大学教室照明中的光生物效应研究
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摘要
本论文是国家自然科学基金项目《基于光生物效应的教室健康照明》(批准号50778182)的研究子课题,重点研究大学教室照明中的光生物效应,以及基于此的教室照明中学生的视知觉心理感受、生理反应和视觉功效与光源光色、照明条件的关系,为教室照明中光生物效应作用的量化研究和合理的光源光色选择、照度标准值建议、照明节能研究提供更科学的依据。
人眼视网膜上存在的第三类感光细胞——神经结细胞(ipRGCs)的研究发现,它通过对进入人眼的可见光辐射产生的生物性反应来控制人的生理节律、生物钟和人眼瞳孔大小,从而对人体的生理、心理健康等产生影响。光对人体的这种非视觉的生物性反应及作用称为Cirtopic(管理光非视觉效应的视觉,或光生物效应视觉),简称“光生物效应”。感知光的主体是人,教室照明的发展必需更多地以人为本,研究人的视知觉心理感受、生理反应和视觉功效等光生物效应作用,从而为学生提供视看容易,防止近视,既利于学生身心健康,又提高学习效率的教室照明。
本文首先分析了教室视觉作业多变性、长时性和速效性的特点,指出教室照明必须满足视觉作业的易读性要求、视觉心理生理的健康要求、经济节能的绿色照明要求。通过大学教室照明现状调研和视觉环境主观评价分析看到,学生对教室照明中视知觉主观感受和光源光色影响都较为关注。光源光色与光生物效应息息相关,光生物效应具有特定的光谱、光色、光强度和瞳孔特性。从光生物效应出发,综合分析人的主观感知、生理反应、视觉功效和不同光色光源、照明水平下客观数据变化的关系,体现了定性与定量分析相结合的研究策略。
本文重点通过模拟教室照明条件的“教室照明瞳孔大小及识别时间测量系统”实验装置,选择具有代表性的高(6500K)、中(4000K)、低(2700K)三种色温的荧光灯,利用眼动仪分析不同光色光源和背景亮度条件下,人眼瞳孔大小和识别时间的变化规律,采用回归分析法确定各变量间的函数关系式,建立了光生物效应下教室照明的数学模型。并对视标大小及色对比对瞳孔变化、识别时间的影响进行研究,得出结论。同时,通过三种色温荧光灯的光谱分布测试比较,结果显示4000K和6500K荧光灯的光谱分布特点与人眼神经结细胞对短波波长光最敏感的光生物效应吻合,因而印证了中、高色温光源照明下瞳孔变化小,识别时间快的实验结论。
本文在改造后的真实教室里,通过不同色温光源下的视觉作业绩效比较,研究教室照明中光源光色与视知觉功效的关系,对学习效率的影响。并通过比较不同色温光源下视觉作业前后,人体血压、脉搏、心率等生理指数的变化,分析照明环境对视知觉生理的影响和作用,以及学生对光源光色的心理喜好和舒适感评价。通过视知觉心理感受和生理反应的实验分析、研究,进一步证实光源光色对人具有明显的生物学效应作用。
本文最后在教室照明的光生物效应理论研究、现状调研分析、实验测试研究基础上深化了应用性研究。在人对照明环境总体评价基础上,采用层次分析法综合比较分析,提出了适宜的光源光色和照度标准值的建议,以及基于光生物效应的教室照明设计理念。指出大学教室照明设计应真正从使用者的需求出发,采用将学生的主观感知、定性评价与照明效果、定量分析相结合的原则,统筹视觉心理感受、生理反应、学习效率(视觉功效)和照明节能的整体效果,才能设计出满足学生学习、健康和绿色照明要求的大学教室照明环境。
论文的创新之处在于:
1)以人为本,从人的视知觉心理感受、生理反应和视觉功效等光生物效应出发,综合研究大学教室人工照明光源光色与学生视觉、身心健康、学习效率及照明节能的关系,首创了基于光生物效应的教室照明设计新理念。
2)首创了采用瞳孔大小和识别时间变化来定量表示在教室照明水平条件下光生物效应的视觉效果。
3)创造性提出光生物效应下教室人工照明的适宜的光源色温和合理的照度标准建议值及确定方法。
This dissertation is a subsidiary subject of the NCFS subject“Healthy Classroom Lighting Base on Cirtopic”(Grant No 50778182). The emphasis is focused on the optical biological effect of college classroom lighting and base on which to study the relationship between students’visual psychological feeling, physiological reaction, visual performance and illuminant colour, lighting condition. The purpose of this research is to provide enhanced scientific basis for the quantitative research of optical biological effect, applicable choice of illuminant colour, proposal of standard value of illuminance and energy saving lighting research.
The ipRGCs which is the third kind of retinal cell, controls human biorhythm, biological clock and human pupil size through biological reaction by visible radiation, by which to influence human physical and mental health. It is called Cirtopic for this non-visual biological reaction and effect (Vision that supervises non-visual effect of the light, or vision of optical biological effect), it is also called optical biological effect for short. It is human being that apperceiving the light, so it should be more human-oriented and we should study more on optical biological effect such as visual perception, psychological feeling, physiological reaction and visual performance while considering the development of classroom lighting, by which to provide illumination environment of visual easy, myopia-prevention, physical and mental health and high learning efficiency.
Firstly, this dissertation analyze the features of visual task of classroom, which are variability, long-term and quick-acting, pointing out that classroom lighting must fulfil the requirement of readability, psychic and physiological health and energy-saving lighting. We can understand that students would pay close attention to subjective feeling of visual perception and influence of illuminant colour of classroom lighting. Illuminant colour has close relationship with optical biological effect that has specific spectrum, light color, luminous intensity and pupil characteristic. It embodies research strategy that combines qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis by analyzing the relationship between subjective perception, physiological effect, visual performance of human being and objective changing data under different circumstances of illuminant colour and illumination level.
This dissertation focused on the experiment device of“Measurement system of pupil size and recognition time under classroom lighting”, chose three kinds of fluorescent lamps of typical colour temperature of High(6500K), Medium(4000K), Low(2700K), used eye tracker to analyze the specified laws for change of pupil size and recognition time under different illuminant colour and background luminance, figured out the function equation of variables by using the regression analysis and established the mathematical model of classroom lighting on Cirtopic. Research on the influence on difference of pupil size and recognition time under different circumstances of sighting targets and colour contrast has been implemented as well as followed by drawing a conclusion. It demonstrates that the spectrum distribution of fluorescent lamps of 4000K and 6500K is in accordance with the fact that ganglion cell of human eye would be sensitive while encounters shortwave light, from which the experiment result of little change of pupil size and faster speed for recognition of under medium and high colour temperature was verified.
Comparison between visual task performance under different illuminant colour was carried out in real classrooms to study the relationship between different illuminant colour and visual performance and the influence upon study efficiency, together with analyzing the influence and effect of visual perception physiological caused by luminous environment through comparing human blood pressure, pulse and heart rate under diverse illuminant colour, and the evaluation from students concerning the favorability and comfort level of illuminant colours. Through experiments and research of psychological outcomes and physiological reaction of visual perception, the fact that illuminant colour has apparent biological effect on human being was further verified.
This dissertation furthers applicative research base on optical biological research, analysis of current situation and experiments research. The Analytic Hierarchy Process was implemented to suggest an applicable illuminant colour, illuminance standard value and design concept for classroom lighting base on the overall evaluation of luminous environment from people. The dissertation point out that we should start from the user's need, combine student's subjective perception, qualitative valuation with illumination effect, quantitative analysis, and consider the overall effect that visual psychological feeling, physiological reaction, studying efficiency (visual performance) and illumination energy, Then we can design out the university classroom illumination environment satisfying the call for student study, health and green lights.
The innovations of this dissertation are as following:
1) Human-oriented is regarded as the basic principle, the research on the relationship among illuminant colour of artificial lighting of college classroom, student’s vision, physical and mental health, study efficiency and energy-saving lighting base on human visual psychological feeling, physiological reaction and visual performance was carried out to create new design concept for classroom lighting base on photic biological effect.
2) The visual effect on cirtopic under classroom lighting level was illustrated quantitatively and initially by pupil size and recognition time.
3) The strategy for determining illuminant colour and proposed luminance standard value of artificial classroom lighting under optical biological effect was brought forward creatively.
人眼视网膜上存在的第三类感光细胞——神经结细胞(ipRGCs)的研究发现,它通过对进入人眼的可见光辐射产生的生物性反应来控制人的生理节律、生物钟和人眼瞳孔大小,从而对人体的生理、心理健康等产生影响。光对人体的这种非视觉的生物性反应及作用称为Cirtopic(管理光非视觉效应的视觉,或光生物效应视觉),简称“光生物效应”。感知光的主体是人,教室照明的发展必需更多地以人为本,研究人的视知觉心理感受、生理反应和视觉功效等光生物效应作用,从而为学生提供视看容易,防止近视,既利于学生身心健康,又提高学习效率的教室照明。
本文首先分析了教室视觉作业多变性、长时性和速效性的特点,指出教室照明必须满足视觉作业的易读性要求、视觉心理生理的健康要求、经济节能的绿色照明要求。通过大学教室照明现状调研和视觉环境主观评价分析看到,学生对教室照明中视知觉主观感受和光源光色影响都较为关注。光源光色与光生物效应息息相关,光生物效应具有特定的光谱、光色、光强度和瞳孔特性。从光生物效应出发,综合分析人的主观感知、生理反应、视觉功效和不同光色光源、照明水平下客观数据变化的关系,体现了定性与定量分析相结合的研究策略。
本文重点通过模拟教室照明条件的“教室照明瞳孔大小及识别时间测量系统”实验装置,选择具有代表性的高(6500K)、中(4000K)、低(2700K)三种色温的荧光灯,利用眼动仪分析不同光色光源和背景亮度条件下,人眼瞳孔大小和识别时间的变化规律,采用回归分析法确定各变量间的函数关系式,建立了光生物效应下教室照明的数学模型。并对视标大小及色对比对瞳孔变化、识别时间的影响进行研究,得出结论。同时,通过三种色温荧光灯的光谱分布测试比较,结果显示4000K和6500K荧光灯的光谱分布特点与人眼神经结细胞对短波波长光最敏感的光生物效应吻合,因而印证了中、高色温光源照明下瞳孔变化小,识别时间快的实验结论。
本文在改造后的真实教室里,通过不同色温光源下的视觉作业绩效比较,研究教室照明中光源光色与视知觉功效的关系,对学习效率的影响。并通过比较不同色温光源下视觉作业前后,人体血压、脉搏、心率等生理指数的变化,分析照明环境对视知觉生理的影响和作用,以及学生对光源光色的心理喜好和舒适感评价。通过视知觉心理感受和生理反应的实验分析、研究,进一步证实光源光色对人具有明显的生物学效应作用。
本文最后在教室照明的光生物效应理论研究、现状调研分析、实验测试研究基础上深化了应用性研究。在人对照明环境总体评价基础上,采用层次分析法综合比较分析,提出了适宜的光源光色和照度标准值的建议,以及基于光生物效应的教室照明设计理念。指出大学教室照明设计应真正从使用者的需求出发,采用将学生的主观感知、定性评价与照明效果、定量分析相结合的原则,统筹视觉心理感受、生理反应、学习效率(视觉功效)和照明节能的整体效果,才能设计出满足学生学习、健康和绿色照明要求的大学教室照明环境。
论文的创新之处在于:
1)以人为本,从人的视知觉心理感受、生理反应和视觉功效等光生物效应出发,综合研究大学教室人工照明光源光色与学生视觉、身心健康、学习效率及照明节能的关系,首创了基于光生物效应的教室照明设计新理念。
2)首创了采用瞳孔大小和识别时间变化来定量表示在教室照明水平条件下光生物效应的视觉效果。
3)创造性提出光生物效应下教室人工照明的适宜的光源色温和合理的照度标准建议值及确定方法。
This dissertation is a subsidiary subject of the NCFS subject“Healthy Classroom Lighting Base on Cirtopic”(Grant No 50778182). The emphasis is focused on the optical biological effect of college classroom lighting and base on which to study the relationship between students’visual psychological feeling, physiological reaction, visual performance and illuminant colour, lighting condition. The purpose of this research is to provide enhanced scientific basis for the quantitative research of optical biological effect, applicable choice of illuminant colour, proposal of standard value of illuminance and energy saving lighting research.
The ipRGCs which is the third kind of retinal cell, controls human biorhythm, biological clock and human pupil size through biological reaction by visible radiation, by which to influence human physical and mental health. It is called Cirtopic for this non-visual biological reaction and effect (Vision that supervises non-visual effect of the light, or vision of optical biological effect), it is also called optical biological effect for short. It is human being that apperceiving the light, so it should be more human-oriented and we should study more on optical biological effect such as visual perception, psychological feeling, physiological reaction and visual performance while considering the development of classroom lighting, by which to provide illumination environment of visual easy, myopia-prevention, physical and mental health and high learning efficiency.
Firstly, this dissertation analyze the features of visual task of classroom, which are variability, long-term and quick-acting, pointing out that classroom lighting must fulfil the requirement of readability, psychic and physiological health and energy-saving lighting. We can understand that students would pay close attention to subjective feeling of visual perception and influence of illuminant colour of classroom lighting. Illuminant colour has close relationship with optical biological effect that has specific spectrum, light color, luminous intensity and pupil characteristic. It embodies research strategy that combines qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis by analyzing the relationship between subjective perception, physiological effect, visual performance of human being and objective changing data under different circumstances of illuminant colour and illumination level.
This dissertation focused on the experiment device of“Measurement system of pupil size and recognition time under classroom lighting”, chose three kinds of fluorescent lamps of typical colour temperature of High(6500K), Medium(4000K), Low(2700K), used eye tracker to analyze the specified laws for change of pupil size and recognition time under different illuminant colour and background luminance, figured out the function equation of variables by using the regression analysis and established the mathematical model of classroom lighting on Cirtopic. Research on the influence on difference of pupil size and recognition time under different circumstances of sighting targets and colour contrast has been implemented as well as followed by drawing a conclusion. It demonstrates that the spectrum distribution of fluorescent lamps of 4000K and 6500K is in accordance with the fact that ganglion cell of human eye would be sensitive while encounters shortwave light, from which the experiment result of little change of pupil size and faster speed for recognition of under medium and high colour temperature was verified.
Comparison between visual task performance under different illuminant colour was carried out in real classrooms to study the relationship between different illuminant colour and visual performance and the influence upon study efficiency, together with analyzing the influence and effect of visual perception physiological caused by luminous environment through comparing human blood pressure, pulse and heart rate under diverse illuminant colour, and the evaluation from students concerning the favorability and comfort level of illuminant colours. Through experiments and research of psychological outcomes and physiological reaction of visual perception, the fact that illuminant colour has apparent biological effect on human being was further verified.
This dissertation furthers applicative research base on optical biological research, analysis of current situation and experiments research. The Analytic Hierarchy Process was implemented to suggest an applicable illuminant colour, illuminance standard value and design concept for classroom lighting base on the overall evaluation of luminous environment from people. The dissertation point out that we should start from the user's need, combine student's subjective perception, qualitative valuation with illumination effect, quantitative analysis, and consider the overall effect that visual psychological feeling, physiological reaction, studying efficiency (visual performance) and illumination energy, Then we can design out the university classroom illumination environment satisfying the call for student study, health and green lights.
The innovations of this dissertation are as following:
1) Human-oriented is regarded as the basic principle, the research on the relationship among illuminant colour of artificial lighting of college classroom, student’s vision, physical and mental health, study efficiency and energy-saving lighting base on human visual psychological feeling, physiological reaction and visual performance was carried out to create new design concept for classroom lighting base on photic biological effect.
2) The visual effect on cirtopic under classroom lighting level was illustrated quantitatively and initially by pupil size and recognition time.
3) The strategy for determining illuminant colour and proposed luminance standard value of artificial classroom lighting under optical biological effect was brought forward creatively.
引文
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