城市停车场产业化路径研究
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摘要
解决城市停车问题的根本出路是形成多元化的投资体制,扶持停车场建设走产业化道路。另外,国家对停车场运营管理政策不明确,如现行的停车收费标准没有考虑停车设施投资者追求利润最大化的要求,甚至连正常运营管理的成本都难以补偿,导致很多停车场耗巨资建设起来,以亏本关闭告终,打击了投资者的积极性。解决这一问题的唯一办法是推进停车场运营走向市场化,国家采用经济、行政和法律等手段对市场进行干预、限制、监督、指导和管理,停车经营者自动采取适合市场需要的经济行为,以建立和维护停车市场的正常秩序,保证停车市场的有效运行。本文的研究思路是首先对研究背景进行分析,确定研究的必要性,了解国内外研究现状,确定研究主要内容；在分析停车设施属性和停车场地位的基础上,定义停车产业、解读停车产业化的内涵,分析停车产业活动范畴和特点,立足于城市停车问题分析停车产业化发展的必要性；然后对南昌市停车产业化现状进行分析,并结合南昌市火车站地区停车产业化情况对其现状存在的问题进行分析,总结归纳停车产业化的发展历程,确定停车产业现状所处阶段以及影响停车产业化发展的问题；分析产业化路径实施过程中可能出现的问题,从优惠政策制定、规划体系优化、管理和技术水平提高、建立建设基金和合理定价等几方面进行路径研究。
The fundamental way to solve urban parking problems is to form a diversified investment system, to support the parking building of the road of industrialization. In addition, the state is not clear of the car park operation and management policies, such as the existing parking standards do not consider the parking facilities for investors to maximize profits, and even even the normal operation and management costs are difficult to compensate, leading to a lot of parking big-budget construction closed at a loss ended in a blow to the enthusiasm of investors. The only way to solve this problem is to promote the car park operators to come to the market, national economic, administrative and legal means to intervene in the market, restrictions, supervision, guidance and management, parking operators to automatically take the needs of the market economy to establish and maintain the normal order of the parking market, to ensure the effective operation of the parking market. Idea of this study is the research background to analyze and determine the need to study, understand the research status, to determine the study content; on the basis of the analysis of parking facilities in the properties and parking status, as defined in the parking industry, and interpretation of the parking industry connotation, analyze the scope and characteristics of the parking industry activities, based on analysis of the need for development of the parking industry in the city parking problems; then analyze the current state of Nanchang parking industrialization, combined with its status quo of the Nanchang Railway Station area of the parking industry the problems analyzed, summarized the course of development of the parking industry, to determine the parking industry, the status quo of the stage, as well as the parking industry development; use the basic concepts of investment in city parking costs, and changes in the comprehensive cost curve for the major types of urban parking lot, a detailed cost comparison analysis and the recommendations of the construction project economic analysis, the government should have preferential policies to provide important reference for the investment and construction of urban parking. Implementation problems that may arise in the course of the analysis of industrialization path, from the preferential policies to develop and optimize the planning system, management and technical level, the establishment of several aspects of the path study of the construction funds, and reasonable pricing.
The fundamental way to solve urban parking problems is to form a diversified investment system, to support the parking building of the road of industrialization. In addition, the state is not clear of the car park operation and management policies, such as the existing parking standards do not consider the parking facilities for investors to maximize profits, and even even the normal operation and management costs are difficult to compensate, leading to a lot of parking big-budget construction closed at a loss ended in a blow to the enthusiasm of investors. The only way to solve this problem is to promote the car park operators to come to the market, national economic, administrative and legal means to intervene in the market, restrictions, supervision, guidance and management, parking operators to automatically take the needs of the market economy to establish and maintain the normal order of the parking market, to ensure the effective operation of the parking market. Idea of this study is the research background to analyze and determine the need to study, understand the research status, to determine the study content; on the basis of the analysis of parking facilities in the properties and parking status, as defined in the parking industry, and interpretation of the parking industry connotation, analyze the scope and characteristics of the parking industry activities, based on analysis of the need for development of the parking industry in the city parking problems; then analyze the current state of Nanchang parking industrialization, combined with its status quo of the Nanchang Railway Station area of the parking industry the problems analyzed, summarized the course of development of the parking industry, to determine the parking industry, the status quo of the stage, as well as the parking industry development; use the basic concepts of investment in city parking costs, and changes in the comprehensive cost curve for the major types of urban parking lot, a detailed cost comparison analysis and the recommendations of the construction project economic analysis, the government should have preferential policies to provide important reference for the investment and construction of urban parking. Implementation problems that may arise in the course of the analysis of industrialization path, from the preferential policies to develop and optimize the planning system, management and technical level, the establishment of several aspects of the path study of the construction funds, and reasonable pricing.
引文
1 The City of Cupertino Community Development Departmen. Crossrodes area streetscape. Valley,2003:24
2刘洪启,李辉,史建港,李美玲.小城市停车调查以及停车特性分析——以江西省吉安市为例[J].交通标准化,2005(5)：61-63.
3王晶晶,武颖娴.停车场及其他收费问题分析[J].财经界,2006(8)：243—244.
4张秀媛,董苏华,蔡华民,李秀敏.城市停车规划与管理[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社。2006：17-19,21-31
5张秀嫒,董苏华,蔡华民,李秀敏.城市停车规划与管理[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006：17-19,22-31.
6张秀媛,董苏华,蔡华民,李秀敏.城市停车规划与管理[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006：17-19,22-31.
7张伟.城市路外公共停车设施选址研究[D].长沙：长沙理工大学,2004.19
8陈媛.城市停车设施规划问题研究[D].西安：长安大学(2005).30-35
[1]The City of Cupertino Community Development Departmen. Crossrodes area streetscape. Valley,2003:24
[2]Walker Parking Consultants.shared parking analysis/prelminary financial analysis WAYYPOINTE Norwalk,Connecticut.20O8.1.
[3]Smith W and Associates.Parkingin the City Center.Automobile Manufacture.1965.
[4]Highway Research Board:Parking Principles,SpecialReport125.Washinton.DC,1971.
[5]Rodier CJ, Shaheen S A, Eaken A M. Transit—ased smart parking in the San Francisco Bay Area, California—Assessment of user demand and behavioral effects[J]. Transportation Research Record,2005:16
[6]Levinson HS.Zoning for parking-a global perspective. ITE Journal,Nov.1984:18-22.
[7]Haworth SL and Hilton IC.Car parking standard sin development control. Traffic Engineering&Control,Feb.1982:86-88.
[8]Haworth SL and Hilton IC. Car parking standards and urban economy. Traffic Engineering&Control,Nov.1982:537-542
[9]Federal Highway Administration. Parking Management Tactics. National Technical Information Service,1981
[10]Scully WJ. Parking management in a small community:back to basics. ITE Journal,Nov.1988.
[11]Coomber D et al. Study of parking and traffic demand:The research program. Traffic Engineering & Control, Feb.1997:62-67.
[12]Bates J et al. Study of parking and traffic demand:At traffic research analysis model(TRAM).Traffic Engineering & Control, March1997:135-141.
[13]Coombe D et al. Study of parking and traffic demand:The effects of parking control strategies sin Bristol. Traffic Engineering & Control, April 1997:204-209.
[14]Morrall JM and Bolger D.There relationship between downtown parking supply and transit use. ITE Journal, Feb.1996:32-36.
[15]Anon,Guidelines for parking facility location and design, ITE journal. Vol.60,No.4,1990.4.
[16]Javid, Massoud, Optimal supply of parking at airports, Proceedings of the 23'Air Transport Conference,USA,1994.6.
[17]Joseph C.Openhanded, Optimal Location and Sizing of Parking Facilities, ITE Compendium of Technical Papers.1988.
[18]Comprehensive approach to traffic and parking policy:a case-study of York. Traffic Engineering&Control., April 1989:172-174.
[19]Sarah Brown, Object Design of a Distributed system. IEEE.1998:13
[20]Ponlathep Lertworawanich. Capacity Estimation for Weaving Areas Based on Gap Acceptance and Linear Optimization [D].2003:10
[21]西南交通大学,成都市珠江新城项目交通影响评价研究报告,2008.6：12—15.
[22]宋玮.哈尔滨市停车策略与建筑物停车配建指标研究.哈尔滨工业大学工程硕士学位论文.2006：44-46
[23]陈文生,宋伟.关于王府井商业区静态交通停车管理的研究.城市交通.2006：24
[24]北京市科学技术委员会.迈向2049年北京的城市发展.北京科学技术出版社,2006：25
[25]乐建鑫,周竹平.静态交通管理的内涵研究.东南大学学报.2007,(12)：42
[26]周志勇,王炜,陈俊.现代城市静态交通规划建设新探讨.交通标准化.2006,(1)：15
[27]朱福根.城市中心区公共停车供应策略与规划研究[D].西安：长安大学,2006
[28]张乔.我国大城市小汽车停车问题研究[D].上海：同济大学,2006
[29]杨雷.综合体建筑底部公共交通空间研究.大连理工大学.硕士学位论文.2009.6：7—9
[30]惠英,杨飞.英国停车换乘交通对策的实践与借鉴[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2008(6)：1120-1123
[31]王琢玉,谢志明,缪江华.广州市城市公共停车场发展政策研究[J].2008(5)：36-40
[32]陈雪梅.北京交通与停车政策[J].济南：城市停车,2009
[33]周永亮.大城市中心区停车需求预测与停车设施规划管理研究[D].天津：河北工业大学,2006
[34]过秀成.城市停车场规划与设计[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2008.25-30
[35]陈俊,周智勇,梅振宇,等.城市停车规划设计方法与信息诱导技术[M].南京：东南大学出版社,2007
[36]翟忠民,景东升,陆化普.道路交通实战案例.北京：人民交通出版社.2007.1：150—152
[37]刘洪营,马荣国,梁国华.城市商住综合体停车规模确定方法.长安大学学报(自然科学版).2009.5(29)：96—98.
[38](美)史密斯.共享式停车场设计与管理,王莹,译.北京：辽宁科学技术出版社,2007
[39]关宏志,王鑫,王雪.停车需求预测方法研究[J].北京工业大学学报,2006(7)：600-604
[40]陆化普,石京,李瑞敏.城市交通规划案例集[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2007
[41]文国玮.城市交通与道路系统规划[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2007
[42]凌浩.城市机动车停车位配建指标及相关政策研究.硕士学位论文.东南大学.2006.3：45—49.
[43]沈党云,关宏志.停车产业化政策研究[J].城市交通,2005,3(3)：41-44
[44]邵懿.中国城市公共事业经营效率研究——城市停车场经营效率研究[J],特区经济,2005,41(3)：16-19
[45]王辉,黎冬平,晏克非.共享式停车下混合用地停车需求计算方法.和谐交通：都市交通发展新战略新任务一一第十六届海峡两岸都市交通学术研讨会论文集.2008：274—277.
[46]张秀媛,董苏华,蔡华民等.城市停车规划与管理.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006.
[47]张泉,黄富民,曹国华等.城市停车设施规划.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2009.
[48]陈代松,叶雁冰.基于场所理论的重庆三峡广场景观设计分析工业建筑,2006年第36卷增刊.
[49]贺崇明.城市停车规划研究与应用.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006.
[50]代义军,张晓达,黄广宇.武汉城市停车现状调研与发展思考.交通与运输,2006年01期.P64-65.
[51]朱亚圣,张挺.停车难,城市止之痒.闽南日报,2005/03/16.
[52]杨忠振,夏天成.基于路网容量的城市中心商业区停车设施供给研究.交通运输工程与信息学报,2006年6月第4卷第2期.P4-5.
[53]孙吴.建筑综合体与城市交通节点的藕合设计研究,大连理工大学,硕士学位论文,2009.6：21.
[54]吴效葵,吴丽华.关于我国城市停车法规建设的思考.城市公共事业,2006年第20卷第6期.P7-8.
2刘洪启,李辉,史建港,李美玲.小城市停车调查以及停车特性分析——以江西省吉安市为例[J].交通标准化,2005(5)：61-63.
3王晶晶,武颖娴.停车场及其他收费问题分析[J].财经界,2006(8)：243—244.
4张秀媛,董苏华,蔡华民,李秀敏.城市停车规划与管理[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社。2006：17-19,21-31
5张秀嫒,董苏华,蔡华民,李秀敏.城市停车规划与管理[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006：17-19,22-31.
6张秀媛,董苏华,蔡华民,李秀敏.城市停车规划与管理[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006：17-19,22-31.
7张伟.城市路外公共停车设施选址研究[D].长沙：长沙理工大学,2004.19
8陈媛.城市停车设施规划问题研究[D].西安：长安大学(2005).30-35
[1]The City of Cupertino Community Development Departmen. Crossrodes area streetscape. Valley,2003:24
[2]Walker Parking Consultants.shared parking analysis/prelminary financial analysis WAYYPOINTE Norwalk,Connecticut.20O8.1.
[3]Smith W and Associates.Parkingin the City Center.Automobile Manufacture.1965.
[4]Highway Research Board:Parking Principles,SpecialReport125.Washinton.DC,1971.
[5]Rodier CJ, Shaheen S A, Eaken A M. Transit—ased smart parking in the San Francisco Bay Area, California—Assessment of user demand and behavioral effects[J]. Transportation Research Record,2005:16
[6]Levinson HS.Zoning for parking-a global perspective. ITE Journal,Nov.1984:18-22.
[7]Haworth SL and Hilton IC.Car parking standard sin development control. Traffic Engineering&Control,Feb.1982:86-88.
[8]Haworth SL and Hilton IC. Car parking standards and urban economy. Traffic Engineering&Control,Nov.1982:537-542
[9]Federal Highway Administration. Parking Management Tactics. National Technical Information Service,1981
[10]Scully WJ. Parking management in a small community:back to basics. ITE Journal,Nov.1988.
[11]Coomber D et al. Study of parking and traffic demand:The research program. Traffic Engineering & Control, Feb.1997:62-67.
[12]Bates J et al. Study of parking and traffic demand:At traffic research analysis model(TRAM).Traffic Engineering & Control, March1997:135-141.
[13]Coombe D et al. Study of parking and traffic demand:The effects of parking control strategies sin Bristol. Traffic Engineering & Control, April 1997:204-209.
[14]Morrall JM and Bolger D.There relationship between downtown parking supply and transit use. ITE Journal, Feb.1996:32-36.
[15]Anon,Guidelines for parking facility location and design, ITE journal. Vol.60,No.4,1990.4.
[16]Javid, Massoud, Optimal supply of parking at airports, Proceedings of the 23'Air Transport Conference,USA,1994.6.
[17]Joseph C.Openhanded, Optimal Location and Sizing of Parking Facilities, ITE Compendium of Technical Papers.1988.
[18]Comprehensive approach to traffic and parking policy:a case-study of York. Traffic Engineering&Control., April 1989:172-174.
[19]Sarah Brown, Object Design of a Distributed system. IEEE.1998:13
[20]Ponlathep Lertworawanich. Capacity Estimation for Weaving Areas Based on Gap Acceptance and Linear Optimization [D].2003:10
[21]西南交通大学,成都市珠江新城项目交通影响评价研究报告,2008.6：12—15.
[22]宋玮.哈尔滨市停车策略与建筑物停车配建指标研究.哈尔滨工业大学工程硕士学位论文.2006：44-46
[23]陈文生,宋伟.关于王府井商业区静态交通停车管理的研究.城市交通.2006：24
[24]北京市科学技术委员会.迈向2049年北京的城市发展.北京科学技术出版社,2006：25
[25]乐建鑫,周竹平.静态交通管理的内涵研究.东南大学学报.2007,(12)：42
[26]周志勇,王炜,陈俊.现代城市静态交通规划建设新探讨.交通标准化.2006,(1)：15
[27]朱福根.城市中心区公共停车供应策略与规划研究[D].西安：长安大学,2006
[28]张乔.我国大城市小汽车停车问题研究[D].上海：同济大学,2006
[29]杨雷.综合体建筑底部公共交通空间研究.大连理工大学.硕士学位论文.2009.6：7—9
[30]惠英,杨飞.英国停车换乘交通对策的实践与借鉴[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2008(6)：1120-1123
[31]王琢玉,谢志明,缪江华.广州市城市公共停车场发展政策研究[J].2008(5)：36-40
[32]陈雪梅.北京交通与停车政策[J].济南：城市停车,2009
[33]周永亮.大城市中心区停车需求预测与停车设施规划管理研究[D].天津：河北工业大学,2006
[34]过秀成.城市停车场规划与设计[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2008.25-30
[35]陈俊,周智勇,梅振宇,等.城市停车规划设计方法与信息诱导技术[M].南京：东南大学出版社,2007
[36]翟忠民,景东升,陆化普.道路交通实战案例.北京：人民交通出版社.2007.1：150—152
[37]刘洪营,马荣国,梁国华.城市商住综合体停车规模确定方法.长安大学学报(自然科学版).2009.5(29)：96—98.
[38](美)史密斯.共享式停车场设计与管理,王莹,译.北京：辽宁科学技术出版社,2007
[39]关宏志,王鑫,王雪.停车需求预测方法研究[J].北京工业大学学报,2006(7)：600-604
[40]陆化普,石京,李瑞敏.城市交通规划案例集[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2007
[41]文国玮.城市交通与道路系统规划[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2007
[42]凌浩.城市机动车停车位配建指标及相关政策研究.硕士学位论文.东南大学.2006.3：45—49.
[43]沈党云,关宏志.停车产业化政策研究[J].城市交通,2005,3(3)：41-44
[44]邵懿.中国城市公共事业经营效率研究——城市停车场经营效率研究[J],特区经济,2005,41(3)：16-19
[45]王辉,黎冬平,晏克非.共享式停车下混合用地停车需求计算方法.和谐交通：都市交通发展新战略新任务一一第十六届海峡两岸都市交通学术研讨会论文集.2008：274—277.
[46]张秀媛,董苏华,蔡华民等.城市停车规划与管理.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006.
[47]张泉,黄富民,曹国华等.城市停车设施规划.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2009.
[48]陈代松,叶雁冰.基于场所理论的重庆三峡广场景观设计分析工业建筑,2006年第36卷增刊.
[49]贺崇明.城市停车规划研究与应用.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006.
[50]代义军,张晓达,黄广宇.武汉城市停车现状调研与发展思考.交通与运输,2006年01期.P64-65.
[51]朱亚圣,张挺.停车难,城市止之痒.闽南日报,2005/03/16.
[52]杨忠振,夏天成.基于路网容量的城市中心商业区停车设施供给研究.交通运输工程与信息学报,2006年6月第4卷第2期.P4-5.
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