巴蜀建筑史
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摘要
巴蜀地区的建筑有着相对独立的发展体系,尤其是在元明清时期,巴蜀建筑更是进入了一个高度发展的繁荣期,为后世留下了丰厚的建筑遗产。
本论文以巴蜀地区元明清时期的建筑为研究对象,通过对文献资料的学习与梳理以及对建筑实体的调研与分析,研究巴蜀地区的城市、建筑以及建筑技术的发展及其特征。
首先第一部分对巴蜀地区元明清时期的社会背景及建筑的发展状况做一个大致的阐述,分析了社会、经济、文化的发展对建筑产生的影响。之后分别对巴蜀元明清时期的城镇建设、建筑以及建筑技术的发展进行更为详尽的分析与论述。
在城镇建设部分通过对资料的梳理分析,分析了巴蜀主要城镇的分布情况以及城镇分布与区域交通的关系;在对历史地图解读的基础上,提出了府、州城的城市构成要素及建筑内容的发展;之后以成都和重庆为例分析了巴蜀重要城市的发展状况;另外,明清时期巴蜀地区的场镇发展繁荣一时,成为城镇之下的一个完善的体系,本文对明清时期巴蜀场镇的发展、分布及类型也做了一定的分析、总结与研究。
元明清时期巴蜀地区的建筑高度发展,类型繁多、数量庞大,巴蜀地区现存已知的元代建筑约有7处,明代建筑约30余处,另有上千处清代建筑,所以对巴蜀元明清时期建筑的研究是以分类为基础,按功能将巴蜀建筑大致分为宗教建筑、祠庙建筑、会馆建筑、住宅、园林等等,然后针对不同类型的建筑对其在元明清时期的发展演变以及空间布局、建造结构等特征进行阐述与研究,同时列举典型性案例加以佐证。
建筑的营造技术也是建筑史的重要组成部分,巴蜀地区的建筑营造技术也极具地方特色,如穿斗构架以其灵活多变,适应性强等特点成为了巴蜀建筑最鲜明的营造技术特征;另外,巴蜀地区的空斗墙、夯土技术也独具特色。本文以建筑材料分类,分别对巴蜀地区木构建筑的大木作技术、砖作技术、石作技术以及土工技术的特点进行论述与总结。
The architecture of BaShu Area has a relatively independent development system.Especially in Yuan Ming and Qing dynasties, the BaShu Area’s architecture was into a highly prosperous period of development,and left a rich architectural heritage for future generations.
In this thesis, the object of study is the architecture history of BaShu area in Yuan Ming and Qing dynasties. Through the study of the literature and the field research on the buildings, this thesis is to research the features and developing of the cities, architecture and architectural technology at Bashu area.
In the first part, this thesis outlines the social backgroundand the architecturl development of BaShu Area in Yuan Ming and Qing dynasties and analyzes the impact of social, economic and cultural on architecture. Then this thesis makes more detailed analysis respectively on city-building and the developing of architecture and architectural technology at Bashu area in Yuan Ming and Qing dynasties.
In the part of city-building, through the study of the literature, this thesis analyzes the distribution situation of the main cities at Bashu and the relationship between city development and area traffic. Depend on the interpretation of history maps, this thesis gives opinions on the inscape and architectural developing of the major cities at Bashu. Chengdu and Chongqing for example, this thesis analyzes the development of the main cities at Bashu. In addition, the towns at Bashu was thriving in Ming and Qing dynasties and became a perfect system under the cities’system, so this thesis does some necessary analysis, research and summarize about the development, distribution and type of the towns at Bashu.
In Yuan Ming and Qing dynasties, the architecture at Bashu developed highly. As the result of the progressive development, Bashu area had varieties of architecture and the number of architecture was huge. Now, Bashu area has 7 buildings built in Yuan dynasty, about 30 buildings built in Ming dynasty and more than 1000 buildings built in Qing dynasty. Because of the huge number, the research of the architecture at Bashu is base on the classification of architecture. The architecture at Bashu is classified by function into the ecclesiastical buildings, commemorating buildings, guildhalls, residence, gardens and so on. Then this thesis analyzes and studies the characteristics of the evolution, the spatial arrangement and the constitution in Yuan Ming and Qing ?dynasties. Then the typical cases is cited to support the
Because of BaShu Area in the Yuan Ming and Qing Dynasties as a type of architecture and a large number, so the construction of Ba is classified based on religious buildings, respectively, Temple Building, Hall buildings, homes, gardens and other different types of development and construction of space and layout of features described and research, while typical cases cited to support.the views.
Architectural construction techniques is also an important part of architectural history, the architectural construction techniques at Bashu area also has very local features. Because of the smart constitution and the wide land range, the column and tie construction became the most obvious construction feature of the architecture at Bashu area. In addition, the hollow bond wall and the rammed loam technology at Bashu area also show unique characteristics.The architectural construction techniques at Bashu is classified by material into the timber technology, the masonry technology and the rammed loam technology in this thesis in order to analyzes and summarizes the characteristic of the architectural construction techniques at Bashu area.
本论文以巴蜀地区元明清时期的建筑为研究对象,通过对文献资料的学习与梳理以及对建筑实体的调研与分析,研究巴蜀地区的城市、建筑以及建筑技术的发展及其特征。
首先第一部分对巴蜀地区元明清时期的社会背景及建筑的发展状况做一个大致的阐述,分析了社会、经济、文化的发展对建筑产生的影响。之后分别对巴蜀元明清时期的城镇建设、建筑以及建筑技术的发展进行更为详尽的分析与论述。
在城镇建设部分通过对资料的梳理分析,分析了巴蜀主要城镇的分布情况以及城镇分布与区域交通的关系;在对历史地图解读的基础上,提出了府、州城的城市构成要素及建筑内容的发展;之后以成都和重庆为例分析了巴蜀重要城市的发展状况;另外,明清时期巴蜀地区的场镇发展繁荣一时,成为城镇之下的一个完善的体系,本文对明清时期巴蜀场镇的发展、分布及类型也做了一定的分析、总结与研究。
元明清时期巴蜀地区的建筑高度发展,类型繁多、数量庞大,巴蜀地区现存已知的元代建筑约有7处,明代建筑约30余处,另有上千处清代建筑,所以对巴蜀元明清时期建筑的研究是以分类为基础,按功能将巴蜀建筑大致分为宗教建筑、祠庙建筑、会馆建筑、住宅、园林等等,然后针对不同类型的建筑对其在元明清时期的发展演变以及空间布局、建造结构等特征进行阐述与研究,同时列举典型性案例加以佐证。
建筑的营造技术也是建筑史的重要组成部分,巴蜀地区的建筑营造技术也极具地方特色,如穿斗构架以其灵活多变,适应性强等特点成为了巴蜀建筑最鲜明的营造技术特征;另外,巴蜀地区的空斗墙、夯土技术也独具特色。本文以建筑材料分类,分别对巴蜀地区木构建筑的大木作技术、砖作技术、石作技术以及土工技术的特点进行论述与总结。
The architecture of BaShu Area has a relatively independent development system.Especially in Yuan Ming and Qing dynasties, the BaShu Area’s architecture was into a highly prosperous period of development,and left a rich architectural heritage for future generations.
In this thesis, the object of study is the architecture history of BaShu area in Yuan Ming and Qing dynasties. Through the study of the literature and the field research on the buildings, this thesis is to research the features and developing of the cities, architecture and architectural technology at Bashu area.
In the first part, this thesis outlines the social backgroundand the architecturl development of BaShu Area in Yuan Ming and Qing dynasties and analyzes the impact of social, economic and cultural on architecture. Then this thesis makes more detailed analysis respectively on city-building and the developing of architecture and architectural technology at Bashu area in Yuan Ming and Qing dynasties.
In the part of city-building, through the study of the literature, this thesis analyzes the distribution situation of the main cities at Bashu and the relationship between city development and area traffic. Depend on the interpretation of history maps, this thesis gives opinions on the inscape and architectural developing of the major cities at Bashu. Chengdu and Chongqing for example, this thesis analyzes the development of the main cities at Bashu. In addition, the towns at Bashu was thriving in Ming and Qing dynasties and became a perfect system under the cities’system, so this thesis does some necessary analysis, research and summarize about the development, distribution and type of the towns at Bashu.
In Yuan Ming and Qing dynasties, the architecture at Bashu developed highly. As the result of the progressive development, Bashu area had varieties of architecture and the number of architecture was huge. Now, Bashu area has 7 buildings built in Yuan dynasty, about 30 buildings built in Ming dynasty and more than 1000 buildings built in Qing dynasty. Because of the huge number, the research of the architecture at Bashu is base on the classification of architecture. The architecture at Bashu is classified by function into the ecclesiastical buildings, commemorating buildings, guildhalls, residence, gardens and so on. Then this thesis analyzes and studies the characteristics of the evolution, the spatial arrangement and the constitution in Yuan Ming and Qing ?dynasties. Then the typical cases is cited to support the
Because of BaShu Area in the Yuan Ming and Qing Dynasties as a type of architecture and a large number, so the construction of Ba is classified based on religious buildings, respectively, Temple Building, Hall buildings, homes, gardens and other different types of development and construction of space and layout of features described and research, while typical cases cited to support.the views.
Architectural construction techniques is also an important part of architectural history, the architectural construction techniques at Bashu area also has very local features. Because of the smart constitution and the wide land range, the column and tie construction became the most obvious construction feature of the architecture at Bashu area. In addition, the hollow bond wall and the rammed loam technology at Bashu area also show unique characteristics.The architectural construction techniques at Bashu is classified by material into the timber technology, the masonry technology and the rammed loam technology in this thesis in order to analyzes and summarizes the characteristic of the architectural construction techniques at Bashu area.
引文
①刘致平.中国居住建筑简史[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000:249.
②张石红.四川在古代的开发历史[J],成都:文史杂志,2000(3):45.
①刘敦桢.刘敦桢全集(第四卷)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2007:13.
①吴承明.中国资本主义与国内市场[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1985:182.
②王纲.清代四川史[M].成都:成都科技大学出本社,1991:1.
①刘敦祯.刘敦祯文集(第三卷)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1987:228.
①刘致平.中国居住建筑简史[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000:258.
①四川省文史研究馆.成都城坊古迹考[M].成都:成都时代出版社,2007:73.
①季富政.巴蜀聚落民俗探微[J].南方建筑,2008,(5):5‐10
①蓝勇.西南历史文化地理[M].重庆:西南师范大学出版社,1997:507.
①刘致平.中国居住简史[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000:256.
[1]陈世松.四川通史(第五册)[M].成都:四川大学出版社,1993.
[2]赖悦.清代移民与四川经济文化的变迁[J].成都:西南民族学院学报,2000(5):147-153
[3]陈金川.地缘中国——区域文化精神与国民地域性格[M].北京:中国档案出版社,1998.
[4]童恩正.古代的巴蜀[M].重庆:重庆出版社,1998.
[5]张勇,严奇岩.浅析四川移民的两大族群及其文化类型[J]北京:中华文化论坛,2009(1):33-38.
[6]孙大章等.中国古代建筑史(第五卷)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[7]蓝勇.明清时期西南地区城镇分布的地理演变[J].北京:中国历史地理论丛,1995(1):111.
[8]杨宇振.清代四川城池的规模、空间分布与区域交通[J].武汉:新建筑,2007(5):45-47.
[9]四川省文史研究馆.成都城坊古迹考[M].成都:成都时代出版社,2007.
[10]雷玉华.唐宋明清时期的成都城垣考[J].成都:四川文物,1999(3):61-71
[11]王存.元丰九域志[M].北京:中华书局,2005.
[12]潘谷西.中国古代建筑史(第四卷)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[13]刘致平.中国伊斯兰教建筑[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社出版,1985.
[14]四川省建设委员会.四川古建筑[M].成都:四川省科学技术出版社,1992.
[15]四川省文物考古院.四川文庙[M].北京:文物出版社,2008.
[16]蓝勇.西南历史文化地理[M].重庆:西南师范大学出版社,1997.
[17]陈蔚,胡斌.赏析巴蜀会馆建筑[J].成都:四川建筑,2004(6):23-25.
[18]郭璇.移民社会的缩影——重庆湖广会馆文化内涵三题[J].武汉:华中建筑,2001(1):71-74.
[19]杨宇振.中国西南地域建筑文化研究[D].重庆:重庆大学博士学位论文,2002.
[20]谢岚.自贡会馆建筑文化研究[J].重庆:重庆:重庆大学硕士学位论文,2004:101.
[21]四川省勘察设计协会.四川民居[M].成都:四川人民出版社,2004.
[22]刘致平.中国居住简史[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000.
[23]朱春艳.巴蜀园林与江南园林之比较[D].南京:南京林业大学硕士论文,2006:8.
[24]曾宇.巴蜀园林艺术[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2001.
[24]陈明达.营造法式大木作研究[M].北京:文物出版社,1993.
[25]梁思成.梁思成全集(第六卷)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[26]潘谷西.《营造法式》解读[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2006.
[27]高冬冬.梓潼大庙建筑群研究[D].重庆:重庆大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[27]陆元鼎.中国民居建筑[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社,2004.
[28]曾宇.川渝地区民居营造技术研究[D].重庆:重庆大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[29]周知.西南传统建筑屋顶空间形态研究[D].重庆:重庆大学硕士学位论文,2008.
[30]刘致平.中国建筑类型及结构[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000.
[31]中国科学院自然科学史研究所.中国古代建筑技术史[M].北京:科学出版社,1985.
[32]刘致平.西川的明代廟宇[J].北京:文物,1953(3):89-106.
[33]曾竞钊等.川东南地区民居典型夯土墙体探讨[J].成都:四川建筑科学研究,2008(10):182-184
②张石红.四川在古代的开发历史[J],成都:文史杂志,2000(3):45.
①刘敦桢.刘敦桢全集(第四卷)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2007:13.
①吴承明.中国资本主义与国内市场[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1985:182.
②王纲.清代四川史[M].成都:成都科技大学出本社,1991:1.
①刘敦祯.刘敦祯文集(第三卷)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1987:228.
①刘致平.中国居住建筑简史[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000:258.
①四川省文史研究馆.成都城坊古迹考[M].成都:成都时代出版社,2007:73.
①季富政.巴蜀聚落民俗探微[J].南方建筑,2008,(5):5‐10
①蓝勇.西南历史文化地理[M].重庆:西南师范大学出版社,1997:507.
①刘致平.中国居住简史[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000:256.
[1]陈世松.四川通史(第五册)[M].成都:四川大学出版社,1993.
[2]赖悦.清代移民与四川经济文化的变迁[J].成都:西南民族学院学报,2000(5):147-153
[3]陈金川.地缘中国——区域文化精神与国民地域性格[M].北京:中国档案出版社,1998.
[4]童恩正.古代的巴蜀[M].重庆:重庆出版社,1998.
[5]张勇,严奇岩.浅析四川移民的两大族群及其文化类型[J]北京:中华文化论坛,2009(1):33-38.
[6]孙大章等.中国古代建筑史(第五卷)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[7]蓝勇.明清时期西南地区城镇分布的地理演变[J].北京:中国历史地理论丛,1995(1):111.
[8]杨宇振.清代四川城池的规模、空间分布与区域交通[J].武汉:新建筑,2007(5):45-47.
[9]四川省文史研究馆.成都城坊古迹考[M].成都:成都时代出版社,2007.
[10]雷玉华.唐宋明清时期的成都城垣考[J].成都:四川文物,1999(3):61-71
[11]王存.元丰九域志[M].北京:中华书局,2005.
[12]潘谷西.中国古代建筑史(第四卷)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[13]刘致平.中国伊斯兰教建筑[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社出版,1985.
[14]四川省建设委员会.四川古建筑[M].成都:四川省科学技术出版社,1992.
[15]四川省文物考古院.四川文庙[M].北京:文物出版社,2008.
[16]蓝勇.西南历史文化地理[M].重庆:西南师范大学出版社,1997.
[17]陈蔚,胡斌.赏析巴蜀会馆建筑[J].成都:四川建筑,2004(6):23-25.
[18]郭璇.移民社会的缩影——重庆湖广会馆文化内涵三题[J].武汉:华中建筑,2001(1):71-74.
[19]杨宇振.中国西南地域建筑文化研究[D].重庆:重庆大学博士学位论文,2002.
[20]谢岚.自贡会馆建筑文化研究[J].重庆:重庆:重庆大学硕士学位论文,2004:101.
[21]四川省勘察设计协会.四川民居[M].成都:四川人民出版社,2004.
[22]刘致平.中国居住简史[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000.
[23]朱春艳.巴蜀园林与江南园林之比较[D].南京:南京林业大学硕士论文,2006:8.
[24]曾宇.巴蜀园林艺术[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2001.
[24]陈明达.营造法式大木作研究[M].北京:文物出版社,1993.
[25]梁思成.梁思成全集(第六卷)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[26]潘谷西.《营造法式》解读[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2006.
[27]高冬冬.梓潼大庙建筑群研究[D].重庆:重庆大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[27]陆元鼎.中国民居建筑[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社,2004.
[28]曾宇.川渝地区民居营造技术研究[D].重庆:重庆大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[29]周知.西南传统建筑屋顶空间形态研究[D].重庆:重庆大学硕士学位论文,2008.
[30]刘致平.中国建筑类型及结构[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000.
[31]中国科学院自然科学史研究所.中国古代建筑技术史[M].北京:科学出版社,1985.
[32]刘致平.西川的明代廟宇[J].北京:文物,1953(3):89-106.
[33]曾竞钊等.川东南地区民居典型夯土墙体探讨[J].成都:四川建筑科学研究,2008(10):182-184