们还研究了这些化合物对人卵巢颗粒样细胞(KGN细胞)的雌激素生物合成的作用,发现化合物Va 13显示了促进雌激素生物合成的作用,ECso值为56.95μg/mL其次,对从褐毛橐吾根部分离得到的化合物La 1的细胞毒活性的研究发现,其对人早幼粒急性白血病细胞(HL-60)和人肝癌细胞(SMMC-7721)有中等的抑制活性。第三,我们还对圆果杜英地上部分分离得到的生物碱Es 8—Es 10进行了抗乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的测试。
最后,本论文就2004年以来斑鸠菊属植物在化学成分和生物活性方面的研究进行了综述,为该属植物的进一步深入研究提供了一些参考依据。
本论文研究结果可望为传统民间中草药的活性成分、构效关系研究、药理学、植物化学分类学及新药筛选提供科学依据,为更好地开发和利用这些天然资源提供有益的帮助。
Chemical components and bioactivities of some compounds of four medicinal plants were researched systematically, including three Compositae species(Vernonia anthelmintica Willd, Ligularia achyrotricha (Diels) Ling, and Senecio chrysanthemoides DC.) and one southern plants belonging to the family of Elaeocarpus(Elaeocarpus sphaericus). V. anthelmintica Willd have been used for the treatment of asthma, hiccough, inflammatory swellings, sores, and itching of the eyes. The roots and leaves of Z. achyrotricha have heat-clearing and detoxic effects and have been used as an important species of traditional Tibetan medicine for a long time to treat dermatosis, diphtheria, and pestilence. S. chrysanthemoides DC. posses efficacy of invigoration the circulation of blood and soothing pain. E. sphaericus is used also as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine due to its calming effect on central nervous system and having a certain effect on the treatment of moderate chronic pain.
94 compounds were isolated from these plants by means of silica gel column chromatography (CC), preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and recrystallization etc. Then various spectroscopic methods including IR, UV, CD, EIMS, ESIMS, HRESIMS,1HNMR,13C NMR, DEPT, NOEd,'H-'H COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY, single-crystal X-ray crystallography and CD exciton chirality method were used to elucidate the structures of 90 compounds, among which there were sixteen new compounds.40 compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of V. anthelmintica Willd, and 38 compounds (including 12 new compounds) of them were elucidated. Their structures were determined as steroids, steroidal glycosides, triterpenoids, flavonoids, sesquiterpenoids, etc.25 compounds (including 1 new compound) were isolated and 24 were elucidated from the roots of Z. achyrotricha. The structures of them included pyrrolizidine alkaloid, lignans, coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol derivatives, steroids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, etc.7 compounds were separated from S. chrysanthemoides.22 compounds (including 3 new compounds) were obtained and 21 were elucidated from the aerial parts of E. sphaericus. The structures of these compounds were confirmed as alkaloid, triterpenoids, steroids, Vitamin E, ubiquinone, etc. Moreover, the absolute configurations of compounds Va 1- Va 12 were deduced using single-crystal X-ray diffraction and the CD exciton chirality method.
The bioactivities of some of these compounds were also studied. Firstly, micro-broth dilution method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of steroids from the aerial parts of V. anthelmintica Willd(Va 1、Va 5、Va 7、Va 9、Va 13、Va15、Va 16、Va 19 and Va 20) against Staphylococcus aureus. Bacillus cereus. Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Compound Va 13 showed antibacterial activity against these bacteria with MICs ranging from 3.15 to 15.5μg/mL. We also examined their effects on estrogen biosynthesis in human ovarian granulosa-like KGN cells. Va 13 showed the ability to promote estrogen biosynthesis with ECso of 56.95μg/mL. Secondly, compound La 1 from the roots of L. achyrotricha exhibited moderate activity against HL-60 and SMMC-7721 cells. Lastly, the AChE inhibitory activities for three alkaloids Es 8-Es 10 from the aerial parts of E.sphaericus were tested.
Finally, the chemical constituents and their activities of the species of genus Vernonia reported from 2004 were reviewed in this dissertation. We hoped this review was useful to chemotaxonomy of subtribe Vernonia.
The results of this dissertation will be supplement for the research on phytochemistry, the relationship of structure and activity, biological activity, chemotaxonomy and screening new medicines. Moreover, they are meaningful in providing scientific evidence to further development and utilization of traditional natural medicine resources.
引文
1.中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会.中国植物志[M].科学出版社.1989,74：5.
2.海南植物志[M].科学出版社,1974；3：372.
3.中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会.中国植物志[M].科学出版社,1989,77：42,115.,8.
4.刘男民,沙吾提.新疆民族药志[M].新疆人民出版社,乌鲁木齐：1986,306.
5.和田地区民族医研制自癫风小组.喀什科技.1981,10.
6.吴剑飞,沙也夫·术沙德株,冯胜初,孔凡华,徐任生.驱虫斑鸠菊化学成分的研究[J],化学学报.1991,9：1018.
7. Smith Jr.CR, Bagby YM, Lohmar RL. Glass CA, Wolff IA. The epoxy acids of Chrysanthemum coronarium and Clarkia elegans seed oils[J]. J. Org. Chem. 1960:25(2):218.
8.周晓英,胡晓菁,田树革,周稚川.维药虫斑鸠菊果实及各剂型中化学成分研究[J].中国民族民间医药杂志,2000,43：101.
9.阿丽艳,阿丽米热.维药驱虫斑鸠菊的研究现状[J].中国民族医药杂志,2005,3：13.
10.刘晓东,闰明,刘发.维药驱虫斑鸠菊的研究进展[J].时珍国医国药,2008,19(12)：2877.
11.李红健,孙力,李琳琳,徐建国.驱虫斑鸠菊提取物体外对肿瘤细胞生长抑制作用的初步研究[J].新疆中医药,2006,24(6)：12.
12. Fatima S.S., Rajasekhar M.D., Kumar K.V., Kumar M.T.S., Babu K.R., Rao C.A. Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of ethyl acetate:Isopropanol (1:1) fraction of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats[J]. Food Chem. Toxicol.2010,48:495.
13. Tian G., Zhang U., Zhang T., Yang F., Ito Y. Separation of flavonoids from the seeds of Vernonia anthelmintfcaWilld by high-speed counter-current chromatography [J]. Journal of Chromatography A 2004.1049:219.
14. Akihisa T.. Hayashi Y., Patterson G.W.. Shimizu N., Tamura, T. 4a-methylvernosterol and other sterols from Vernonia anthelmintica seeds[J]. Phytochemistry 1992,31:1759-1763.
15. Liu Y.Q., Nugroho A.E.. Hirasawa Y., Nakata A., Kaneda T.. Uchiyama N., et al. Vernodalidimers A and B, novel orthoester elemanolide dimers from seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica[J]. Tetrahedron Lett.2010,51:6584-6587.
16. Wilson W.K., Sumpter R.M., Warren J.J., Rogers P.S., Ruan B., Schroepfer Jr.G.J. Analysis of unsaturated C27 sterols by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy[J]. J Lipid Res.1996.37:1529-1555.
17. Liu J,, Liu Y., Si Y., Yu S., Qu J., Xu S., et al. New vernocuminosides from the stem barks of Vernonia cumingiana Benth[J]. Steroids.2009,74:51-61.
18. Tchinda A.T., Tane P., Ayafor J.F., Connolly J.D. Stigmastane derivatives and isovaleryl sucrose esters from Vernonia guineensis (Asteraceae). Phytochemistry. 2003.63:841-846.
19. Tchinda A.T.. Tsopmo A.,Tane P., Ayafor J.F., Connolly J.d., Sterne O. Vernoguinosterol and vernoguinoside, trypanocidal stigmastane derivatives from Vernonia guineensis (Asteraceae) [J]. Phytochemistry.2002,59:371-374.
20. Jisaka M., Ohigashi H., Kazunori T., Hirota M., Irie R.. Huffman, M. A. Koshimizu, K. Steroid glucosides from vernonia amygdalina, a possible chimpanzee medicinal plant[J]. Phytochemistry.1993,34:409-413.
21. Igile G., Oleszek W., Jurzysta C., Aquino R., Tommaside N., Pizza C. Vemoniosides D and E, two novel saponins from Vernonia amygdalina[J].J. Nat. Prod.1995,58:1438-1443.
22. Flack H.D. On enantiomorph-polarity estimation. Acta Cryst.1983, A39:876-881.
23. Fan C.Q.. Yin S., Xue J.J., Yue J.M. Novel alkaloids, paxdaphnines A and B with unprecedented skeletons from the seeds of Daphniphyllum paxianum[J]. Tetrahedron 2007.63:115-119.
24. Berova N.; Nakanishi K.; Woody R.W. Circular dichroism:principles and applications.2nd ed. New York:Wiley-VCH Press:2000. p.337-382.
25. Dai Y., Zhou G.X., Kueihara H., Ye W.C., Yao X.S. Biphenyl glycosides from the fruit of Pyracantha fortuneana[J].J. Nat. Prod.2006,69:1022-1024.
26. Pescitelli G., Kurtan T., Florke U., Krohn K., Absolute structural elucidation of natural products—A focus on quantum-mechanical calculations of solid-state CD spectra, Chirality,21 (2009) E181-E201.
27. Li X., Luo J.G.,Wang X.B., Luo J., Wang J.S., Kong L.Y., Phenolics from Leontopodium leontopodioides inhibiting nitric oxide production. Fitoterapia 2012; 83:883-7.
28. Diedrich C., Grimme S.,Systematic investigation of modern quantum chemical methods to predict electronic circular dichroism spectra. J. Phys. Chem. A.107 (2003)2524-2539.
29. Frisch M.J., Trucks G.W., Schlegel H.B., Scuseria G.E., Robb M.A., Cheeseman J.R., et al. Gaussian 09, Revision A.I. Gaussian, Inc. Wallingford CT.
30. Guyot M., Davoust D., Belaud C. Hydroperoxy-24 vinyl-24 cholesterol, novel hydroperoxyde naturel isole de deux tuniciers:phallusia ma-millataet ciona intest inalis[J]. Tetrahedron Lett 1982,23:1905-1906.
31. Sheu J.H., Wang G.H., Sung P.J., Chiu Y.H., Duh C.Y. Cytotoxic sterols from the formosan brown alga Turbinaria ornata[J].Planta. Med.1997,63:571-572.
32. Wu S.B., Bao Q.Y., Wang W.X., Zhao Y., Xia G., Zhao Z., et al. Cytotoxic triterpenoids and steroids from the bark of Melia azedarach[J].Planta. Med.2011, 77:922-928.
33. Akihisa T., Kimura Y., Koike K., Kokke W.C.M.C., Ohkawa T., Nikaido T. (24R)-and (24S-)-24 hydoxy-24-vinyllathosterols and other sterols from the aerial parts of Bryonia dioica[J].Phytochemistry 1999,52:1601-1605.
34. Ioannoua E., Abdel-Razik A.F., Zervou M., Christofidis D., Alexi X., Vagiasa C., et al.5a,8a-epidioxysterols from the gorgonian Eunicella cavolini and the ascidian Trididemnum marmatum:Isolation and evaluation of their antiproliferative activity[J]. Steroids 2009,74:73-80.
35. Greca M.D., Monaco P., Previtera L. Stigmasterols from Typha latlfolia[J].J. Nat. Prod.1990;53:1430.
36. Kojima H., Sato N., Hatano A.. Ogura H. Sterol glucosides from Prunella vulgaris[J]. Phytochemistry 1990,29(7):2351.
37. Jahan N., Ahmed W., Malik A. New steroidal glycosides from Mimusops elengl[J]. J. Nat. Prod.1995,58(8):1244-1247.
38. Piccialli V., Sica D. Four new trihydroxylated sterols from the sponge Spongionella gracilis[J]. Nat. Prod.1987,50(5):915-920.
39. Ulubelen A., Oksuz S., Tuzlact E. A new triterpene and other compounds from Achillea magnifica[J].Planta. Med.1989, (55):395.
40.周惠燕,章辉,李士敏.竹叶化学成分研究Ⅰ[J].中国中药杂志,2005,30(24)：1933.
41. Masaharu T., Naoharu W., Mayumi S. New hepatoprotective triterpenes from Canarium album[J]. Planta. Med.1989,55:44.
42.罗晓东,吴少华,马云保.吴大刚.大蒜果树的化学成分[J].云南植物研究,2001,23(3)：368-372.
43.杨辉,谢金伦,孙汉董.云木香化学成分研究Ⅱ[J].云南植物研究,1997,19(1)：92。
44. Zhang X., Xu J.K., Wang N.L., Kurihara H., Yao X.S. Antioxidant phenanthrenes and lignans from Dendrobium nobile[J].Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences.2008,17:314-318.
45. Qin J.J., Zhu J.X., Zhu Y., Jin H.Z., Lv Y.H., Zhang W.D. Flavonoids from the aerial parts of Imula japonica[J].Chin. J. Nat. Med.2010,8(4):57.
46. Bohlmann F., Zdero C. New glaucolides from Vernonia species[J]. Revista Latinoamericana de Quimica.1988,19 (2):63-65.
47. Cardona M.L., Garcia B..Pedro J.R., Sinisterra J.F. Sesquiterpene lactones and an elemane derivative from Onopordon corymbosum[J].Phytochemistry 1989, 28(4):1264.
48. Hashimoto T., Noma Y., Asakawa Y. Biotransformation of terpenoids from the crude drugs and animal origin by microorganisms[J]. Heterocycles.2001,54 (1): 529-559.
49.沈其丰,徐广智.C-核磁共振[M].化学工业出版社,北京,1986：245。
50.杜芝芝,沈月毛,李炳钧,许建初.滑桃树果皮的化学成分[J].天然产物研究与开发,2002,14(2)：9-10.
51. Chung W., Goo Y.M., Na D.S., Kim J.K. A phospholipase A2 inhibitor from Arisaema amurense vax. var. serratum Nakai[J]. Arch. Pharm. Res.1995 18 (4): 293-294.
52.龚运淮.天然有机化合物的13C核磁共振化学位移[M].云南科技出版社,1986,131.
53. Smith Jr.C.R., Bagby M.O., Lohmar R.L., Glass C.A., Wolff I.A. The epoxy acids of chrysanthemum coronarium and clarkia elegans seed oils[J]. J. Org. Chem.1960,25 (2):218-222.
54.宋志中,贾忠建.螃蟹七化学成分的研究[J].中国中药杂志,1989,14：32。
55. Ericsson H.M., Sherris J.C. Antibiotic sensitivity testing. Report of an international collaborative study [J]. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica Section B,1971,217:1-90.
56. Fitzpatrick S.L., Richards J.S., Cis-acting elements of the rat aromatase promoter required for cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate induction in ovarian granulosa cells and constitutive expression in R2C Leydig cells, Mol. Endocrinol.1993,7: 341-354.
57. Simpson E.R., Clyne, C.G., Rubin W.C. Boon, K. Robertson, K. Britt, et al. Aromatase-a brief overview, Annu. Rev. Physiol.2002,64:93-127.
58. Gonzalez-Robayna I.J., Alliston T.N., Buse P., Firestone G.L., Richards J.S., Functional and subcellular changes in the A-kinase-signaling pathway:relation to aromatase and Sgk expression during the transition of granulosa cells to luteal cells, Mol. Endocrinol.1999,13:1318-1337.
1.中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会.中国植物志[M].科学出版社,1989.77：42,115.
2.《全国中草药汇编》编写组.全国中草药汇编[M].人民卫生出版社,1996,831.
3.中国科学院新疆生物土壤沙漠研究所等.新疆中草药[M].新疆人民出版社,乌鲁木齐：1975,79.
4.江苏新医学院.中药大辞典(上、下册)[M].人民卫生出版社,北京：7,154,545,1152,1557,1806,2305,2349,1977.
5.陈鹭声,宋万志.中国菊科药用植物研究慨况[J].中草药,1987,18：37.
6.杜品.青藏高原甘南藏药植物志[M].甘肃科技出版社,2006,308.
7. Wu Q.H., Wang C.M., Chen S.G,, Gao K. Bieremoligularolide and eremoligularin, two novel sesquiterpenoids from Ligularia muliensis[J].Tetrahedron Lett.2004, 45:8855.
8. Liu C.M., Wang H.X., Wei S.L., Gao K. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Bisabolane Sesquiterpenes from the Roots of Ligularia cymbulifera[J]. Helv. Chim. Acta. 2008,91:308.
9. Fei D.Q., Li S.G., Liu C.M., Wu G., Gao K. Eremophilane-type sesquiterpene derivatives from the roots of Ligularia lapathifolia[J].J. Nat. Prod.2007,70:241.
10. Drewes S.E., Antonowitz I., Kaye P.T., Coleman P.C.13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the Senecio alkaloids, retrorsine, swazine, isoline, and hygtophylline[J]. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans.11981;287-289.
11. Cowan S., Stewart M., Abbiw D.K., Latif Z., Sarker S.D.. Nash R.J. Lignans from Strophanthus gratus[J].Fitoterapia 2001;72:80.
12. Li Y.S., Wang Z.T., Zhang M., Luo S.D., Chen J.J. A new pinoresinol-type lignan from Ligularia Kanaitizensis[J].Nat. Prod. Res.2005,19:125.
13. Zhao Y., Jia Z.J. Yang L. Wang J.G. Chin. Chem. Lett.1993.4:895.
14. Gao K., Wang W.S., Jia Z.J. Coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol derivatives from Ligularia duciformis[J].Phytochemistry 1998,47:269.
15. Zhao Y., Jia Z.J., Yang L. Sinapyl alcohol derivatives and other constituents from Ligularia nehumbifolia[J]. Phytochemistry 1994,37:1149.
16. Ma B., Gao K.. Shi Y.P., Jia Z.J. Phenol derivatives from Ligularia intermedia[J]. Phytochemistry 1997,46(5):915.
17. Greca M.D., Monaco P., Previtera L. Stigmasterols from Typha latifolia[J]. J. Nat. Prod.1990,53:1430.
18. Kojima H., Sato N., Hatano A., Ogura H. Sterol glucosides from Prunella vulgaris[J]. Phytochemistry 1990; 29(7):2351.
19. Ioannoua E., Abdel-Razik A.F., Zervou M.,Christofidis D., Alexi X., Vagiasa C. et al.5α,8α-epidioxysterols from the gorgonian Eunicella cavolini and the ascidian Trididemnum inarmatum:Isolation and evaluation of their antiproliferative activity[J]. Steroids 2009,74:73-80.
20.周惠燕,章辉,李士敏.竹叶化学成分研究Ⅰ[J].中国中药杂志,2005,30(24)：1933.
21. Masaharu T., Naoharu W., Mayumi S. New hepatoprotective triterpenes from Canarium album[J]. Planta Med.1989,55:44.
22.张雷红,江永南,罗懿斌,叶文才.宽叶大戟中黄酮类化学成分的研究[J].中草药,2009,40(3)：366.
23.杨辉,谢金伦,孙汉董.云木香化学成分研究Ⅱ[J].云南植物研究1997,19(1)：92。
24.沈其丰,徐广智.13C-核磁共振及其应用[M].化学工业出版社,北京：1982,242。
25.杜芝芝,沈月毛,李炳钧,许建初.滑桃树果皮的化学成分[J].天然产物研究与开发,2002,14(2)：9.
1.国家中医药管理局中华本草编委会.中华本草.1999,21(7)：943.
2.中医药资料.中国本草彩色图片.
3. Mengi N, Garg SN, Agarwal SK, et al. The occurrence of b2thu2 jone and a new p2m enthane derivative in Seneciochrys anthemoides leafoil. J Essent Oil Res, 1995,7(5):511.
4. Mengi N, Taneja SC, Mahajan VP, et al. Eudesmanolides from Senecio chrysanthemoides. Phytochemistry.1991,30 (7):2329.
5.林生,张中晓,沈云亨,李慧良,单磊,张卫东等.菊叶千里光里的一个新木脂素苷[J].中国中药杂志,2011,36(7)：1755-1762.
6.林生,张中晓,沈云亨,李慧梁,单磊,张卫东等,菊叶千里光乙酸乙酯部位化学成分研究[J].中国中药杂志.2010,35(9)：1137-1141.
7. Markham K.R., Ternai B. Tetrahedron 1976,32 (5):565-569.
8. Alejandro F.B., Ali H., Munozdorado M, et al. Polyacetylenes, terpenoids and flavonoids from Bupleurum spinosum. Phytochemistry.1998,48(1):1237-1240.
9. Saewan N., Koysomboon S., Chantrapromma K. Anti-tyrosinase and anti-cancer activities of flavonoids from Blumea balsamifera DC. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 2011,5(6):1018-1025.
10. Acker van F.A.A., Hageman J.A., Haenen G.R.M.M., Vijgh van der W.J.F., Bast A., Menge W.M.P.B. Synthesis of novel 3,7-substituted-2-(3',4'-dihydroxy-phenyl) flavones with improved antioxidant activity. J. Med. Chem.2000,43: 3752-3760.
11. Takemura H., Itoh T., Yamamoto K., Sakakibara H., Shimoi, K. Selective inhibition of methoxyflavonoids on human CYP1B1 activity. Bio. Med.Chem. 2010,18:6310-6315.
12.杨辉,谢金伦,孙汉董.云木香化学成分研究Ⅱ[J].云南植物研究,1997,19(1)：92。
1.中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会.中国植物志[M].科学出版社.1989,49：2。
2. Collins D.J., Culvenor C. C. J., Lamberton J. A., Loder J.W., Price J. R. Plants for medicines:a chemical and pharmaco-logical survey of plants in the Australian Rregion, 1st ed. CSIROMelbourne,1990.
3. Peter L.K., Debra A.V., Paul I.F., Gordon G., Anthony R.C. Grandisines C-G, indolizidine alkaloids from the Australian rainforest tree Elaeocarpus grandis[J]. J. Nat. Prod.2006,69:1295-1299.
4.中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会.中国植物志[M].科学出版社,1989.49：8。
5. Johns S.R., Lamberton J.A., Sroumis A.A., Suares H., Willing R.I. Elaeocarpus alkaloids IV. the alkaloids of Elaeocarpus sphaericus[J].Aust. J. Chem.1971, 24:1679.
6. Zhou C.J., Wang X.Y., Mo J.X., Zhang J., Gan L.S. Optical resolution and structure determination of new indolizidine alkaloids from Elaeocarpus sphaericus[J]. Helv. Chem. Acta.2011,94:347.
7. Singh R.K., Acharya S.B., Bhattacharya S.K. Pharmacological activity to Elaeocarpus sphaehcus[J].Phytotherapy research,2000,14:36.
8. Chen J., Chen J.J., Yao X.J., Gao K. Kopsihainanines A and B, two unusual alkaloids from Kopsia hainanensis[J].Org. Biomol. Chem.2011,9:5334-5336.
9. Li Y., Wang T.T., Zhao J., Shi X., Hu S.C., Gao K. Norditerpenoids from Agathis macrophylla[J].Food Chemistry.2012,131(3).972-976.
10. Seo S., Tomita Y., Tori K. Biosynthesis of oleanene-and ursene-type triterpenes from [4-13C]mevalonolactone and sodium [1,2-13C2]acetate in tissue cultures of Isodon japonicus Hara[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.1981,103:2075-2080.
11. Xu L.R., Zhang S., Wu J., Qi S.H., Huang J.S., Xiao Z.H., et. al. A new triterpenoid:taraxerol-3-O-tridecyl ether from Derris triofoliata[J].Pharmazie 2004,59:655-656.
12.周惠燕,章辉,李士敏.竹叶化学成分研究Ⅰ[J].中国中药杂志.2005,30(24)：1933.
13. Watanabe N., Fujita A.. Ban N. Bipolal:anti-microalgal compound isolated as a candidate for marine antiofouling produced by Bipolal sp. F5206[J]. J. Nat. Pord 1995,58:463-466.
14. Lakshminarayana V., Murty Y.L.N., Row L.R. New triterpenes from Swietenia mahagoni[J]. Organic Magnetic Resonance.1981,17(1):77-78.
15. Masaharu T., Naoharu W.. Mayumi S. New hepatoprotective triterpenes from Canarium album[J].Planta Med.1989,55:44.
16. Gu J., Chi S.M., Zhao Y., Zheng P., Ruan Q., Zhu H.Y., et al. Inclusion complexes of coenzyme Q10 with polyamine-modified β-cyclodextrins:characterizations, solubilization, and inclusion mode[J]. Helv. Chim. Acta.2011,94:1608-1617.
17. Boers R.B.,Randulfe Y.P.,Van der Haas H.N.S., Van Rossum-Baan M., Lugtenburg J. Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of 1-13C- and 4-13C-Plastoquinone-9[J]. Eur. J. Org. Chem.2002,2094-2108.
18. Kitajima J., Kimizuka K., Arai M., Tanaka Y. Constituents of Ficus pumila Leaves[J]. Chem. Pharm. Bull.1998,46(10):1647-1649.
19. Ali A.A., Makboul M.A., Attia A.A., Ali D.T. Chromones and flavans from Pancratium maritimum[J].Phytochemistry 1990,29 (2):625-627.
20.饶高雄,戴云华,王立新,蔡峰.蕨叶藁本的化学成分[J].云南植物研究1991,13(2)：233-236。
21. Greca M.D., Monaco P.. Previtera L. Stigmasterols from Typha latifolia[J]. J. Nat. Prod.1990,53:1430.
22. Kojima H., Sato N., Hatano A., Ogura H. Sterol glucosides from Prunella vulgarism. Phytochemistry 1990,29 (7):2351.
23. Ioannoua E., Abdel-Razik A.F., Zervou M., Christofidis D., Alexi X., Vagiasa C. et al.5a,8a-epidioxysterols from the gorgonian Eunicella cavolini and the ascidian Trididemnum inarmatum:isolation and evaluation of their antiproliferative activity[J]. Steroids 2009,4:73-80.
24. Isao Y., Yuichi I., Shinya A., Hideaki W., Toshiji I., Hiroyuki S., et al. a, β-dihydropolyprenyl derivatives, pharmacological preparations containing them and method for treating liver diseases[J]. Eur. Pat. Appl.1981.27.
25. Wietelmann U., Bonrath W.. Netscher T., Noeth H., Panitz J.C. Wohlfahrt-Mehrens M. Tris (oxalato) phosphorus acid and its lithium salt[J]. Chemistry-A European Journal 2004.10(10):2451-2458.
26. Kang S.J., Jovel E., Hong S.S., Hwang B.Y., Liu P., Lee M.H., et. al. Chemical constituents of the Moss Hylocomium splendens[J].Natural Product Sciences, 2007.13(4):394-397.
27. Yang Z.D., Zhang X,. Duan D.Z., et al. Modified TLC bioautographic method for screening acetylcholinesterase inhiibitors from plant extracts[J]. J. Sep. Sci.2009. 32(18):3257。
28. Orhan I., Sener B., Choudhary M.I. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory acitivity of some Turkish medicinal plants[J]. J Ethnopharmacol.2004,9(1):57.
1. Aruoma, O.I., Sun B.. Fuji H., Neergheen V.S., Bahorun T., Kang K.S., et al. Low-molecular proanthocyamidin dietary biofactor oligonol:Its modulation of oxidative stress, bioefficacy, neuroprotection, food application and chemoprevention potentials [J]. Biofactors 2006,27:245-265.
2. Seef L.B., Lindsay K.L., Bacon B.R., Kresina T.F., Hoofnagle J.H. Complementary and alternative medicine in chronic liver disease [J]. Hepatology 2001,34:595-603.
3. Winslow L.C., Krol D.J. Herbs as medicinese[J]. Arch. Intern. Med.1998, 1258:2192-2199.
4.中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会.中国植物志[M].科学出版社,1989,74：5.
5. Jisaka M., Ohigashi H., Takagaaki T., Nozaki H., Tada T., Koshimizu, K., et al. Bitter steroid glucosides, vernoniosides A1, A2, A3, and related B1 from a possible medicinal plant, Vernonia amygdalina, used by wild chimpanzees[J]. Tetrahedron 1992,48:625-632.
6. Jisaka M., Ohigashi H., Kazunori T., Hirota M., Irie R., Koshimizu, K., et al. Steroid glucosides from Vernonia amygdalina, a possible chimpanzee medicinal plant[J]. Phytochemistry 1993,34:409^13.
7. Ijeh I.I., Ejike C.E.C.C. Current perspectives on the medicinal potentials of Vernonia amygdalina Del[J]. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research.2011, 5(7):1051-1061.
8. Ohigashi H, Huffman MA, Izutsu D, Koshimizu K, Kawanaka M, Sugiyama H, et al. Toward the chemical ecology of medicinal plant use in chimpanzees:the case of Vernonia amygdalina a plant used by wild chimpanzees possibly for parasite-related diseases[J]. J. of chemical Ecology.1994,20:541-553.
9.刘晓东,闫明,刘发.维药驱虫斑鸠菊的研究进展[J].时珍国医国药,2008,19(12)：2877-2880.
10.刘清华,杨峻山,索茂荣.斑鸠菊属的倍半萜内酯类及甾体皂苷类化学成分及药理活性研究进展[J].中国中药杂志.2007,32(1)：10-17.
11.刘清华.博士学位论文[博士论文].北京,中国协和医科大学.2005.
12.陈新.六种药用植物化学成分和活性成分的研究[博士论文].上海,,中国科学院上海药物所.2005.
13. Buskuhl H., Oliveira de F.L., Blind L.Z., Freitas de R.A., Barison A., Biavatti M.W., el al. Sesquiterpene lactones from Vernonia scorpioides and their in vitro cytotoxicityt[J]. Phytochemistry.2010,71:1539-1544.
14. Pillay P., Vleggaar R., Maharaj V.J., Smith P.J., Lategan C.A.. Chouteau F., et al. Antiplasmodial hirsutinolides from Vernonia staehelinoides and their utilization towards a simplified pharmacophoret[J]. Phytochemistry.2007,68:1200-1205.
15. Chen X., Zhan Z.J., Yue J.M. Sesquiterpenoids from Vernonia cinereat[J].Nat. Prod. Res.2006,20 (2):125-129.
16. Chen X., Zhan Z.J., Zhang X.W., Ding J., Yue J.M.. Sesquiterpene lactones with potent cytotoxic activities from Vernonia chinensist[J]. Planta Med.2005, 71:949-954.
17. Williams R.B., Norris A., Slebodnick C., Merola J., Miller J.S., Kingston D.G.I., et al. Cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactones from Vernonia pachyclada from the Madagascar rainforest[J]. J. Nat. Prod.2005,68:1371-1374.
18. Kos O., Castro V., Murillo R., Poveda L., Merfort I. Ent-kaurane glycosides and sesquiterpene lactones of the hirsutinolide type from Vernonia triflosculosa[J]. Phytochemistry.2006,67:62-69.
19. Chea A., Hour S., Long C., Marcourt L., Faure R., Elias R., et al. Antimalarial activity of sesquiterpene lactones from Vernonia cinerea[J].Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2006,54(10):1437-1439.
20. Liu Y.Q., Nugroho A.E.,Hirasawa Y., Nakata A., Kaneda T., Morita H., et al. Vernondalidimers A and B, novel orthoester elemanolide dimers from seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica[J].Tetrahedron lett.2010,51:6584-6587.
21. Huo J., Yang S.P., Xie B.J., Liao S.G., Lin L.P., Yue J.M. Cytotoxic sesquiterpenoids from Vernonia bockiana[J]. Asian Nat. Prod. Res.2008,10 (6):571-575.
22. Chukwujekwu J.C., Lategan C.A.. Smith P.J.. Heerden Van F.R., Staden Van J. Antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activity of isolated sesquiterpene lactones from the acetone leaf extract of Vernonia colorata[J].South African J. Botany.2009, 75:176-179.
23. Liang Q.L., Jiang J.H., Min Z.D. A germacrane sesquiterpenoid from Vernonia patula[J]. Chin. J. Nat. Med.2010,8(1):104-106.
24. Liu J., Liu Y.B., Si Y.K., Yu S.S., Qu J., Xu S. New vernocuminosides from the stem barks of Vernonia cumingiana Benth[J]. Steroids.2009,74:51-61.
25. Liu Q.H., Yuan J.Q., Suo M.R., Yang J.S. Chemical constituents of the roots of Vernonia cumingiana Benth[J]. J. Int. Plant Biology.2005,47 (8):1016-1020.
26. Liu J., Ma S.G., Yu S.S., Lv H.N., Li Y.,Wu X.F., et al. Seven new vernocuminosides from the stem bark of Vernonia cumingiana Benth[J]. Carbohyd. Res.2010,345:1156-1162.
27. Suo M.R., Yang J.S., Zhang Z.S. Two new compounds from the stem of Vernonia cumingiana[J].Chin. Chem. Lett.2008.19:180-182.
28. Suo M.R., Yang J.S. Complete assignments of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data for three new stigmastane glycosides from Vernonia cumingiana[J].Magn. Reson. Chem.2009,47:179-183.
29. Cioffi G., Sanogo R., Diallo D., Romussi G., Tommasi de N. New compounds from an extract of Vernonia colorata leaves with anti-inflammatory activity[J]. J. Nat. Prod.2004,67:389-394.
30. Yadava R.N., Bhargava B. Phytochemical constituents from Vernonia anthelmintica Willd[J]. Int. J. Chem. Sci.2010,8 (4):2470-2474.
31. Tian G.L., Zhang U.B., Zhang T.Y., Yang F.Q., Ito Y. Separation of flavonoids from the seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica Willd by high-speed counter-current chromatography[J]. J. Chromatogr. A.2004,1049:219-222.
32. Oketch-Rabah H.A., Lemmich E., Dossaji S.F.,Theander T.G., Olsen C.E., Christensen S.B., et al. Two new antiprotozoal 5-methylcoumarins from Vernonia brachycalyx[J]. Nat. Prod.1997,60:458-461.
33. Misra T.N., Singh R.S., Upadhyay J., Srivastava R. Chemical constituents of Vernonia cinerea isolation and structure elucidation of a new pentacyclic triterpenoid[J]. J. Nat. Prod.1984,47 (5):865-867.
34. Misra T.N., Singh R.S., Upadhyay J., Srivastava R. Chemical constituents of Vernonia cinerea, part I. isolation and spectral srudies of triterpenes[J]. J. Nat. Prod.1984,47(25):368-372.
35. Ijeh I.I., Nwugo V.O., Obidoa O. Comparative studies on the nutritive, phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of two varieties of Vernonia amygdalina[J].Plant Prod. Res. Comm.,1996,1:71-75.
36. Akinpelu D.A. Antimicrobial activity of Vernonia amygdalina leaves[J]. Fitoterapia 1999,70:432-434.
37. Erasto P., Grierson D.S., Afolayan A.J. Bioactive sesquiterpene lactones from the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina[J]. Ethnopharmacol.2006,106:117-120.
38. Jisaka M. Ohigashi H.. Takegawa K.. Huffman M.A., Koslimizu K. Antinutritional and antimicrobial activities of bitter sesquiterpene lactones of Vernonia amygdalina, a possible medicinal plant used by wild chimpanzee[J]. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem.1993b,57:833-834.
39. Njan A.A., Adza B., Agaba A.G., Byamgaba D., Diaz-Llera S.. Bansberg D.R. The analgesic and antiplasmodial activities and toxicology of Vernonia amygdalina[J]. Med. Food.2008,11:574-581.
40. Iwalokun B.A. Enhanced antimalarial effects of chloroquine by aqueous Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract in mice infected with chloroquine resistant and sensitive Plasmodium berghei strains[J]. Afr. Health Sci.2008,8:25-35.
41. Abosi A.O., Raseroka B.H. In vivo antimalarial activity of Vernonia amygdalina[J].Br. J. Biomed. Sci.2003,60:89-91.
42. Phillipson J.D., Wright C.W., Kirby G.C., Warhurst D.C. Phy to chemistry of some plants used in traditional medicine for the treatment of protozoal diseases. Abstracts, Int Symposium of the Phytochem Soc of Europe; University of Lausanne, Switzerland:1993, p. L3.
43. Masaba S.C. The antimalarial activity of Vernonia amygdalina Del. (Compositae)[J]. Trans. Roy Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.2000,94:694-695.
44. Alabi D.A., Oyero L.A., Jimoh, Amusa N.A. Fungitoxic and phytotoxic effect of Vernonia amygdalina Del., Bryophyllum pinnantus Kurz, Ocimum gratissimum (Closium) L and Eucalypta globules (Caliptos) Labill water extracts on cowpea and cowpea seedling pathogens in Ago-Iwoye, South Western Nigeria[J]. World J. Agric. Sci.2005,1:70-75.
45. Erasto P.. Grierson D.S., Afolayan A.J. Bioactive sesquiterpene lactones from the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina[J]. J. Ethnopharmacol.2006,106:117-120.
46. Wedge D.E., Galindo J.C.G., Macias F.A. Fungicidal activity of natural and synthetic sesquiterpene lactone analogs[J]. Phytochemsitry.2000,53:747-757.
47. Tadesse A., Gebre-Hiwot A., Asres K., Djote M., Frommel D. The in vitro activity of Vernonia amygdalina on Leishmania aethiopica[J]. Ethiop. Med. J. 1993,31:183-189.
48. Huffman M.A.,Page J.E., Sukhadeo M.V.K., Gotoh S., Kalunde M.S., Towers G.H.N. Leaf swallowing by chimpanzees:a behavioural adaptation for the control of strong nematode infections [J]. Int. J. Rrimatol.1996,72:475-503.
49. Giday M., Asfaw Z., Almqvist T., Woldu Z. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Zay people in Ethiopia[J]. J. Ethnopharmacol.2003, 85:43-52.
50. Kambizi L.,Afolayan A.J. An ethnobotanical study of plants used for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (njovhera) in Guruve District, Zimbabwe[J]. J. Ethnopharmacol.2001,77:5-9.
51. Kupchan S.M., Hemingway R.J., karim A., Wermer D. Tumour inhibitors XLVII vernodalin and vernomygdin, two new cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactones from Vemonia amygdalina Del[J]. J. Org. Chem.1969,34:3908-3911.
52. Yedjou C.G., Rogers C, Brown E., Tchounwou P.B. Differential effect of ascorbic acid and N-acetyl 1-cysteine on arsenic trioxide mediated oxidative stress in human leukemia (HL-60) cells[J]. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol.2008, 22:85-92.
53. Gresham L.J., Ross J., Izevbigie E.B. Vernonia amygdalina. anticancer activity, authentication and adulteration detection[J]. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2008,5:342-348.
54. Izevbigie E.B. Discovery of water-soluble anticancer agents (edotides) from a vegetable found in Benin City, Nigeria [J]. Exp. Biol. Med.2003,228:293-298.
55. Oyugi D.A., Luo X., Lee K.S., Hill B., Izevbigie E.B. Activity markers of the anti-breast carcinoma cell growth fractions of Vernonia amygdalina extracts[J]. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.2009,234:410-417.
56. Howard C.B., Izevbigie E.B., Opata M.M. Inhibition of paclitaxel-resistant MCF-7Rag cell growth by Vernonia amygdalina extract.1st AACR Int Conference on Mol. Diagnostics in Cancer Ther. Dev. Sept.2006, pp.12-15.
57. Izevbigie E.B., Byrant J.L., Walker A. A novel natural inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinases and human breast cancer cell growth[J]. Exp. Biol. Med. 2004,229:163-169.
58. Khalafalla M.M., Abdellatef E., Daffalla H.D., Nassrallah A.A., Aboul-Enein K.M., Lightfoot D.A., Cocchetto A., El-Shemy H.A. Antileukemia activity from root cultures of Vernonia amygdalina[J]. J. Med. Plants Res.2009,3:556-562.
59. Owolabi M.A.,Jaja S.I., Oyekanmi O.O., Olatunji O.J. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation of the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina [J]. J. Compl. Integr. Med.2008,5:1553-3840.
60. Igile G.O., Oleszek W.. Jurzysta M., Burda S., Fanfunso M., Fasanmade A.A. Flavonoids from Vernonia amygdalina and their antioxidant activities [J]. J. Agric. Food Chem.1994,42:2445-2448.
61. Nwanjo H.U. Efficacy of aqueous leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina on plasma lipoprotein and oxidative status in diabetic rat models[J]. Nig. J. Physiol. Sci. 2005,20:39-42.
62. Adaramoye O.A., Akintayo O., Achem J., Fafunso M.A. Lipid-lowering effects of methanolic extracts of Vernonia amygdalina leaves in rats fed onhigh cholesterol diet[J]. Vasc. Health Risk Manage.2008,4:236-241.
63. Iwalokun B.A.,Efedede B.U., Alabi-Sofunde J.A., Oduala T.,Magbagveola O.A., Akinwande A.I. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of Vernonia amygdalina on acetaminophen-induced hepatic damagen mice[J]. J. Med. Food. 2006,9(4):524-530.
64. Ekpo A., Eseyin O.A., Ikpeme A.O., Edoho E.J. Studies on some biochemical effects of Vernonia amygdalina in rats[J]. Asia J. Biochem.2007,2:193-197.
65. Atangwho I.J., Ebong P.E., Eteng M.U., Eyong E.U., Obi A.U. Effect of Vernonia amygdalina Del. leaf on kidney function of diabetic rats.[J] Int. J. Pharmacol. 2007,3:143-148.
66. Osinubi A.A.A. Effects of Vernonia amygdalina and chlorpropamide on blood glucose[J]. Med. J. Islam World Acad. Sci.1996,16:115-119.
67. Nwanjo H.U., Nwokoro E.A. Antidiabetic and biochemical effects of aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaf in normoglycaemic and diabetic rats[J]. J. Innov. Life Sci.2004,7:6-10.
68. Akah P.A., Okafor C.L. Blood sugar lowering effect of Vernonia amygdalina Del. in an experimental rabbit model [J]. Phytother. Res.1992,6:171-173.
69. Uhuegbu F.O., Ogbuehi K.J. Effect of aqueous extract (crude) of leaves of Vernonia amygdalina (Del.) on blood glucose, serum albumin and cholesterol levels in diabetic albino rats[J]. Global J. Pure Appl. Sci.2004,10:189-194.
70. Okolie U.V., Okeke C.E., Oli J.M., Ehiemere I.O. Hypoglycemic indices of Vernonia amygdalina on post prandial blood glucose concentration of healthy humans [J]. Afr. J. Biotech.2008,7:4581-4585.
71. Kamatenesi-Mugisha M., Oryem-Origa H., Makawiti O.O. Ethnopharmacological screening of Vernonia amygdalina and Cleome gynandra traditionally used in childbirth in Western Uganda. Proc 11th NAPRECA Symposium, Antanarivo, Madagascar,2005, August 9-12:110-122.
72. Ijeh I.I., Igwe K.K.,Ejike C.E.C.C. Effect of leaf aqueous extracts of Vernonia amygdalina Del. on contraction of mammary gland and uterus of guinea pig dams[J]. Am. J. Trop. Med. Pub. Heal.2011, 1(3):107-116.
73. Arhoghro E.M., Ekpo K.E., Anosike E.O., Ibeh G.O. Effect of aqueous extract of bitter leaf(Vernonia amygdalina Del.) on carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in albino wistar rats[J]. Eur. J. Sci. Res.2009,26:122-130.
74. Atangwho I.J.. Ebong P.E., Eteng M.U., Eyong E.U., Obi A.U. Effect of Vernonia amygdalina Del. leaf on kidney function of diabetic rats[J]. Int. J. Pharmacol. 2007,3:143-148.
75. Atangwho I.J., Ebong P.E., Egbung G.E., Ani I.F. Effects of co-administration of extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Azadirachta indica on serum electrolyte profile of diabetic and non-diabetic rats[J]. Aust. J. Basic. Appl. Sci.2009, 3:2974-2978.
76. Steen-Kamp V. Traditional herbal remedies used by South African women for gynecological complaints[J]. J. Ethnopharmacol.2003,87:97-108.
2.海南植物志[M].科学出版社,1974；3：372.
3.中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会.中国植物志[M].科学出版社,1989,77：42,115.,8.
4.刘男民,沙吾提.新疆民族药志[M].新疆人民出版社,乌鲁木齐：1986,306.
5.和田地区民族医研制自癫风小组.喀什科技.1981,10.
6.吴剑飞,沙也夫·术沙德株,冯胜初,孔凡华,徐任生.驱虫斑鸠菊化学成分的研究[J],化学学报.1991,9：1018.
7. Smith Jr.CR, Bagby YM, Lohmar RL. Glass CA, Wolff IA. The epoxy acids of Chrysanthemum coronarium and Clarkia elegans seed oils[J]. J. Org. Chem. 1960:25(2):218.
8.周晓英,胡晓菁,田树革,周稚川.维药虫斑鸠菊果实及各剂型中化学成分研究[J].中国民族民间医药杂志,2000,43：101.
9.阿丽艳,阿丽米热.维药驱虫斑鸠菊的研究现状[J].中国民族医药杂志,2005,3：13.
10.刘晓东,闰明,刘发.维药驱虫斑鸠菊的研究进展[J].时珍国医国药,2008,19(12)：2877.
11.李红健,孙力,李琳琳,徐建国.驱虫斑鸠菊提取物体外对肿瘤细胞生长抑制作用的初步研究[J].新疆中医药,2006,24(6)：12.
12. Fatima S.S., Rajasekhar M.D., Kumar K.V., Kumar M.T.S., Babu K.R., Rao C.A. Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of ethyl acetate:Isopropanol (1:1) fraction of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats[J]. Food Chem. Toxicol.2010,48:495.
13. Tian G., Zhang U., Zhang T., Yang F., Ito Y. Separation of flavonoids from the seeds of Vernonia anthelmintfcaWilld by high-speed counter-current chromatography [J]. Journal of Chromatography A 2004.1049:219.
14. Akihisa T.. Hayashi Y., Patterson G.W.. Shimizu N., Tamura, T. 4a-methylvernosterol and other sterols from Vernonia anthelmintica seeds[J]. Phytochemistry 1992,31:1759-1763.
15. Liu Y.Q., Nugroho A.E.. Hirasawa Y., Nakata A., Kaneda T.. Uchiyama N., et al. Vernodalidimers A and B, novel orthoester elemanolide dimers from seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica[J]. Tetrahedron Lett.2010,51:6584-6587.
16. Wilson W.K., Sumpter R.M., Warren J.J., Rogers P.S., Ruan B., Schroepfer Jr.G.J. Analysis of unsaturated C27 sterols by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy[J]. J Lipid Res.1996.37:1529-1555.
17. Liu J,, Liu Y., Si Y., Yu S., Qu J., Xu S., et al. New vernocuminosides from the stem barks of Vernonia cumingiana Benth[J]. Steroids.2009,74:51-61.
18. Tchinda A.T., Tane P., Ayafor J.F., Connolly J.D. Stigmastane derivatives and isovaleryl sucrose esters from Vernonia guineensis (Asteraceae). Phytochemistry. 2003.63:841-846.
19. Tchinda A.T.. Tsopmo A.,Tane P., Ayafor J.F., Connolly J.d., Sterne O. Vernoguinosterol and vernoguinoside, trypanocidal stigmastane derivatives from Vernonia guineensis (Asteraceae) [J]. Phytochemistry.2002,59:371-374.
20. Jisaka M., Ohigashi H., Kazunori T., Hirota M., Irie R.. Huffman, M. A. Koshimizu, K. Steroid glucosides from vernonia amygdalina, a possible chimpanzee medicinal plant[J]. Phytochemistry.1993,34:409-413.
21. Igile G., Oleszek W., Jurzysta C., Aquino R., Tommaside N., Pizza C. Vemoniosides D and E, two novel saponins from Vernonia amygdalina[J].J. Nat. Prod.1995,58:1438-1443.
22. Flack H.D. On enantiomorph-polarity estimation. Acta Cryst.1983, A39:876-881.
23. Fan C.Q.. Yin S., Xue J.J., Yue J.M. Novel alkaloids, paxdaphnines A and B with unprecedented skeletons from the seeds of Daphniphyllum paxianum[J]. Tetrahedron 2007.63:115-119.
24. Berova N.; Nakanishi K.; Woody R.W. Circular dichroism:principles and applications.2nd ed. New York:Wiley-VCH Press:2000. p.337-382.
25. Dai Y., Zhou G.X., Kueihara H., Ye W.C., Yao X.S. Biphenyl glycosides from the fruit of Pyracantha fortuneana[J].J. Nat. Prod.2006,69:1022-1024.
26. Pescitelli G., Kurtan T., Florke U., Krohn K., Absolute structural elucidation of natural products—A focus on quantum-mechanical calculations of solid-state CD spectra, Chirality,21 (2009) E181-E201.
27. Li X., Luo J.G.,Wang X.B., Luo J., Wang J.S., Kong L.Y., Phenolics from Leontopodium leontopodioides inhibiting nitric oxide production. Fitoterapia 2012; 83:883-7.
28. Diedrich C., Grimme S.,Systematic investigation of modern quantum chemical methods to predict electronic circular dichroism spectra. J. Phys. Chem. A.107 (2003)2524-2539.
29. Frisch M.J., Trucks G.W., Schlegel H.B., Scuseria G.E., Robb M.A., Cheeseman J.R., et al. Gaussian 09, Revision A.I. Gaussian, Inc. Wallingford CT.
30. Guyot M., Davoust D., Belaud C. Hydroperoxy-24 vinyl-24 cholesterol, novel hydroperoxyde naturel isole de deux tuniciers:phallusia ma-millataet ciona intest inalis[J]. Tetrahedron Lett 1982,23:1905-1906.
31. Sheu J.H., Wang G.H., Sung P.J., Chiu Y.H., Duh C.Y. Cytotoxic sterols from the formosan brown alga Turbinaria ornata[J].Planta. Med.1997,63:571-572.
32. Wu S.B., Bao Q.Y., Wang W.X., Zhao Y., Xia G., Zhao Z., et al. Cytotoxic triterpenoids and steroids from the bark of Melia azedarach[J].Planta. Med.2011, 77:922-928.
33. Akihisa T., Kimura Y., Koike K., Kokke W.C.M.C., Ohkawa T., Nikaido T. (24R)-and (24S-)-24 hydoxy-24-vinyllathosterols and other sterols from the aerial parts of Bryonia dioica[J].Phytochemistry 1999,52:1601-1605.
34. Ioannoua E., Abdel-Razik A.F., Zervou M., Christofidis D., Alexi X., Vagiasa C., et al.5a,8a-epidioxysterols from the gorgonian Eunicella cavolini and the ascidian Trididemnum marmatum:Isolation and evaluation of their antiproliferative activity[J]. Steroids 2009,74:73-80.
35. Greca M.D., Monaco P., Previtera L. Stigmasterols from Typha latlfolia[J].J. Nat. Prod.1990;53:1430.
36. Kojima H., Sato N., Hatano A.. Ogura H. Sterol glucosides from Prunella vulgaris[J]. Phytochemistry 1990,29(7):2351.
37. Jahan N., Ahmed W., Malik A. New steroidal glycosides from Mimusops elengl[J]. J. Nat. Prod.1995,58(8):1244-1247.
38. Piccialli V., Sica D. Four new trihydroxylated sterols from the sponge Spongionella gracilis[J]. Nat. Prod.1987,50(5):915-920.
39. Ulubelen A., Oksuz S., Tuzlact E. A new triterpene and other compounds from Achillea magnifica[J].Planta. Med.1989, (55):395.
40.周惠燕,章辉,李士敏.竹叶化学成分研究Ⅰ[J].中国中药杂志,2005,30(24)：1933.
41. Masaharu T., Naoharu W., Mayumi S. New hepatoprotective triterpenes from Canarium album[J]. Planta. Med.1989,55:44.
42.罗晓东,吴少华,马云保.吴大刚.大蒜果树的化学成分[J].云南植物研究,2001,23(3)：368-372.
43.杨辉,谢金伦,孙汉董.云木香化学成分研究Ⅱ[J].云南植物研究,1997,19(1)：92。
44. Zhang X., Xu J.K., Wang N.L., Kurihara H., Yao X.S. Antioxidant phenanthrenes and lignans from Dendrobium nobile[J].Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences.2008,17:314-318.
45. Qin J.J., Zhu J.X., Zhu Y., Jin H.Z., Lv Y.H., Zhang W.D. Flavonoids from the aerial parts of Imula japonica[J].Chin. J. Nat. Med.2010,8(4):57.
46. Bohlmann F., Zdero C. New glaucolides from Vernonia species[J]. Revista Latinoamericana de Quimica.1988,19 (2):63-65.
47. Cardona M.L., Garcia B..Pedro J.R., Sinisterra J.F. Sesquiterpene lactones and an elemane derivative from Onopordon corymbosum[J].Phytochemistry 1989, 28(4):1264.
48. Hashimoto T., Noma Y., Asakawa Y. Biotransformation of terpenoids from the crude drugs and animal origin by microorganisms[J]. Heterocycles.2001,54 (1): 529-559.
49.沈其丰,徐广智.C-核磁共振[M].化学工业出版社,北京,1986：245。
50.杜芝芝,沈月毛,李炳钧,许建初.滑桃树果皮的化学成分[J].天然产物研究与开发,2002,14(2)：9-10.
51. Chung W., Goo Y.M., Na D.S., Kim J.K. A phospholipase A2 inhibitor from Arisaema amurense vax. var. serratum Nakai[J]. Arch. Pharm. Res.1995 18 (4): 293-294.
52.龚运淮.天然有机化合物的13C核磁共振化学位移[M].云南科技出版社,1986,131.
53. Smith Jr.C.R., Bagby M.O., Lohmar R.L., Glass C.A., Wolff I.A. The epoxy acids of chrysanthemum coronarium and clarkia elegans seed oils[J]. J. Org. Chem.1960,25 (2):218-222.
54.宋志中,贾忠建.螃蟹七化学成分的研究[J].中国中药杂志,1989,14：32。
55. Ericsson H.M., Sherris J.C. Antibiotic sensitivity testing. Report of an international collaborative study [J]. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica Section B,1971,217:1-90.
56. Fitzpatrick S.L., Richards J.S., Cis-acting elements of the rat aromatase promoter required for cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate induction in ovarian granulosa cells and constitutive expression in R2C Leydig cells, Mol. Endocrinol.1993,7: 341-354.
57. Simpson E.R., Clyne, C.G., Rubin W.C. Boon, K. Robertson, K. Britt, et al. Aromatase-a brief overview, Annu. Rev. Physiol.2002,64:93-127.
58. Gonzalez-Robayna I.J., Alliston T.N., Buse P., Firestone G.L., Richards J.S., Functional and subcellular changes in the A-kinase-signaling pathway:relation to aromatase and Sgk expression during the transition of granulosa cells to luteal cells, Mol. Endocrinol.1999,13:1318-1337.
1.中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会.中国植物志[M].科学出版社,1989.77：42,115.
2.《全国中草药汇编》编写组.全国中草药汇编[M].人民卫生出版社,1996,831.
3.中国科学院新疆生物土壤沙漠研究所等.新疆中草药[M].新疆人民出版社,乌鲁木齐：1975,79.
4.江苏新医学院.中药大辞典(上、下册)[M].人民卫生出版社,北京：7,154,545,1152,1557,1806,2305,2349,1977.
5.陈鹭声,宋万志.中国菊科药用植物研究慨况[J].中草药,1987,18：37.
6.杜品.青藏高原甘南藏药植物志[M].甘肃科技出版社,2006,308.
7. Wu Q.H., Wang C.M., Chen S.G,, Gao K. Bieremoligularolide and eremoligularin, two novel sesquiterpenoids from Ligularia muliensis[J].Tetrahedron Lett.2004, 45:8855.
8. Liu C.M., Wang H.X., Wei S.L., Gao K. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Bisabolane Sesquiterpenes from the Roots of Ligularia cymbulifera[J]. Helv. Chim. Acta. 2008,91:308.
9. Fei D.Q., Li S.G., Liu C.M., Wu G., Gao K. Eremophilane-type sesquiterpene derivatives from the roots of Ligularia lapathifolia[J].J. Nat. Prod.2007,70:241.
10. Drewes S.E., Antonowitz I., Kaye P.T., Coleman P.C.13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the Senecio alkaloids, retrorsine, swazine, isoline, and hygtophylline[J]. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans.11981;287-289.
11. Cowan S., Stewart M., Abbiw D.K., Latif Z., Sarker S.D.. Nash R.J. Lignans from Strophanthus gratus[J].Fitoterapia 2001;72:80.
12. Li Y.S., Wang Z.T., Zhang M., Luo S.D., Chen J.J. A new pinoresinol-type lignan from Ligularia Kanaitizensis[J].Nat. Prod. Res.2005,19:125.
13. Zhao Y., Jia Z.J. Yang L. Wang J.G. Chin. Chem. Lett.1993.4:895.
14. Gao K., Wang W.S., Jia Z.J. Coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol derivatives from Ligularia duciformis[J].Phytochemistry 1998,47:269.
15. Zhao Y., Jia Z.J., Yang L. Sinapyl alcohol derivatives and other constituents from Ligularia nehumbifolia[J]. Phytochemistry 1994,37:1149.
16. Ma B., Gao K.. Shi Y.P., Jia Z.J. Phenol derivatives from Ligularia intermedia[J]. Phytochemistry 1997,46(5):915.
17. Greca M.D., Monaco P., Previtera L. Stigmasterols from Typha latifolia[J]. J. Nat. Prod.1990,53:1430.
18. Kojima H., Sato N., Hatano A., Ogura H. Sterol glucosides from Prunella vulgaris[J]. Phytochemistry 1990; 29(7):2351.
19. Ioannoua E., Abdel-Razik A.F., Zervou M.,Christofidis D., Alexi X., Vagiasa C. et al.5α,8α-epidioxysterols from the gorgonian Eunicella cavolini and the ascidian Trididemnum inarmatum:Isolation and evaluation of their antiproliferative activity[J]. Steroids 2009,74:73-80.
20.周惠燕,章辉,李士敏.竹叶化学成分研究Ⅰ[J].中国中药杂志,2005,30(24)：1933.
21. Masaharu T., Naoharu W., Mayumi S. New hepatoprotective triterpenes from Canarium album[J]. Planta Med.1989,55:44.
22.张雷红,江永南,罗懿斌,叶文才.宽叶大戟中黄酮类化学成分的研究[J].中草药,2009,40(3)：366.
23.杨辉,谢金伦,孙汉董.云木香化学成分研究Ⅱ[J].云南植物研究1997,19(1)：92。
24.沈其丰,徐广智.13C-核磁共振及其应用[M].化学工业出版社,北京：1982,242。
25.杜芝芝,沈月毛,李炳钧,许建初.滑桃树果皮的化学成分[J].天然产物研究与开发,2002,14(2)：9.
1.国家中医药管理局中华本草编委会.中华本草.1999,21(7)：943.
2.中医药资料.中国本草彩色图片.
3. Mengi N, Garg SN, Agarwal SK, et al. The occurrence of b2thu2 jone and a new p2m enthane derivative in Seneciochrys anthemoides leafoil. J Essent Oil Res, 1995,7(5):511.
4. Mengi N, Taneja SC, Mahajan VP, et al. Eudesmanolides from Senecio chrysanthemoides. Phytochemistry.1991,30 (7):2329.
5.林生,张中晓,沈云亨,李慧良,单磊,张卫东等.菊叶千里光里的一个新木脂素苷[J].中国中药杂志,2011,36(7)：1755-1762.
6.林生,张中晓,沈云亨,李慧梁,单磊,张卫东等,菊叶千里光乙酸乙酯部位化学成分研究[J].中国中药杂志.2010,35(9)：1137-1141.
7. Markham K.R., Ternai B. Tetrahedron 1976,32 (5):565-569.
8. Alejandro F.B., Ali H., Munozdorado M, et al. Polyacetylenes, terpenoids and flavonoids from Bupleurum spinosum. Phytochemistry.1998,48(1):1237-1240.
9. Saewan N., Koysomboon S., Chantrapromma K. Anti-tyrosinase and anti-cancer activities of flavonoids from Blumea balsamifera DC. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 2011,5(6):1018-1025.
10. Acker van F.A.A., Hageman J.A., Haenen G.R.M.M., Vijgh van der W.J.F., Bast A., Menge W.M.P.B. Synthesis of novel 3,7-substituted-2-(3',4'-dihydroxy-phenyl) flavones with improved antioxidant activity. J. Med. Chem.2000,43: 3752-3760.
11. Takemura H., Itoh T., Yamamoto K., Sakakibara H., Shimoi, K. Selective inhibition of methoxyflavonoids on human CYP1B1 activity. Bio. Med.Chem. 2010,18:6310-6315.
12.杨辉,谢金伦,孙汉董.云木香化学成分研究Ⅱ[J].云南植物研究,1997,19(1)：92。
1.中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会.中国植物志[M].科学出版社.1989,49：2。
2. Collins D.J., Culvenor C. C. J., Lamberton J. A., Loder J.W., Price J. R. Plants for medicines:a chemical and pharmaco-logical survey of plants in the Australian Rregion, 1st ed. CSIROMelbourne,1990.
3. Peter L.K., Debra A.V., Paul I.F., Gordon G., Anthony R.C. Grandisines C-G, indolizidine alkaloids from the Australian rainforest tree Elaeocarpus grandis[J]. J. Nat. Prod.2006,69:1295-1299.
4.中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会.中国植物志[M].科学出版社,1989.49：8。
5. Johns S.R., Lamberton J.A., Sroumis A.A., Suares H., Willing R.I. Elaeocarpus alkaloids IV. the alkaloids of Elaeocarpus sphaericus[J].Aust. J. Chem.1971, 24:1679.
6. Zhou C.J., Wang X.Y., Mo J.X., Zhang J., Gan L.S. Optical resolution and structure determination of new indolizidine alkaloids from Elaeocarpus sphaericus[J]. Helv. Chem. Acta.2011,94:347.
7. Singh R.K., Acharya S.B., Bhattacharya S.K. Pharmacological activity to Elaeocarpus sphaehcus[J].Phytotherapy research,2000,14:36.
8. Chen J., Chen J.J., Yao X.J., Gao K. Kopsihainanines A and B, two unusual alkaloids from Kopsia hainanensis[J].Org. Biomol. Chem.2011,9:5334-5336.
9. Li Y., Wang T.T., Zhao J., Shi X., Hu S.C., Gao K. Norditerpenoids from Agathis macrophylla[J].Food Chemistry.2012,131(3).972-976.
10. Seo S., Tomita Y., Tori K. Biosynthesis of oleanene-and ursene-type triterpenes from [4-13C]mevalonolactone and sodium [1,2-13C2]acetate in tissue cultures of Isodon japonicus Hara[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.1981,103:2075-2080.
11. Xu L.R., Zhang S., Wu J., Qi S.H., Huang J.S., Xiao Z.H., et. al. A new triterpenoid:taraxerol-3-O-tridecyl ether from Derris triofoliata[J].Pharmazie 2004,59:655-656.
12.周惠燕,章辉,李士敏.竹叶化学成分研究Ⅰ[J].中国中药杂志.2005,30(24)：1933.
13. Watanabe N., Fujita A.. Ban N. Bipolal:anti-microalgal compound isolated as a candidate for marine antiofouling produced by Bipolal sp. F5206[J]. J. Nat. Pord 1995,58:463-466.
14. Lakshminarayana V., Murty Y.L.N., Row L.R. New triterpenes from Swietenia mahagoni[J]. Organic Magnetic Resonance.1981,17(1):77-78.
15. Masaharu T., Naoharu W.. Mayumi S. New hepatoprotective triterpenes from Canarium album[J].Planta Med.1989,55:44.
16. Gu J., Chi S.M., Zhao Y., Zheng P., Ruan Q., Zhu H.Y., et al. Inclusion complexes of coenzyme Q10 with polyamine-modified β-cyclodextrins:characterizations, solubilization, and inclusion mode[J]. Helv. Chim. Acta.2011,94:1608-1617.
17. Boers R.B.,Randulfe Y.P.,Van der Haas H.N.S., Van Rossum-Baan M., Lugtenburg J. Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of 1-13C- and 4-13C-Plastoquinone-9[J]. Eur. J. Org. Chem.2002,2094-2108.
18. Kitajima J., Kimizuka K., Arai M., Tanaka Y. Constituents of Ficus pumila Leaves[J]. Chem. Pharm. Bull.1998,46(10):1647-1649.
19. Ali A.A., Makboul M.A., Attia A.A., Ali D.T. Chromones and flavans from Pancratium maritimum[J].Phytochemistry 1990,29 (2):625-627.
20.饶高雄,戴云华,王立新,蔡峰.蕨叶藁本的化学成分[J].云南植物研究1991,13(2)：233-236。
21. Greca M.D., Monaco P.. Previtera L. Stigmasterols from Typha latifolia[J]. J. Nat. Prod.1990,53:1430.
22. Kojima H., Sato N., Hatano A., Ogura H. Sterol glucosides from Prunella vulgarism. Phytochemistry 1990,29 (7):2351.
23. Ioannoua E., Abdel-Razik A.F., Zervou M., Christofidis D., Alexi X., Vagiasa C. et al.5a,8a-epidioxysterols from the gorgonian Eunicella cavolini and the ascidian Trididemnum inarmatum:isolation and evaluation of their antiproliferative activity[J]. Steroids 2009,4:73-80.
24. Isao Y., Yuichi I., Shinya A., Hideaki W., Toshiji I., Hiroyuki S., et al. a, β-dihydropolyprenyl derivatives, pharmacological preparations containing them and method for treating liver diseases[J]. Eur. Pat. Appl.1981.27.
25. Wietelmann U., Bonrath W.. Netscher T., Noeth H., Panitz J.C. Wohlfahrt-Mehrens M. Tris (oxalato) phosphorus acid and its lithium salt[J]. Chemistry-A European Journal 2004.10(10):2451-2458.
26. Kang S.J., Jovel E., Hong S.S., Hwang B.Y., Liu P., Lee M.H., et. al. Chemical constituents of the Moss Hylocomium splendens[J].Natural Product Sciences, 2007.13(4):394-397.
27. Yang Z.D., Zhang X,. Duan D.Z., et al. Modified TLC bioautographic method for screening acetylcholinesterase inhiibitors from plant extracts[J]. J. Sep. Sci.2009. 32(18):3257。
28. Orhan I., Sener B., Choudhary M.I. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory acitivity of some Turkish medicinal plants[J]. J Ethnopharmacol.2004,9(1):57.
1. Aruoma, O.I., Sun B.. Fuji H., Neergheen V.S., Bahorun T., Kang K.S., et al. Low-molecular proanthocyamidin dietary biofactor oligonol:Its modulation of oxidative stress, bioefficacy, neuroprotection, food application and chemoprevention potentials [J]. Biofactors 2006,27:245-265.
2. Seef L.B., Lindsay K.L., Bacon B.R., Kresina T.F., Hoofnagle J.H. Complementary and alternative medicine in chronic liver disease [J]. Hepatology 2001,34:595-603.
3. Winslow L.C., Krol D.J. Herbs as medicinese[J]. Arch. Intern. Med.1998, 1258:2192-2199.
4.中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会.中国植物志[M].科学出版社,1989,74：5.
5. Jisaka M., Ohigashi H., Takagaaki T., Nozaki H., Tada T., Koshimizu, K., et al. Bitter steroid glucosides, vernoniosides A1, A2, A3, and related B1 from a possible medicinal plant, Vernonia amygdalina, used by wild chimpanzees[J]. Tetrahedron 1992,48:625-632.
6. Jisaka M., Ohigashi H., Kazunori T., Hirota M., Irie R., Koshimizu, K., et al. Steroid glucosides from Vernonia amygdalina, a possible chimpanzee medicinal plant[J]. Phytochemistry 1993,34:409^13.
7. Ijeh I.I., Ejike C.E.C.C. Current perspectives on the medicinal potentials of Vernonia amygdalina Del[J]. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research.2011, 5(7):1051-1061.
8. Ohigashi H, Huffman MA, Izutsu D, Koshimizu K, Kawanaka M, Sugiyama H, et al. Toward the chemical ecology of medicinal plant use in chimpanzees:the case of Vernonia amygdalina a plant used by wild chimpanzees possibly for parasite-related diseases[J]. J. of chemical Ecology.1994,20:541-553.
9.刘晓东,闫明,刘发.维药驱虫斑鸠菊的研究进展[J].时珍国医国药,2008,19(12)：2877-2880.
10.刘清华,杨峻山,索茂荣.斑鸠菊属的倍半萜内酯类及甾体皂苷类化学成分及药理活性研究进展[J].中国中药杂志.2007,32(1)：10-17.
11.刘清华.博士学位论文[博士论文].北京,中国协和医科大学.2005.
12.陈新.六种药用植物化学成分和活性成分的研究[博士论文].上海,,中国科学院上海药物所.2005.
13. Buskuhl H., Oliveira de F.L., Blind L.Z., Freitas de R.A., Barison A., Biavatti M.W., el al. Sesquiterpene lactones from Vernonia scorpioides and their in vitro cytotoxicityt[J]. Phytochemistry.2010,71:1539-1544.
14. Pillay P., Vleggaar R., Maharaj V.J., Smith P.J., Lategan C.A.. Chouteau F., et al. Antiplasmodial hirsutinolides from Vernonia staehelinoides and their utilization towards a simplified pharmacophoret[J]. Phytochemistry.2007,68:1200-1205.
15. Chen X., Zhan Z.J., Yue J.M. Sesquiterpenoids from Vernonia cinereat[J].Nat. Prod. Res.2006,20 (2):125-129.
16. Chen X., Zhan Z.J., Zhang X.W., Ding J., Yue J.M.. Sesquiterpene lactones with potent cytotoxic activities from Vernonia chinensist[J]. Planta Med.2005, 71:949-954.
17. Williams R.B., Norris A., Slebodnick C., Merola J., Miller J.S., Kingston D.G.I., et al. Cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactones from Vernonia pachyclada from the Madagascar rainforest[J]. J. Nat. Prod.2005,68:1371-1374.
18. Kos O., Castro V., Murillo R., Poveda L., Merfort I. Ent-kaurane glycosides and sesquiterpene lactones of the hirsutinolide type from Vernonia triflosculosa[J]. Phytochemistry.2006,67:62-69.
19. Chea A., Hour S., Long C., Marcourt L., Faure R., Elias R., et al. Antimalarial activity of sesquiterpene lactones from Vernonia cinerea[J].Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2006,54(10):1437-1439.
20. Liu Y.Q., Nugroho A.E.,Hirasawa Y., Nakata A., Kaneda T., Morita H., et al. Vernondalidimers A and B, novel orthoester elemanolide dimers from seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica[J].Tetrahedron lett.2010,51:6584-6587.
21. Huo J., Yang S.P., Xie B.J., Liao S.G., Lin L.P., Yue J.M. Cytotoxic sesquiterpenoids from Vernonia bockiana[J]. Asian Nat. Prod. Res.2008,10 (6):571-575.
22. Chukwujekwu J.C., Lategan C.A.. Smith P.J.. Heerden Van F.R., Staden Van J. Antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activity of isolated sesquiterpene lactones from the acetone leaf extract of Vernonia colorata[J].South African J. Botany.2009, 75:176-179.
23. Liang Q.L., Jiang J.H., Min Z.D. A germacrane sesquiterpenoid from Vernonia patula[J]. Chin. J. Nat. Med.2010,8(1):104-106.
24. Liu J., Liu Y.B., Si Y.K., Yu S.S., Qu J., Xu S. New vernocuminosides from the stem barks of Vernonia cumingiana Benth[J]. Steroids.2009,74:51-61.
25. Liu Q.H., Yuan J.Q., Suo M.R., Yang J.S. Chemical constituents of the roots of Vernonia cumingiana Benth[J]. J. Int. Plant Biology.2005,47 (8):1016-1020.
26. Liu J., Ma S.G., Yu S.S., Lv H.N., Li Y.,Wu X.F., et al. Seven new vernocuminosides from the stem bark of Vernonia cumingiana Benth[J]. Carbohyd. Res.2010,345:1156-1162.
27. Suo M.R., Yang J.S., Zhang Z.S. Two new compounds from the stem of Vernonia cumingiana[J].Chin. Chem. Lett.2008.19:180-182.
28. Suo M.R., Yang J.S. Complete assignments of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data for three new stigmastane glycosides from Vernonia cumingiana[J].Magn. Reson. Chem.2009,47:179-183.
29. Cioffi G., Sanogo R., Diallo D., Romussi G., Tommasi de N. New compounds from an extract of Vernonia colorata leaves with anti-inflammatory activity[J]. J. Nat. Prod.2004,67:389-394.
30. Yadava R.N., Bhargava B. Phytochemical constituents from Vernonia anthelmintica Willd[J]. Int. J. Chem. Sci.2010,8 (4):2470-2474.
31. Tian G.L., Zhang U.B., Zhang T.Y., Yang F.Q., Ito Y. Separation of flavonoids from the seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica Willd by high-speed counter-current chromatography[J]. J. Chromatogr. A.2004,1049:219-222.
32. Oketch-Rabah H.A., Lemmich E., Dossaji S.F.,Theander T.G., Olsen C.E., Christensen S.B., et al. Two new antiprotozoal 5-methylcoumarins from Vernonia brachycalyx[J]. Nat. Prod.1997,60:458-461.
33. Misra T.N., Singh R.S., Upadhyay J., Srivastava R. Chemical constituents of Vernonia cinerea isolation and structure elucidation of a new pentacyclic triterpenoid[J]. J. Nat. Prod.1984,47 (5):865-867.
34. Misra T.N., Singh R.S., Upadhyay J., Srivastava R. Chemical constituents of Vernonia cinerea, part I. isolation and spectral srudies of triterpenes[J]. J. Nat. Prod.1984,47(25):368-372.
35. Ijeh I.I., Nwugo V.O., Obidoa O. Comparative studies on the nutritive, phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of two varieties of Vernonia amygdalina[J].Plant Prod. Res. Comm.,1996,1:71-75.
36. Akinpelu D.A. Antimicrobial activity of Vernonia amygdalina leaves[J]. Fitoterapia 1999,70:432-434.
37. Erasto P., Grierson D.S., Afolayan A.J. Bioactive sesquiterpene lactones from the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina[J]. Ethnopharmacol.2006,106:117-120.
38. Jisaka M. Ohigashi H.. Takegawa K.. Huffman M.A., Koslimizu K. Antinutritional and antimicrobial activities of bitter sesquiterpene lactones of Vernonia amygdalina, a possible medicinal plant used by wild chimpanzee[J]. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem.1993b,57:833-834.
39. Njan A.A., Adza B., Agaba A.G., Byamgaba D., Diaz-Llera S.. Bansberg D.R. The analgesic and antiplasmodial activities and toxicology of Vernonia amygdalina[J]. Med. Food.2008,11:574-581.
40. Iwalokun B.A. Enhanced antimalarial effects of chloroquine by aqueous Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract in mice infected with chloroquine resistant and sensitive Plasmodium berghei strains[J]. Afr. Health Sci.2008,8:25-35.
41. Abosi A.O., Raseroka B.H. In vivo antimalarial activity of Vernonia amygdalina[J].Br. J. Biomed. Sci.2003,60:89-91.
42. Phillipson J.D., Wright C.W., Kirby G.C., Warhurst D.C. Phy to chemistry of some plants used in traditional medicine for the treatment of protozoal diseases. Abstracts, Int Symposium of the Phytochem Soc of Europe; University of Lausanne, Switzerland:1993, p. L3.
43. Masaba S.C. The antimalarial activity of Vernonia amygdalina Del. (Compositae)[J]. Trans. Roy Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.2000,94:694-695.
44. Alabi D.A., Oyero L.A., Jimoh, Amusa N.A. Fungitoxic and phytotoxic effect of Vernonia amygdalina Del., Bryophyllum pinnantus Kurz, Ocimum gratissimum (Closium) L and Eucalypta globules (Caliptos) Labill water extracts on cowpea and cowpea seedling pathogens in Ago-Iwoye, South Western Nigeria[J]. World J. Agric. Sci.2005,1:70-75.
45. Erasto P.. Grierson D.S., Afolayan A.J. Bioactive sesquiterpene lactones from the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina[J]. J. Ethnopharmacol.2006,106:117-120.
46. Wedge D.E., Galindo J.C.G., Macias F.A. Fungicidal activity of natural and synthetic sesquiterpene lactone analogs[J]. Phytochemsitry.2000,53:747-757.
47. Tadesse A., Gebre-Hiwot A., Asres K., Djote M., Frommel D. The in vitro activity of Vernonia amygdalina on Leishmania aethiopica[J]. Ethiop. Med. J. 1993,31:183-189.
48. Huffman M.A.,Page J.E., Sukhadeo M.V.K., Gotoh S., Kalunde M.S., Towers G.H.N. Leaf swallowing by chimpanzees:a behavioural adaptation for the control of strong nematode infections [J]. Int. J. Rrimatol.1996,72:475-503.
49. Giday M., Asfaw Z., Almqvist T., Woldu Z. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Zay people in Ethiopia[J]. J. Ethnopharmacol.2003, 85:43-52.
50. Kambizi L.,Afolayan A.J. An ethnobotanical study of plants used for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (njovhera) in Guruve District, Zimbabwe[J]. J. Ethnopharmacol.2001,77:5-9.
51. Kupchan S.M., Hemingway R.J., karim A., Wermer D. Tumour inhibitors XLVII vernodalin and vernomygdin, two new cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactones from Vemonia amygdalina Del[J]. J. Org. Chem.1969,34:3908-3911.
52. Yedjou C.G., Rogers C, Brown E., Tchounwou P.B. Differential effect of ascorbic acid and N-acetyl 1-cysteine on arsenic trioxide mediated oxidative stress in human leukemia (HL-60) cells[J]. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol.2008, 22:85-92.
53. Gresham L.J., Ross J., Izevbigie E.B. Vernonia amygdalina. anticancer activity, authentication and adulteration detection[J]. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2008,5:342-348.
54. Izevbigie E.B. Discovery of water-soluble anticancer agents (edotides) from a vegetable found in Benin City, Nigeria [J]. Exp. Biol. Med.2003,228:293-298.
55. Oyugi D.A., Luo X., Lee K.S., Hill B., Izevbigie E.B. Activity markers of the anti-breast carcinoma cell growth fractions of Vernonia amygdalina extracts[J]. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.2009,234:410-417.
56. Howard C.B., Izevbigie E.B., Opata M.M. Inhibition of paclitaxel-resistant MCF-7Rag cell growth by Vernonia amygdalina extract.1st AACR Int Conference on Mol. Diagnostics in Cancer Ther. Dev. Sept.2006, pp.12-15.
57. Izevbigie E.B., Byrant J.L., Walker A. A novel natural inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinases and human breast cancer cell growth[J]. Exp. Biol. Med. 2004,229:163-169.
58. Khalafalla M.M., Abdellatef E., Daffalla H.D., Nassrallah A.A., Aboul-Enein K.M., Lightfoot D.A., Cocchetto A., El-Shemy H.A. Antileukemia activity from root cultures of Vernonia amygdalina[J]. J. Med. Plants Res.2009,3:556-562.
59. Owolabi M.A.,Jaja S.I., Oyekanmi O.O., Olatunji O.J. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation of the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina [J]. J. Compl. Integr. Med.2008,5:1553-3840.
60. Igile G.O., Oleszek W.. Jurzysta M., Burda S., Fanfunso M., Fasanmade A.A. Flavonoids from Vernonia amygdalina and their antioxidant activities [J]. J. Agric. Food Chem.1994,42:2445-2448.
61. Nwanjo H.U. Efficacy of aqueous leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina on plasma lipoprotein and oxidative status in diabetic rat models[J]. Nig. J. Physiol. Sci. 2005,20:39-42.
62. Adaramoye O.A., Akintayo O., Achem J., Fafunso M.A. Lipid-lowering effects of methanolic extracts of Vernonia amygdalina leaves in rats fed onhigh cholesterol diet[J]. Vasc. Health Risk Manage.2008,4:236-241.
63. Iwalokun B.A.,Efedede B.U., Alabi-Sofunde J.A., Oduala T.,Magbagveola O.A., Akinwande A.I. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of Vernonia amygdalina on acetaminophen-induced hepatic damagen mice[J]. J. Med. Food. 2006,9(4):524-530.
64. Ekpo A., Eseyin O.A., Ikpeme A.O., Edoho E.J. Studies on some biochemical effects of Vernonia amygdalina in rats[J]. Asia J. Biochem.2007,2:193-197.
65. Atangwho I.J., Ebong P.E., Eteng M.U., Eyong E.U., Obi A.U. Effect of Vernonia amygdalina Del. leaf on kidney function of diabetic rats.[J] Int. J. Pharmacol. 2007,3:143-148.
66. Osinubi A.A.A. Effects of Vernonia amygdalina and chlorpropamide on blood glucose[J]. Med. J. Islam World Acad. Sci.1996,16:115-119.
67. Nwanjo H.U., Nwokoro E.A. Antidiabetic and biochemical effects of aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaf in normoglycaemic and diabetic rats[J]. J. Innov. Life Sci.2004,7:6-10.
68. Akah P.A., Okafor C.L. Blood sugar lowering effect of Vernonia amygdalina Del. in an experimental rabbit model [J]. Phytother. Res.1992,6:171-173.
69. Uhuegbu F.O., Ogbuehi K.J. Effect of aqueous extract (crude) of leaves of Vernonia amygdalina (Del.) on blood glucose, serum albumin and cholesterol levels in diabetic albino rats[J]. Global J. Pure Appl. Sci.2004,10:189-194.
70. Okolie U.V., Okeke C.E., Oli J.M., Ehiemere I.O. Hypoglycemic indices of Vernonia amygdalina on post prandial blood glucose concentration of healthy humans [J]. Afr. J. Biotech.2008,7:4581-4585.
71. Kamatenesi-Mugisha M., Oryem-Origa H., Makawiti O.O. Ethnopharmacological screening of Vernonia amygdalina and Cleome gynandra traditionally used in childbirth in Western Uganda. Proc 11th NAPRECA Symposium, Antanarivo, Madagascar,2005, August 9-12:110-122.
72. Ijeh I.I., Igwe K.K.,Ejike C.E.C.C. Effect of leaf aqueous extracts of Vernonia amygdalina Del. on contraction of mammary gland and uterus of guinea pig dams[J]. Am. J. Trop. Med. Pub. Heal.2011, 1(3):107-116.
73. Arhoghro E.M., Ekpo K.E., Anosike E.O., Ibeh G.O. Effect of aqueous extract of bitter leaf(Vernonia amygdalina Del.) on carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in albino wistar rats[J]. Eur. J. Sci. Res.2009,26:122-130.
74. Atangwho I.J.. Ebong P.E., Eteng M.U., Eyong E.U., Obi A.U. Effect of Vernonia amygdalina Del. leaf on kidney function of diabetic rats[J]. Int. J. Pharmacol. 2007,3:143-148.
75. Atangwho I.J., Ebong P.E., Egbung G.E., Ani I.F. Effects of co-administration of extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Azadirachta indica on serum electrolyte profile of diabetic and non-diabetic rats[J]. Aust. J. Basic. Appl. Sci.2009, 3:2974-2978.
76. Steen-Kamp V. Traditional herbal remedies used by South African women for gynecological complaints[J]. J. Ethnopharmacol.2003,87:97-108.