智能地面气象监测仪的研究与实现
摘要
近年来全球气候变暖,干旱、洪灾、高温天气、低温冰冻等极端天气频发,影响日趋广泛,为做好公共气象服务的需要,必须实现对大气中各种气象要素进行连续监测,获得基本的气象资料,为开展天气预报、气象服务、气候变化评估和气象科学研究提供准确、可靠的观测数据,提高气象防灾减灾能力,做好应对气候变化工作。本论文针对上述业务的需求,开展新一代智能地面气象监测仪的研究工作。
文章阐述了国内、外气象监测仪器(自动气象站)的现状,分析国外先进气象监测仪器不适用于我国气象探测业务的原因,根据我国实际气象业务的需求,指出新一代智能地面气象监测仪器应该具有的功能特点,提出一个较完善的系统设计方案。根据硬件系统设计方案,文章详细描述了单片机芯片、数据存贮芯片和程序存贮芯片选型过程及其功能特点。根据地面气象仪器探测气象要素的需求,详细介绍了风向、风速、雨量、温度、湿度和气压传感器选型及其工作原理。深入了解单片机和各种气象传感器的接口电气性能特点后,文章设计出实用的传感器输入／输出接口电路方案。围绕CAN总线技术,设计出气象仪器的CAN总线电路方案。另外,文章也设计了模数转换电路、电源电路、实时时钟电路、LED显示电路和RS232通信接口电路,并进行了详细的功能介绍。
软件设计方面,重点介绍气象数据采集器软件的方案设计和编写,包括：气象数据读取模块设计、定时任务模块设计、接收和发送模块设计、检查和异常处理模块设计和LED显示模块设计等,附录主要程序原代码。而计算机处理分析系统软件方面作了详细功能介绍,附录部分程序介面。
在仪器开发完成后,根据实际检查测试方法对该仪器进行测量,通过对测量数据分析,评价了该仪器的数据可靠性和可信性,最后综合总结了该监测仪器的性能特点。
Global warming、drought、flood damage、hot weather、cryogenic freezing、and other extreme weather happened continually in recent years, and their impact is wide day by day. Monitoring and measuring meteorological elements continuously for basic meteorological data are indispensable to provide public meteorological services. It can offer exact and reliable data for weather forecast, meteorological service, climate change evaluation and meteorological scientific research. It also can improve the ability of disaster prevention and mitigation, and react on the work of replying climate change. Aiming at the demand of the operation above, a new generation of intelligent ground meteorological monitor is studied in the thesis.
This thesis presents the design and implementation of an intelligent ground meteorological monitor. Firstly, development of meteorological instruments is described. Secondly, the functional characteristics of a new generation of an intelligent ground meteorological monitor are introduced, and a comparatively perfect design scheme of the system is shown according to practical demands of meteorological operation in China. Then the process of type selection and the functional characteristics of SCM system chip, data memory chip and program memory chip are described in detail based on the hardware design scheme. The process of type selecting and work principle of wind direction sensor, wind speed sensor, rain gauge, temperature sensor, humidity sensor and air pressure sensor are also introduced based on the requirement of detecting meteorological data. According to SCM and electric properties of diversified sensors, detailed scheme of input/output circuit interface is introduced. Design of CAN bus is introduced according to the CAN bus technique. Analog digital transform circuit, power supply circuit, real clock circuit, LED display circuit and RS232 communication interface circuit are designed, and their functions are introduced.
The design of scheme and compilation of meteorological data acquisition processor software are emphatically introduced. It includes the design of meteorological data reading module, time task module, receiving and transmitting module, checking and mistake processing module and LED display module. The main program code is shown in the appendix. The software of computer processing and analyzing are introduced in detail. Some program pictures are shown in the appendix.
Besides designing the instrument, it is measured according to practice check. By analyzing the data measured, the reliability and credibility of the instrument are evaluated. At last, its functional characteristics are summarized synthetically.
文章阐述了国内、外气象监测仪器(自动气象站)的现状,分析国外先进气象监测仪器不适用于我国气象探测业务的原因,根据我国实际气象业务的需求,指出新一代智能地面气象监测仪器应该具有的功能特点,提出一个较完善的系统设计方案。根据硬件系统设计方案,文章详细描述了单片机芯片、数据存贮芯片和程序存贮芯片选型过程及其功能特点。根据地面气象仪器探测气象要素的需求,详细介绍了风向、风速、雨量、温度、湿度和气压传感器选型及其工作原理。深入了解单片机和各种气象传感器的接口电气性能特点后,文章设计出实用的传感器输入／输出接口电路方案。围绕CAN总线技术,设计出气象仪器的CAN总线电路方案。另外,文章也设计了模数转换电路、电源电路、实时时钟电路、LED显示电路和RS232通信接口电路,并进行了详细的功能介绍。
软件设计方面,重点介绍气象数据采集器软件的方案设计和编写,包括：气象数据读取模块设计、定时任务模块设计、接收和发送模块设计、检查和异常处理模块设计和LED显示模块设计等,附录主要程序原代码。而计算机处理分析系统软件方面作了详细功能介绍,附录部分程序介面。
在仪器开发完成后,根据实际检查测试方法对该仪器进行测量,通过对测量数据分析,评价了该仪器的数据可靠性和可信性,最后综合总结了该监测仪器的性能特点。
Global warming、drought、flood damage、hot weather、cryogenic freezing、and other extreme weather happened continually in recent years, and their impact is wide day by day. Monitoring and measuring meteorological elements continuously for basic meteorological data are indispensable to provide public meteorological services. It can offer exact and reliable data for weather forecast, meteorological service, climate change evaluation and meteorological scientific research. It also can improve the ability of disaster prevention and mitigation, and react on the work of replying climate change. Aiming at the demand of the operation above, a new generation of intelligent ground meteorological monitor is studied in the thesis.
This thesis presents the design and implementation of an intelligent ground meteorological monitor. Firstly, development of meteorological instruments is described. Secondly, the functional characteristics of a new generation of an intelligent ground meteorological monitor are introduced, and a comparatively perfect design scheme of the system is shown according to practical demands of meteorological operation in China. Then the process of type selection and the functional characteristics of SCM system chip, data memory chip and program memory chip are described in detail based on the hardware design scheme. The process of type selecting and work principle of wind direction sensor, wind speed sensor, rain gauge, temperature sensor, humidity sensor and air pressure sensor are also introduced based on the requirement of detecting meteorological data. According to SCM and electric properties of diversified sensors, detailed scheme of input/output circuit interface is introduced. Design of CAN bus is introduced according to the CAN bus technique. Analog digital transform circuit, power supply circuit, real clock circuit, LED display circuit and RS232 communication interface circuit are designed, and their functions are introduced.
The design of scheme and compilation of meteorological data acquisition processor software are emphatically introduced. It includes the design of meteorological data reading module, time task module, receiving and transmitting module, checking and mistake processing module and LED display module. The main program code is shown in the appendix. The software of computer processing and analyzing are introduced in detail. Some program pictures are shown in the appendix.
Besides designing the instrument, it is measured according to practice check. By analyzing the data measured, the reliability and credibility of the instrument are evaluated. At last, its functional characteristics are summarized synthetically.
引文
[1]中国气象局 地面气象观测规范.气象出版社,2003
[2]胡大可 李培弘 方路平 基于单片机8051的嵌入开发指南.电子工业出版社,2003
[3]高太长、刘西川、刘磊等 自动气象站及气象传感器发展现状和前景分析仪器仪表学报 2009.04
[5]徐爱钧,彭秀华。单片机高级语言C51应用程序设计。北京：电子工业出版社,2006。
[6]冉晓蓉,杨志义,张凡,孙林 基于CAN总线在线更新机制的设计与实现,计算机工程与科学 125～128 2008年
[7]刘文斌,干树川,赵然 基地式CAN总线电机执行器设计,电子设计工程58～60 2009年5月。
[8]谭鉴荣 利用ICM7218设计一种LED显示器实用电路,广东气象36～371999年
[9]谭鉴荣 李建勇,伍光胜模数转换器AD7714及其应用,气象科技134～1382007年01期
[10]贾振国 看门狗电路DS1232在单片机产品中应用国外电子元器件2003年
[11]黄晓伟梁杰申基于CAN总线的超声波液位检测系统微计算机信息2009年
[12]Protel DXP 2004 SP2印刷电路板设计教程 机械工业出版社 2009年
[2]胡大可 李培弘 方路平 基于单片机8051的嵌入开发指南.电子工业出版社,2003
[3]高太长、刘西川、刘磊等 自动气象站及气象传感器发展现状和前景分析仪器仪表学报 2009.04
[5]徐爱钧,彭秀华。单片机高级语言C51应用程序设计。北京：电子工业出版社,2006。
[6]冉晓蓉,杨志义,张凡,孙林 基于CAN总线在线更新机制的设计与实现,计算机工程与科学 125～128 2008年
[7]刘文斌,干树川,赵然 基地式CAN总线电机执行器设计,电子设计工程58～60 2009年5月。
[8]谭鉴荣 利用ICM7218设计一种LED显示器实用电路,广东气象36～371999年
[9]谭鉴荣 李建勇,伍光胜模数转换器AD7714及其应用,气象科技134～1382007年01期
[10]贾振国 看门狗电路DS1232在单片机产品中应用国外电子元器件2003年
[11]黄晓伟梁杰申基于CAN总线的超声波液位检测系统微计算机信息2009年
[12]Protel DXP 2004 SP2印刷电路板设计教程 机械工业出版社 2009年