桃（Prunus.Persica（L）.Bastch）种质资源亲缘关系的RAPD分析
摘要
桃起源于我国西北地区，经过长期的自然选择和人工驯化栽培，已形成众多的变种、品种和类型。以往多从形态学、孢粉学、同工酶、染色体核型等方面研究桃种质的分类演化，取得了一定的成果。但还存在许多分歧，在技术手段上也存在着一定的局限性。本研究通过分子生物学的方法和技术，从DNA水平上研究中国桃种质资源的起源、遗传进化关系，主要取得以下研究结果：
(1)用SDS法、高盐法、分步离心法、CTAB法、SDS-CTAB法、尿素法六种方法提取新红早蟠桃幼嫩叶片基因组DNA，结果表明分步离心法是较好的提取桃基因组DNA的方法。
(2)采用分步离心法从桃的果实、幼叶、芽、花、一年生韧皮部、二年生韧皮部提取DNA，结果表明桃幼嫩叶片和幼果是提取桃基因组DNA的理想部位。
(3)从220个随机引物中筛选出具有多态性强、带型清晰的引物18个，在分析桃种质时均成功得到应用。
(4)用筛选出的18个引物，共88个多态性位点，对110份桃种质进行WARD聚类，以聚类距离17.0进行分类，可将全部类型分为五类。毛樱桃、光核桃、山桃、甘肃桃、普通桃各自聚为一类，新疆桃作为普通桃的一个变种。聚类结果显示，光核桃处于原始地位，桃种质分类及演化途径为：光核桃→甘肃桃→山桃→普通桃(新疆桃)。观赏桃作为一个品种群，其在进化上应与新疆桃处于平行位置。
(5)从RAPD带型聚类图分析，普通桃类的遗传相似系数较高，基因交换频繁。依聚类结果，可将普通桃分为硬肉桃品种群、蜜桃品种群、水蜜桃品种群、蟠桃品种群、油桃品种群、黄桃品种群和观赏桃品种群。
Peach, originating from the western of China,has developed many species and categories in the long period of natural selecting and artifical domestication.Lots of work have been done in morphology,pollen and isoenzyme with some performance about the identification,taxonomy and evolution of peach.But,thereare still some divergence in result and limitation in technology.By molecular biological methods,genetic relationship in resources of peach germplasm was studied.The results are as follow:
(1) Based on the analysis of six isolation methods for genomic DNA of peach, the results showed that the step by step centrifugation method is optimal for isolation method.
(2) Genomic DNA of fruits tender leaves flower bud anmal bast biennial bast of peach was isolated by the step bystep centrifugation method,the result shows yong leaves and fruits were optimal for isolation of genomic DNA of peach.
(3) Eighteen decamer arbitrary primers, which had polymorphisms and clear bands, were selected out of two hundred twenty; the primers were successfully applified in analysis of peach germplasm.
(4) 110 peach species and categoryies were studied by selected 18 primers and 88 divercification seats. All the materials were taxonomied into 5 typies at 17 distance: maoyingtao guanghetao shantao gansutao putongtao.Xinjiangtao was claffied with scientific name as Army gdalus persica var. Ferganensis.The result revealed: guanghetao lies in the primitive position. Molecular phylogeny of species in peach genus by DNA fringerprinting was as follows: guanghetao-gansutao-shantao-putongtao(xinjinangtao). Guanshangtao being a cultivar are similar to xinjiangtao in evolution status.
(5) Putong peach had higher genetic similarity and frequency of gene exchange by dendrogram of RAPD bands. According to places of the accessions in the WARD cluster, putong peach could be divided into crisp groupmitao grouphoney peach group pantao group nectarine group,the yellow peach group and guanshang peach group.
(1)用SDS法、高盐法、分步离心法、CTAB法、SDS-CTAB法、尿素法六种方法提取新红早蟠桃幼嫩叶片基因组DNA，结果表明分步离心法是较好的提取桃基因组DNA的方法。
(2)采用分步离心法从桃的果实、幼叶、芽、花、一年生韧皮部、二年生韧皮部提取DNA，结果表明桃幼嫩叶片和幼果是提取桃基因组DNA的理想部位。
(3)从220个随机引物中筛选出具有多态性强、带型清晰的引物18个，在分析桃种质时均成功得到应用。
(4)用筛选出的18个引物，共88个多态性位点，对110份桃种质进行WARD聚类，以聚类距离17.0进行分类，可将全部类型分为五类。毛樱桃、光核桃、山桃、甘肃桃、普通桃各自聚为一类，新疆桃作为普通桃的一个变种。聚类结果显示，光核桃处于原始地位，桃种质分类及演化途径为：光核桃→甘肃桃→山桃→普通桃(新疆桃)。观赏桃作为一个品种群，其在进化上应与新疆桃处于平行位置。
(5)从RAPD带型聚类图分析，普通桃类的遗传相似系数较高，基因交换频繁。依聚类结果，可将普通桃分为硬肉桃品种群、蜜桃品种群、水蜜桃品种群、蟠桃品种群、油桃品种群、黄桃品种群和观赏桃品种群。
Peach, originating from the western of China,has developed many species and categories in the long period of natural selecting and artifical domestication.Lots of work have been done in morphology,pollen and isoenzyme with some performance about the identification,taxonomy and evolution of peach.But,thereare still some divergence in result and limitation in technology.By molecular biological methods,genetic relationship in resources of peach germplasm was studied.The results are as follow:
(1) Based on the analysis of six isolation methods for genomic DNA of peach, the results showed that the step by step centrifugation method is optimal for isolation method.
(2) Genomic DNA of fruits tender leaves flower bud anmal bast biennial bast of peach was isolated by the step bystep centrifugation method,the result shows yong leaves and fruits were optimal for isolation of genomic DNA of peach.
(3) Eighteen decamer arbitrary primers, which had polymorphisms and clear bands, were selected out of two hundred twenty; the primers were successfully applified in analysis of peach germplasm.
(4) 110 peach species and categoryies were studied by selected 18 primers and 88 divercification seats. All the materials were taxonomied into 5 typies at 17 distance: maoyingtao guanghetao shantao gansutao putongtao.Xinjiangtao was claffied with scientific name as Army gdalus persica var. Ferganensis.The result revealed: guanghetao lies in the primitive position. Molecular phylogeny of species in peach genus by DNA fringerprinting was as follows: guanghetao-gansutao-shantao-putongtao(xinjinangtao). Guanshangtao being a cultivar are similar to xinjiangtao in evolution status.
(5) Putong peach had higher genetic similarity and frequency of gene exchange by dendrogram of RAPD bands. According to places of the accessions in the WARD cluster, putong peach could be divided into crisp groupmitao grouphoney peach group pantao group nectarine group,the yellow peach group and guanshang peach group.
引文
[1]程家盛等．关于苹果属果树亲缘关系的初步探索-过氧化物酶同工酶分析．园艺学报，1986，13(1)：1-8．
[2]程家盛等．苹果品种(品系)酯酶过氧化物酶同工酶比较研究初报．中国果树，1981，(1)：41·44
[3]程中平．桃遗传多样性的分子标记．中国科学院武汉植物研究所，2001．
[4]崔国惠，倪中福，刘志勇，等．小麦杂种优势群研究Ⅲ普通小麦和斯陴尔小麦微卫星分子标记遗传差异的研究[J]．农业生物技术学报，1999，7(4)：333-338．
[5]戴思兰．DNA遗传标记在林业生产中的应用．生物工程进展，1996，16(3)：44-48
[6]高锁柱，马德伟，张新闻，刘连素．桃属植物发粉形态的观察研究．中国果树，1988，(4)：13-17．
[7]高锁柱、马德伟、刘景芬、赵颜斌．几种桃的过氧化物同工酶分析比较．河北农业大学学报，1987，10(1)：23-26
[8]顾红雅．植物分子生物学实验手册．北京：高等教育出版社，1998．3-12．
[9]郭振怀，葛会波，王秀伶，闫景慧．桃属植物染色体核型及种间亲缘关系分析．园艺学报，1996，23(3)：223-226．
[10]赫西C．Q．桃、李、杏、樱桃育种进展．农业出版社，1980．
[11]江树业，陈启峰，方宣钧．水稻农垦58S与农垦58S的RAPD和ISSR分析[J]．农业生物技术学报，2000，1(1)：63-66．
[12]李荣旗，M．C．Marchard，桑贺田，B．S．Landry．RAPD标记基因鉴别小花型观赏月季品种及辐射育种突变系的研究．北京农业大学出版社，北京，1995，569-573．
[13]刘孟军，SHIN Y V，YAE B W．苹果属植物分析的影响因素及其稳定性研究．河北农业大学学报，1998，21(4)：48-53．
[13]刘孟军，SHIN Y V，YAE B W．苹果属植物分析的影响因素及其稳定性研究[J]．河北农业大学学报，1998；21(4)：48-53．
[14]刘训理，刘庆信．RAPD技术及其在家蚕研究上的应用．山东农业大学学报，1996，27(2)：233-235．
[15]卢江．RAPD—一种新的分子遗传标记技术．植物学报，1993，(35)：119-127．
[16]卢江．基因定位及其在园艺作物遗传研究中的应用．园艺学年评，北京，1165-1179．
[17]牛立新，贺普超．我国野生葡萄属植物系统学分类研究．园艺学报，1996，23(3)23-45．
[18]曲泽州，王家蕙，李树林．果树品种分类学研究进展．河北农业大学学报，1985，(1)：82-86．
[19]沈法富，刘风珍，于元杰．分子标记在植物遗传育种中的应用．山东农业大学学报．28(11)：1997，83-91．
[20]盛传根．中国桃数栽培史，南京农学院学报 1957，(2)：103-115．
[21]史永忠，郭文武，邓秀新．柑橘RAPD技术体系建立与体细胞杂种鉴定．园艺学报，1998，25(2)：105-110．
[22]孙云蔚．中国果树史与果树资源．上海科技出版社，1983．
[23]王小全．RAPD应用于遗传多样性和系统学研究中的问题．植物学报，1996，38(12)：954-962．
[24]王宇霖编著．落叶果树分类学．农业出版社，1984．
[25]汪祖华，陆振翔，陆秀华．桃品种的演化及分类研究—同工酶分析．园艺学报，1990，17(4)：241-247．
[26]汪祖华，周建滔．桃种质的起源演化关系研究—花粉形态分析．园艺学报，1990，17(3)：161-168．
[27]吴安仁等．用过氧化无酶同工酶对柑桔分类探讨．园艺学报，1985，12(2)：83-87．
[28]吴耕民编著．中国温带果树分类学．农业出版社，1984．
[29]吴广英，林学悟，桃过氧化物酶同工酶研究初报．中国果树，1988，(4)：40-42．
[30]肖顺元，章文才．RFLP在柑橘遗传多样性研究上的应用．果树科学，1995，12(1)：1-4．
[31]徐喜楼，徐惠瑛，盛炳成，等．苹果属植物花粉扫描电镜观察．南京农业大学学报，1985，1)：82-86．
[32]严华军，吴乃虎．DNA分子标记技术及其在植物遗传多样性研究中的应用．生命科学，8(3)：32-36．
[33]颜启传，黄亚军著．农作物品种鉴定手册．北京：农业出版社，1996．
[34]俞德俊．中国果树分类学，农业出版社，1979．
[35]俞德浚编著．落叶果树分类学．上海科学技术出版社，1984．
[36]袁力行，傅俊骅，WARBURTON M，等．利用RFLP，SSR，AFLP和RAPD标记分析玉米自交系遗传多样性的比较研究[J]，遗传学报，2000，27(1)：725-733．
[37]张开春，吴禄平，李荣旗等．RAPD技术-检测平邑甜茶遗传一致性的有效方法．农业生物技术学报，1997，5(2)：201-202．
[38]张开春，张军科，马哈利樱桃PGIP基因克隆及全序列测定[J]．农业生物技术学报，2000，8：(3)281-283．
[39]张立平，林伯年．葡萄属植物染色体DNA的提取、纯化及RALP鉴定．果树科学，1996，13(2)：71-74．
[40]张维强，唐秀芝．同工酶与植物遗传育种．北京：北京农业大学出版社，1983．
[40]张维强，唐秀芝．同工酶与植物遗传育种．北京农业大学出版社，北京，1993．
[41]张育明等．中国山楂属植物染色体数目和同工酶的研究．中国农业科学，1986，(3)：37-43．
[42]郑成超，温孚江．DNA分子标记技术与作物品种纯度鉴定．山东农业大学学报，1997，28(4)：479-505．
[43]庄恩及．桃艺学探．上海科技出版社，1990．
[44]宗学普，俞宏，王志强，齐茉陵．桃属植物种间亲缘关系及演化研究——花粉蛋白SDS电泳分析．园艺学报，1995，22(3)．
[45]宗学谱，俞宏桃属植物花粉扫描电镜观察及进化研究—花粉蛋白电泳分析．园艺学报，1995，22(3)：288-290．
[46]左覃元．中国作物种质资源记录．农业出版社，1987．
[47] A.Esen et al:1976. Peroxidase polymorphism incitrus. J. Hered. 67:199-203.
[48]A. Esen et al:1977. Amylase polymorphism in citrus and some related genera. Amer. J. Bot. 64 (2):305-309.
[49]A.M. Torres et al:1978. Leaf isozymes as genetic markers in citrus. Amer. J. Bot. 65(8):869-881.
[50] A. M. Torres et al:1982． Citrus isozymes:genetics and distintguishing nucellar from zygotic seedlings. J. Hered.73:335-339．
[51] AKKAYA M S, BHAGWAT A A, CREGAN PB. Length polymorphisms of simple-sequence repeat DNA in soybean[j]. Genetics,1992,132:1131-1139．
[52] Aruna m, Austin ME, Ozias-Akins P. Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA fingerprinting for identifying rabbiteye blueberry(Vaccinium ashei Reade) cultivars. J Amer Soc Hort Sci, 1995,14:459-462．
[53] Arus, P., R. Messguer, V. Viruel.et al., 1994, The European Prunus mapping project, Euphytica, 77:97-100．
[54] Barid WV, Ballard RE, Rajapaksa S, et al. Progress in Prunus mapping and application of molecular markers to germplasm improvement. HortScience, 1996,31(7) :1099-1106．
[55] BennettRI. And Smith AC. Use of a genomic clone for ribosomal RNA from brassica olearcea in RALP analysis of Brassica species. Plant Mol. Biol. 1991,16:685-688．
[56] Berbastzky R. and Tanksley SD., Toward a saturated linkage map in tomato based on lsozymes and random cDNA sequences,Genetics, 1986,112:887-898．
[57] BLAIR , MW, PANAUDO, MCCOUCH S R. Inter-simple repeat amplification for analysis of microsaellite motiffrequency and fingerprinting in rice[J].Theor Appl Genet, 1999,98(5) :780-792．
[58] Boltstein DR. ,Whife RL., et al., Construction of a genetic linkage map in using restriction fragment length polymorphism. Amer. J.Hum. Genet, 1980, 32:314-331．
[59] Botstein, D., R. White., M. Skolnick and R. Davis, 1980, Construction of agenetic linkage map in map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms, Amer. J. Human Genet, 32:314-331．
[60] Brauner S. Ribosomal DNA and RAPD variation in the rare plant family Lactoridaceae. Amer J Bot, 1992, 79:1436-1439．
[61] Chaparro JX, Whetten DJ. Inheritance, genetic inraction and biochemical characterization of anthocyanin phenotypces in peach. J Hered, 1995, 86: 32-38．
[62] Chaparro, J. X. D. J. Werner, D. O Malley, and R. R. Sederoff, 1994, Targeted mapping and likage analysis of morphological isozyme, and RAPD markers in peach, Theor. Appl. Genet.87:805-815．
[63] Chaporro JX. Targeted, aping and linkage analysis of morphological isozyme, and RAPD markers in peach. Theor Appl Genet, 1994, 87:805-815．
[64] Cheng, F.S.,N.F.Weeden, S.K. Brown, 1996, identification of codominant RAPD markers tightly linketed to fruit skin color in apple, Theor. Appl. Genet., 93:222-227．
[65] D. V. Vinterhalter et al:1982/1983． The use of peroxidase polyphism in the id entification of mailing and mailing merton aoole rootstocks J.Hort. 18:253-261．
[66] Deng ZN, Gentile A, Nicolosi E et al. Identification of in vio and in vitro lemon mutants by RAPD markers. J Hort Sci,1995,70:117-125．
[67] DESPLANQUEB, BOUDRY P.BROOMBERG K. Genetics diversity and gene flow betweenwild, cultivatedandweedyformsofBetavulgarisL. assessed by RFLP and microsat ellitemarkers[J].Theor Appl Genet, 1999, 98(1) : 1194-1201．
[68] Dicklewanger MJ. , Jones DA and Jones JDC. .Close linkage between the cf-2/cf-5 and Mi resistance loci in tomato. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction. 1993, 6:341-347． [69] Direwanger E, Moing A, Rothan C, et al. Mapping QTPs controlling fruit quality in peach. Theor Appl Genet, 1998, 1:18-31．
[70] Direwanger E, Bodo C. Molecular geneic mapping of peach. Euphytica, 1994, 77: (1-2) : 101-103．
[71] Dirlewanger, E. and C. Bodo, 1994, Molecular genetic mapping of peach, Euphtica, 77: 101-103．
[72] DjeY, HEUERTIZ M, LEFEBVRE, etal. Assessment of genetic diversity within and among germplasm accessions in cultivated sorghum using microsatellite markers [J]. Theor Appl Gene, 2000, 100 (6) : 918-925．
[73] Fabbri A, Hormaza JI.Polito US. Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Olive cultivars. J Amer Soc Hort Sci, 1995, 120:538-542．
[74] Fabbri, A. , J. I. Hormaza, and V. S. Poll to, 1995, Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of olive cultivars. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci, 120(3) :538-542．
[75] Faure, S. , J. L. Noyer, J. P. Horry etal. , 1992, Genetic mapping of the diploid banana genome using molecular markers, Plant Genome I, SanDiego, Nov. 9-11, 46．
[76] Fong G, Walker MA, Granett J. RAPD assessment of California phylloxera diversity. Molecular Ecology, 1995,4:459-464．
[77] Gardiner, S. E. ,J. M. Zhu. , C. M. Heather, et al. ,1994, The New Zealand apple genome mapping project, Euphytica, 77:77-81．
[78] Gianfranceschi, L. ,B. Koller, N. Seglias et al. , 1996, Molecular selection in apple for resistance to scab cause by Venturia inaequalis, Theor. Apple. Genet., 93:199-204．
[79] Gmitter FG Jr, Xiao SY, Huang S et al.A localized linkage map of the citrus virus resistance gene vegion. Theor Appl Genet, 1996, 92:688-695．
[80] Gogorcena, Y. , andD. E. Parfitt, 1994, Evaluation of RAPD marker consistency for detection of polymorphism in apricot, Scientia Horticulture, 59:163-167．
[81] Graham J, et al. Identification of red raspberry cultivars and an assessmant of their relation relatedness using fingerprints producted by random primers. J. Hort. Sci, 1994, 69 (1) : 123-130．
[82] Graham J, McNicol RJ, McNicol JW. A comparison of methods for the estimationof genetic diversity in strawberry cultivars. Theor Appl Genet, 1996,95:402-406．
[83] Graham, J. , R. J. McNicol. , K. Greig et al. , 1994, Identification of red raspberry cultivars and an assessment of their relatedness using fingerprints produced by random primer .Journal of Horticultural Science , 69(1) : 123-130．
[84] Gregor. D. ,W. Hartmann and R. Stosser, 1994, Cultivar identification in Prunus domestica using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers, Acta Horticulture, 359:30-40．
[85] Hancock, J. F. , P. A. Callow, and Douglas V. Shaw, 1994, Randomly amplified polymorphic DNAs in the cultivated strawberry Fragaria ×ananassa, J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 119:862-864．
[86] Harada, T. , K. Matsukaewa, T. Sato et al. , 1993, DNA-RAPDs detect genetic variation and paternity in Malus, Euphytica, 65:87-91．
[87] Healy J. ,Corr C. , De Yong J. and Baker B. , Linked and unlinked transposition of geneticallu marked dissociation element in transgenic tomato, Genetics, 1993,134:571-584．
[88] Hemmat M, Weeden NF, Manganaris AG, et al. Molecular marker linkage map for apple, J. Heredity, 85:4-11．
[89] Huang, H. , 1996, Linkage relationship of isozymes and morphological traits in interspecific chestnut Crosses, Hort Science, 31(3) :419-420．
[90] Iezzoni. A. , D. Wang, T. Brettin, and E. Stockinger, 1995, Strategies for mapping sour cherry (Prunus cerasus),a segmental allotetraploid, Plant GenomeIII, The International Conference on the Status of Plant Genome Research, San Diego, California 47．
[91] King, G. J. , 1994, Progress in mapping agronomic genes in apple (The European Apple Genome Mapping Project ), Euphytica, 77:65-69．
[92] King, JG. , 1996, Progress of apple genetic mapping in Europe, Hort Science, 31(7) :1108-1111．
[93] Koller, B. , A. Lehman, J. M. McDermott and C. Gessler, 1993, Identification of apple cultivars using RAPD makers. Theor. Appl. Genet. , 85:901-904．
[94] Koller, B. ,L. Gianfranceschi,N. Seglias, et al., 1994, DNA makers linked to Malus floribunda 821 scab resistance, Plant Mol. Biol. , 26:597-602．
[95] Landry BS, Li RQ, Cheng WJ et al. Phylogeny analysis of 25 apple rootstocks using RAPD markers and tactical gene tagging. Theor Appl Genet, 1994, 89:847-852．
[96] Landry, B. S. , R. Q. Li, W. Y. Cheung, and R. L. Granger, 1994, Phylogeny analysis of 25 apple rootstocks using RAPD makers and tactical gene tagging, Theor. Appl Genet. ,89:847-852 .
[97] Lawson DM, Hemmat M, Weeden NF. The use of Molecular Maekers to Analyze the inheritance of morphological and development traits in apple. J Amer Soc Hort Sci, 1995, 120 (3) : 532-537．
[98] Luro F, Laigret F, Bove JM et al. DNA amplified fingerprinting, A useful tool for determination of genetic origin and diversity analysis in citrus. HortScience, 1995, 30:1063-1067．
[99] M. Starkus et al:The between-and within-grapy-cultvars genetic varition. Scientia
Hort. 1983, 19 (3, 4) : 321-334．
[100] MORGANTEM, OLIVIERI A M. PCR-amplified microsatellites as markers in plant genetics[J]. Plant J, 1993, 3: 175-182．
[101] Mura M, Hidaka T, Nesumi H et al. Identification of in vivo and mapping techniques on gene diagnosis and breeing in fruit trees. FTRS/Japan, 1993, 66-73．
[102] Murcuii M. ,Sansavini S. , Isozume analysis of the grape (Vitis). I. A practical solution. Can Jbot, 1989, 6:2894-2899．
[103] N. F. Weedenet et al:1985． Isentification of apple cultivars by isozyme henotype. J. Amer. Soc . Hort. Sci. 110(4) : 509-515．
[104] Nagoka A, Ogihara Y. Applicability of Inter-simple sequence repeats polymorphism in wheat for use as DNA markers in comparison to RFLP and RAPD markers [J]. Theor Appl Genet, 1997, 597-605．
[105] Novy RC. And Helgeson JP. ,Somatic hybribs between Solainum etuerosum and diploid tuber bearing solamum clones. Theor Appl Genet, 1994, 89:775-782．
[106] Novy RG, Vorsa N, Patten K. Identifying genotypic hereogenety in 'McFarkin' cranberry:A randomly amplified polymorphic DNA and phenotypic analvsis. J Amer Soc Hort Sci, 1996, 121:210-215．
[107] Novy RG, Vorsa N. Identification of intracultivar genetic heterogeneity in cranberry using silver-stained RAPDs. Hortscience, 1995, 30(3) :600-604．
[108] Nybom Hilde, 1994, DNA fingerprinting-An useful tool fruit breeding, Euphytica, 77:59-64．
[109] Pich U, Schubert I.Miniperp method for isolation of DNA from Plants with a high content of polyphenolics. Nucleic Acids Resarch, 1993, 21 (14) :3328-3332．
[110] Poulsen, G. B. et al. , 1993, Abundance and polymorphism of simple repetitive DNA sequence in Brassica napus L. Theor. Appl. Genet. , 85(8) : 994-1000．
[111] PRASAD M,VARSHNEY R K, ROY J K, et al. The use of microsatellites for detecting DNA polymorphism, genotype identification and genetic diversity in wheat [J]. Theor Appl Genet, 2000, 100(4) : 242-248．
[112] Quarta R, Dettori MT, Verde I, et al. Genetic analysis of agronomic traits and genetic linkage mapping in a BC1 peach population using RFLPs and RAPDs. Ac ta Horticuturae, 1998, 465: 51-59．
[113] Rajapakse S, Belthoff LD, He G, et al. Genetic linkage mapping in peach using morphological, RFLP and RAPD markers. Theo Appl Genet, 1995, 90:503-510．
[114] Rajapakse S, Belthoff LE, He G, etal. Genetic linkage mapping in peach using morphological, RFLP and RAPD markers. Tjepr Appl Genet, 1995,90: (34) : 503-510．
[115] Rohlf FJ. , Numercular taxonomy and multivariate analysis system (NTA YA-pc, Versionl. 70) , Exeter Software, Setauket, New York.
[116] Shimada T,Haji T, Yamaguchi M et al. Classification of Mume by RAPD assay. J Japan
Soc Hort Sci, 1994,63:543-551．
[117] Southern. E. M., 1975, Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophresis., J. Mol. Biol. ,98:503-517．
[118] Stachel M, Lelley T, Grarsgruber H, et al. Application of microsatellites in wheat for studing genetic differdntiation caused by selection for adaptation and uae[J]. Theor Appl Genet, 2000, 100(2) : 242-248．
[119] Stewart CN Nilsen ET. Phenotypic plasticity and genetic variation of Vaccinium macrocarpon, the American cranberry.
[120] Tai TH, Tanksey DD. Rapid isolation of total DNA from dehydrated plant tissue, Plant Mol Biop Rep, 1990, 8(4) : 229-303．
[121] Tanksle SD., marker in plant breeding. Plant Mol Bio Rep,1983,1:3-8．
[122] Tartarini, S., 1996, RAPD makers linked to the Vf gene for scab resistance in apple, Theor. Appl. Genet., 92:803-810．
[123] This, P. ,C. Cuisset, and J. M. Boursiquot, 1997, Development of stable RAPD makers for the identification of grapevine rootstocks and the anlysis of genetic relationships, Am. J. Enol. Vitic.48(4) :492-501．
[124] Torres, A. M., T. Millan and J. I. Cubero, 1993, Jotentifying rose cultivars using random amplified polymorphic DNA makers, Hort Science, 28(4) :333-334．
[125] Vogel. J. M. A. Rafalski, W.Powell et al.,1996,Application of genetic diagnostics to plantgenome analysis and plant breeding, Hort Science, 31(7) :1107-1108．
[126] WANGZ, WEBER J L, ZHONG G, et al. Survey of plant short tandem repeas[J]. Theor Appl Genet, 1994, 88:1-6．
[127] Warburton, M. L , V. L. Becerra-Velasquez, J. C. Goffreda, F. A. Bliss, 1996, Utility of RAPD makers in identifying genetic linfages to genes of economic in peach, Theor. Appl. Genet. ,93:920-925．
[128] Weeden NF. Progress on growth habit genes at NYS agricultural experiment station, Geneva NY. USA. European Apple, 1994, 2:7-8．
[129] Weeden. N. F., M. Hammat,D. M. Lawson et al.,1994,Development and application of molecular maker linkage mape in woody fruit crops, Euphytica. 77:71-75．
[130] Willims JGK.,. Kubeli DAR., Liak KJ. DNA polymorphisms amplified byar-bitary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res, 1990,18:6531-6535．
[131] Woeste, K., G. H. Mcgranahan, and R. Bernatzky, 1996, Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA loci from a walnut backcross [(Juglans hindsii × J. regia ) × J.regia]. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 121 (3) :358-361．
[132] WU J S.JONESR R, DANNEBERGER L, et al. Detection of microsatellite polymorphisms without cloningtJ]. Nucleic Acids Res, 1994,22:3257-3258．
[133] Wu, K.S.et al., 1994, Detecction of microsatellite polymorphisms without cloning. Nucleic Acids Res.,22(15) :3257-3258
[134] Xu Hong and Diane Wilson, 1995, Sequence-specific polymerase chain-reaction makers derived from randomly amplified polymorphic DNA mmakers for fingerprinting grape (Vitis) rootstocks, J. amer. soc. Hort. Sci. , 120(5) : 741-720．
[135] Yang,H. and S. S. Korban, 1996, Screening apple for OPD20/600 using sequence-specific primers, Theor. Appl. Genet. , 92 : 263-266．
[136] Yang, H. and S. S. Korban, 1997, A randomly amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) marker tightly linfed to the scab-resistance gene Vf in apple, J. Amer. Soc Hort. Sci., 122 (1) :47-52．
[137] Yang, H. Y. and J. Kru ger, dentification an RAPD marker linfed to the Vf gene for scab resistance in apple, Plant Breeding, 112:323-329．
[138] Yang, H.Y..S.S. Korban, J. Kru ger and H. Schmidt, 1997, The use of a modified bulk segregant analysis to identify a molecular marker linked to a scab resistance gene apple, Euphytica, 94:175-182．
[139] Zabeau, M. and P. Vos, 1993． Selective restriction fragment amplification: 1A general method for DNA fingerprints. European Patent Application. Pul. 053 4858A1．
[2]程家盛等．苹果品种(品系)酯酶过氧化物酶同工酶比较研究初报．中国果树，1981，(1)：41·44
[3]程中平．桃遗传多样性的分子标记．中国科学院武汉植物研究所，2001．
[4]崔国惠，倪中福，刘志勇，等．小麦杂种优势群研究Ⅲ普通小麦和斯陴尔小麦微卫星分子标记遗传差异的研究[J]．农业生物技术学报，1999，7(4)：333-338．
[5]戴思兰．DNA遗传标记在林业生产中的应用．生物工程进展，1996，16(3)：44-48
[6]高锁柱，马德伟，张新闻，刘连素．桃属植物发粉形态的观察研究．中国果树，1988，(4)：13-17．
[7]高锁柱、马德伟、刘景芬、赵颜斌．几种桃的过氧化物同工酶分析比较．河北农业大学学报，1987，10(1)：23-26
[8]顾红雅．植物分子生物学实验手册．北京：高等教育出版社，1998．3-12．
[9]郭振怀，葛会波，王秀伶，闫景慧．桃属植物染色体核型及种间亲缘关系分析．园艺学报，1996，23(3)：223-226．
[10]赫西C．Q．桃、李、杏、樱桃育种进展．农业出版社，1980．
[11]江树业，陈启峰，方宣钧．水稻农垦58S与农垦58S的RAPD和ISSR分析[J]．农业生物技术学报，2000，1(1)：63-66．
[12]李荣旗，M．C．Marchard，桑贺田，B．S．Landry．RAPD标记基因鉴别小花型观赏月季品种及辐射育种突变系的研究．北京农业大学出版社，北京，1995，569-573．
[13]刘孟军，SHIN Y V，YAE B W．苹果属植物分析的影响因素及其稳定性研究．河北农业大学学报，1998，21(4)：48-53．
[13]刘孟军，SHIN Y V，YAE B W．苹果属植物分析的影响因素及其稳定性研究[J]．河北农业大学学报，1998；21(4)：48-53．
[14]刘训理，刘庆信．RAPD技术及其在家蚕研究上的应用．山东农业大学学报，1996，27(2)：233-235．
[15]卢江．RAPD—一种新的分子遗传标记技术．植物学报，1993，(35)：119-127．
[16]卢江．基因定位及其在园艺作物遗传研究中的应用．园艺学年评，北京，1165-1179．
[17]牛立新，贺普超．我国野生葡萄属植物系统学分类研究．园艺学报，1996，23(3)23-45．
[18]曲泽州，王家蕙，李树林．果树品种分类学研究进展．河北农业大学学报，1985，(1)：82-86．
[19]沈法富，刘风珍，于元杰．分子标记在植物遗传育种中的应用．山东农业大学学报．28(11)：1997，83-91．
[20]盛传根．中国桃数栽培史，南京农学院学报 1957，(2)：103-115．
[21]史永忠，郭文武，邓秀新．柑橘RAPD技术体系建立与体细胞杂种鉴定．园艺学报，1998，25(2)：105-110．
[22]孙云蔚．中国果树史与果树资源．上海科技出版社，1983．
[23]王小全．RAPD应用于遗传多样性和系统学研究中的问题．植物学报，1996，38(12)：954-962．
[24]王宇霖编著．落叶果树分类学．农业出版社，1984．
[25]汪祖华，陆振翔，陆秀华．桃品种的演化及分类研究—同工酶分析．园艺学报，1990，17(4)：241-247．
[26]汪祖华，周建滔．桃种质的起源演化关系研究—花粉形态分析．园艺学报，1990，17(3)：161-168．
[27]吴安仁等．用过氧化无酶同工酶对柑桔分类探讨．园艺学报，1985，12(2)：83-87．
[28]吴耕民编著．中国温带果树分类学．农业出版社，1984．
[29]吴广英，林学悟，桃过氧化物酶同工酶研究初报．中国果树，1988，(4)：40-42．
[30]肖顺元，章文才．RFLP在柑橘遗传多样性研究上的应用．果树科学，1995，12(1)：1-4．
[31]徐喜楼，徐惠瑛，盛炳成，等．苹果属植物花粉扫描电镜观察．南京农业大学学报，1985，1)：82-86．
[32]严华军，吴乃虎．DNA分子标记技术及其在植物遗传多样性研究中的应用．生命科学，8(3)：32-36．
[33]颜启传，黄亚军著．农作物品种鉴定手册．北京：农业出版社，1996．
[34]俞德俊．中国果树分类学，农业出版社，1979．
[35]俞德浚编著．落叶果树分类学．上海科学技术出版社，1984．
[36]袁力行，傅俊骅，WARBURTON M，等．利用RFLP，SSR，AFLP和RAPD标记分析玉米自交系遗传多样性的比较研究[J]，遗传学报，2000，27(1)：725-733．
[37]张开春，吴禄平，李荣旗等．RAPD技术-检测平邑甜茶遗传一致性的有效方法．农业生物技术学报，1997，5(2)：201-202．
[38]张开春，张军科，马哈利樱桃PGIP基因克隆及全序列测定[J]．农业生物技术学报，2000，8：(3)281-283．
[39]张立平，林伯年．葡萄属植物染色体DNA的提取、纯化及RALP鉴定．果树科学，1996，13(2)：71-74．
[40]张维强，唐秀芝．同工酶与植物遗传育种．北京：北京农业大学出版社，1983．
[40]张维强，唐秀芝．同工酶与植物遗传育种．北京农业大学出版社，北京，1993．
[41]张育明等．中国山楂属植物染色体数目和同工酶的研究．中国农业科学，1986，(3)：37-43．
[42]郑成超，温孚江．DNA分子标记技术与作物品种纯度鉴定．山东农业大学学报，1997，28(4)：479-505．
[43]庄恩及．桃艺学探．上海科技出版社，1990．
[44]宗学普，俞宏，王志强，齐茉陵．桃属植物种间亲缘关系及演化研究——花粉蛋白SDS电泳分析．园艺学报，1995，22(3)．
[45]宗学谱，俞宏桃属植物花粉扫描电镜观察及进化研究—花粉蛋白电泳分析．园艺学报，1995，22(3)：288-290．
[46]左覃元．中国作物种质资源记录．农业出版社，1987．
[47] A.Esen et al:1976. Peroxidase polymorphism incitrus. J. Hered. 67:199-203.
[48]A. Esen et al:1977. Amylase polymorphism in citrus and some related genera. Amer. J. Bot. 64 (2):305-309.
[49]A.M. Torres et al:1978. Leaf isozymes as genetic markers in citrus. Amer. J. Bot. 65(8):869-881.
[50] A. M. Torres et al:1982． Citrus isozymes:genetics and distintguishing nucellar from zygotic seedlings. J. Hered.73:335-339．
[51] AKKAYA M S, BHAGWAT A A, CREGAN PB. Length polymorphisms of simple-sequence repeat DNA in soybean[j]. Genetics,1992,132:1131-1139．
[52] Aruna m, Austin ME, Ozias-Akins P. Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA fingerprinting for identifying rabbiteye blueberry(Vaccinium ashei Reade) cultivars. J Amer Soc Hort Sci, 1995,14:459-462．
[53] Arus, P., R. Messguer, V. Viruel.et al., 1994, The European Prunus mapping project, Euphytica, 77:97-100．
[54] Barid WV, Ballard RE, Rajapaksa S, et al. Progress in Prunus mapping and application of molecular markers to germplasm improvement. HortScience, 1996,31(7) :1099-1106．
[55] BennettRI. And Smith AC. Use of a genomic clone for ribosomal RNA from brassica olearcea in RALP analysis of Brassica species. Plant Mol. Biol. 1991,16:685-688．
[56] Berbastzky R. and Tanksley SD., Toward a saturated linkage map in tomato based on lsozymes and random cDNA sequences,Genetics, 1986,112:887-898．
[57] BLAIR , MW, PANAUDO, MCCOUCH S R. Inter-simple repeat amplification for analysis of microsaellite motiffrequency and fingerprinting in rice[J].Theor Appl Genet, 1999,98(5) :780-792．
[58] Boltstein DR. ,Whife RL., et al., Construction of a genetic linkage map in using restriction fragment length polymorphism. Amer. J.Hum. Genet, 1980, 32:314-331．
[59] Botstein, D., R. White., M. Skolnick and R. Davis, 1980, Construction of agenetic linkage map in map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms, Amer. J. Human Genet, 32:314-331．
[60] Brauner S. Ribosomal DNA and RAPD variation in the rare plant family Lactoridaceae. Amer J Bot, 1992, 79:1436-1439．
[61] Chaparro JX, Whetten DJ. Inheritance, genetic inraction and biochemical characterization of anthocyanin phenotypces in peach. J Hered, 1995, 86: 32-38．
[62] Chaparro, J. X. D. J. Werner, D. O Malley, and R. R. Sederoff, 1994, Targeted mapping and likage analysis of morphological isozyme, and RAPD markers in peach, Theor. Appl. Genet.87:805-815．
[63] Chaporro JX. Targeted, aping and linkage analysis of morphological isozyme, and RAPD markers in peach. Theor Appl Genet, 1994, 87:805-815．
[64] Cheng, F.S.,N.F.Weeden, S.K. Brown, 1996, identification of codominant RAPD markers tightly linketed to fruit skin color in apple, Theor. Appl. Genet., 93:222-227．
[65] D. V. Vinterhalter et al:1982/1983． The use of peroxidase polyphism in the id entification of mailing and mailing merton aoole rootstocks J.Hort. 18:253-261．
[66] Deng ZN, Gentile A, Nicolosi E et al. Identification of in vio and in vitro lemon mutants by RAPD markers. J Hort Sci,1995,70:117-125．
[67] DESPLANQUEB, BOUDRY P.BROOMBERG K. Genetics diversity and gene flow betweenwild, cultivatedandweedyformsofBetavulgarisL. assessed by RFLP and microsat ellitemarkers[J].Theor Appl Genet, 1999, 98(1) : 1194-1201．
[68] Dicklewanger MJ. , Jones DA and Jones JDC. .Close linkage between the cf-2/cf-5 and Mi resistance loci in tomato. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction. 1993, 6:341-347． [69] Direwanger E, Moing A, Rothan C, et al. Mapping QTPs controlling fruit quality in peach. Theor Appl Genet, 1998, 1:18-31．
[70] Direwanger E, Bodo C. Molecular geneic mapping of peach. Euphytica, 1994, 77: (1-2) : 101-103．
[71] Dirlewanger, E. and C. Bodo, 1994, Molecular genetic mapping of peach, Euphtica, 77: 101-103．
[72] DjeY, HEUERTIZ M, LEFEBVRE, etal. Assessment of genetic diversity within and among germplasm accessions in cultivated sorghum using microsatellite markers [J]. Theor Appl Gene, 2000, 100 (6) : 918-925．
[73] Fabbri A, Hormaza JI.Polito US. Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Olive cultivars. J Amer Soc Hort Sci, 1995, 120:538-542．
[74] Fabbri, A. , J. I. Hormaza, and V. S. Poll to, 1995, Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of olive cultivars. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci, 120(3) :538-542．
[75] Faure, S. , J. L. Noyer, J. P. Horry etal. , 1992, Genetic mapping of the diploid banana genome using molecular markers, Plant Genome I, SanDiego, Nov. 9-11, 46．
[76] Fong G, Walker MA, Granett J. RAPD assessment of California phylloxera diversity. Molecular Ecology, 1995,4:459-464．
[77] Gardiner, S. E. ,J. M. Zhu. , C. M. Heather, et al. ,1994, The New Zealand apple genome mapping project, Euphytica, 77:77-81．
[78] Gianfranceschi, L. ,B. Koller, N. Seglias et al. , 1996, Molecular selection in apple for resistance to scab cause by Venturia inaequalis, Theor. Apple. Genet., 93:199-204．
[79] Gmitter FG Jr, Xiao SY, Huang S et al.A localized linkage map of the citrus virus resistance gene vegion. Theor Appl Genet, 1996, 92:688-695．
[80] Gogorcena, Y. , andD. E. Parfitt, 1994, Evaluation of RAPD marker consistency for detection of polymorphism in apricot, Scientia Horticulture, 59:163-167．
[81] Graham J, et al. Identification of red raspberry cultivars and an assessmant of their relation relatedness using fingerprints producted by random primers. J. Hort. Sci, 1994, 69 (1) : 123-130．
[82] Graham J, McNicol RJ, McNicol JW. A comparison of methods for the estimationof genetic diversity in strawberry cultivars. Theor Appl Genet, 1996,95:402-406．
[83] Graham, J. , R. J. McNicol. , K. Greig et al. , 1994, Identification of red raspberry cultivars and an assessment of their relatedness using fingerprints produced by random primer .Journal of Horticultural Science , 69(1) : 123-130．
[84] Gregor. D. ,W. Hartmann and R. Stosser, 1994, Cultivar identification in Prunus domestica using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers, Acta Horticulture, 359:30-40．
[85] Hancock, J. F. , P. A. Callow, and Douglas V. Shaw, 1994, Randomly amplified polymorphic DNAs in the cultivated strawberry Fragaria ×ananassa, J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 119:862-864．
[86] Harada, T. , K. Matsukaewa, T. Sato et al. , 1993, DNA-RAPDs detect genetic variation and paternity in Malus, Euphytica, 65:87-91．
[87] Healy J. ,Corr C. , De Yong J. and Baker B. , Linked and unlinked transposition of geneticallu marked dissociation element in transgenic tomato, Genetics, 1993,134:571-584．
[88] Hemmat M, Weeden NF, Manganaris AG, et al. Molecular marker linkage map for apple, J. Heredity, 85:4-11．
[89] Huang, H. , 1996, Linkage relationship of isozymes and morphological traits in interspecific chestnut Crosses, Hort Science, 31(3) :419-420．
[90] Iezzoni. A. , D. Wang, T. Brettin, and E. Stockinger, 1995, Strategies for mapping sour cherry (Prunus cerasus),a segmental allotetraploid, Plant GenomeIII, The International Conference on the Status of Plant Genome Research, San Diego, California 47．
[91] King, G. J. , 1994, Progress in mapping agronomic genes in apple (The European Apple Genome Mapping Project ), Euphytica, 77:65-69．
[92] King, JG. , 1996, Progress of apple genetic mapping in Europe, Hort Science, 31(7) :1108-1111．
[93] Koller, B. , A. Lehman, J. M. McDermott and C. Gessler, 1993, Identification of apple cultivars using RAPD makers. Theor. Appl. Genet. , 85:901-904．
[94] Koller, B. ,L. Gianfranceschi,N. Seglias, et al., 1994, DNA makers linked to Malus floribunda 821 scab resistance, Plant Mol. Biol. , 26:597-602．
[95] Landry BS, Li RQ, Cheng WJ et al. Phylogeny analysis of 25 apple rootstocks using RAPD markers and tactical gene tagging. Theor Appl Genet, 1994, 89:847-852．
[96] Landry, B. S. , R. Q. Li, W. Y. Cheung, and R. L. Granger, 1994, Phylogeny analysis of 25 apple rootstocks using RAPD makers and tactical gene tagging, Theor. Appl Genet. ,89:847-852 .
[97] Lawson DM, Hemmat M, Weeden NF. The use of Molecular Maekers to Analyze the inheritance of morphological and development traits in apple. J Amer Soc Hort Sci, 1995, 120 (3) : 532-537．
[98] Luro F, Laigret F, Bove JM et al. DNA amplified fingerprinting, A useful tool for determination of genetic origin and diversity analysis in citrus. HortScience, 1995, 30:1063-1067．
[99] M. Starkus et al:The between-and within-grapy-cultvars genetic varition. Scientia
Hort. 1983, 19 (3, 4) : 321-334．
[100] MORGANTEM, OLIVIERI A M. PCR-amplified microsatellites as markers in plant genetics[J]. Plant J, 1993, 3: 175-182．
[101] Mura M, Hidaka T, Nesumi H et al. Identification of in vivo and mapping techniques on gene diagnosis and breeing in fruit trees. FTRS/Japan, 1993, 66-73．
[102] Murcuii M. ,Sansavini S. , Isozume analysis of the grape (Vitis). I. A practical solution. Can Jbot, 1989, 6:2894-2899．
[103] N. F. Weedenet et al:1985． Isentification of apple cultivars by isozyme henotype. J. Amer. Soc . Hort. Sci. 110(4) : 509-515．
[104] Nagoka A, Ogihara Y. Applicability of Inter-simple sequence repeats polymorphism in wheat for use as DNA markers in comparison to RFLP and RAPD markers [J]. Theor Appl Genet, 1997, 597-605．
[105] Novy RC. And Helgeson JP. ,Somatic hybribs between Solainum etuerosum and diploid tuber bearing solamum clones. Theor Appl Genet, 1994, 89:775-782．
[106] Novy RG, Vorsa N, Patten K. Identifying genotypic hereogenety in 'McFarkin' cranberry:A randomly amplified polymorphic DNA and phenotypic analvsis. J Amer Soc Hort Sci, 1996, 121:210-215．
[107] Novy RG, Vorsa N. Identification of intracultivar genetic heterogeneity in cranberry using silver-stained RAPDs. Hortscience, 1995, 30(3) :600-604．
[108] Nybom Hilde, 1994, DNA fingerprinting-An useful tool fruit breeding, Euphytica, 77:59-64．
[109] Pich U, Schubert I.Miniperp method for isolation of DNA from Plants with a high content of polyphenolics. Nucleic Acids Resarch, 1993, 21 (14) :3328-3332．
[110] Poulsen, G. B. et al. , 1993, Abundance and polymorphism of simple repetitive DNA sequence in Brassica napus L. Theor. Appl. Genet. , 85(8) : 994-1000．
[111] PRASAD M,VARSHNEY R K, ROY J K, et al. The use of microsatellites for detecting DNA polymorphism, genotype identification and genetic diversity in wheat [J]. Theor Appl Genet, 2000, 100(4) : 242-248．
[112] Quarta R, Dettori MT, Verde I, et al. Genetic analysis of agronomic traits and genetic linkage mapping in a BC1 peach population using RFLPs and RAPDs. Ac ta Horticuturae, 1998, 465: 51-59．
[113] Rajapakse S, Belthoff LD, He G, et al. Genetic linkage mapping in peach using morphological, RFLP and RAPD markers. Theo Appl Genet, 1995, 90:503-510．
[114] Rajapakse S, Belthoff LE, He G, etal. Genetic linkage mapping in peach using morphological, RFLP and RAPD markers. Tjepr Appl Genet, 1995,90: (34) : 503-510．
[115] Rohlf FJ. , Numercular taxonomy and multivariate analysis system (NTA YA-pc, Versionl. 70) , Exeter Software, Setauket, New York.
[116] Shimada T,Haji T, Yamaguchi M et al. Classification of Mume by RAPD assay. J Japan
Soc Hort Sci, 1994,63:543-551．
[117] Southern. E. M., 1975, Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophresis., J. Mol. Biol. ,98:503-517．
[118] Stachel M, Lelley T, Grarsgruber H, et al. Application of microsatellites in wheat for studing genetic differdntiation caused by selection for adaptation and uae[J]. Theor Appl Genet, 2000, 100(2) : 242-248．
[119] Stewart CN Nilsen ET. Phenotypic plasticity and genetic variation of Vaccinium macrocarpon, the American cranberry.
[120] Tai TH, Tanksey DD. Rapid isolation of total DNA from dehydrated plant tissue, Plant Mol Biop Rep, 1990, 8(4) : 229-303．
[121] Tanksle SD., marker in plant breeding. Plant Mol Bio Rep,1983,1:3-8．
[122] Tartarini, S., 1996, RAPD makers linked to the Vf gene for scab resistance in apple, Theor. Appl. Genet., 92:803-810．
[123] This, P. ,C. Cuisset, and J. M. Boursiquot, 1997, Development of stable RAPD makers for the identification of grapevine rootstocks and the anlysis of genetic relationships, Am. J. Enol. Vitic.48(4) :492-501．
[124] Torres, A. M., T. Millan and J. I. Cubero, 1993, Jotentifying rose cultivars using random amplified polymorphic DNA makers, Hort Science, 28(4) :333-334．
[125] Vogel. J. M. A. Rafalski, W.Powell et al.,1996,Application of genetic diagnostics to plantgenome analysis and plant breeding, Hort Science, 31(7) :1107-1108．
[126] WANGZ, WEBER J L, ZHONG G, et al. Survey of plant short tandem repeas[J]. Theor Appl Genet, 1994, 88:1-6．
[127] Warburton, M. L , V. L. Becerra-Velasquez, J. C. Goffreda, F. A. Bliss, 1996, Utility of RAPD makers in identifying genetic linfages to genes of economic in peach, Theor. Appl. Genet. ,93:920-925．
[128] Weeden NF. Progress on growth habit genes at NYS agricultural experiment station, Geneva NY. USA. European Apple, 1994, 2:7-8．
[129] Weeden. N. F., M. Hammat,D. M. Lawson et al.,1994,Development and application of molecular maker linkage mape in woody fruit crops, Euphytica. 77:71-75．
[130] Willims JGK.,. Kubeli DAR., Liak KJ. DNA polymorphisms amplified byar-bitary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res, 1990,18:6531-6535．
[131] Woeste, K., G. H. Mcgranahan, and R. Bernatzky, 1996, Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA loci from a walnut backcross [(Juglans hindsii × J. regia ) × J.regia]. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 121 (3) :358-361．
[132] WU J S.JONESR R, DANNEBERGER L, et al. Detection of microsatellite polymorphisms without cloningtJ]. Nucleic Acids Res, 1994,22:3257-3258．
[133] Wu, K.S.et al., 1994, Detecction of microsatellite polymorphisms without cloning. Nucleic Acids Res.,22(15) :3257-3258
[134] Xu Hong and Diane Wilson, 1995, Sequence-specific polymerase chain-reaction makers derived from randomly amplified polymorphic DNA mmakers for fingerprinting grape (Vitis) rootstocks, J. amer. soc. Hort. Sci. , 120(5) : 741-720．
[135] Yang,H. and S. S. Korban, 1996, Screening apple for OPD20/600 using sequence-specific primers, Theor. Appl. Genet. , 92 : 263-266．
[136] Yang, H. and S. S. Korban, 1997, A randomly amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) marker tightly linfed to the scab-resistance gene Vf in apple, J. Amer. Soc Hort. Sci., 122 (1) :47-52．
[137] Yang, H. Y. and J. Kru ger, dentification an RAPD marker linfed to the Vf gene for scab resistance in apple, Plant Breeding, 112:323-329．
[138] Yang, H.Y..S.S. Korban, J. Kru ger and H. Schmidt, 1997, The use of a modified bulk segregant analysis to identify a molecular marker linked to a scab resistance gene apple, Euphytica, 94:175-182．
[139] Zabeau, M. and P. Vos, 1993． Selective restriction fragment amplification: 1A general method for DNA fingerprints. European Patent Application. Pul. 053 4858A1．