儿童青少年体质健康的综合评价及影响因素研究
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摘要
研究目的
本研究旨在对儿童青少年健康进行个体和群体综合评价,比较儿童青少年个体和群体健康状况,探讨儿童青少年生长发育、生理机能、运动素质、心理状况和健康缺陷等不同类别指标,建立评价指标体系,对儿童青少年健康进行综合评价。
研究方法
2007年10月,采用分层整群抽样方法,抽取广州、湘潭、武汉和哈尔滨四地的7～18岁儿童青少年,剔除无效样本保留有效样本为4251份,有效率为95%。
本研究四地均采用《2005年全国学生体质健康状况调查工作手册》、《儿童少年生活质量问卷》及课题组编写的《卫生标准项目实施方案》,各项指标采用统一的方法进行测量,搜集身体形态指标(身高体重指数)、生理机能指标(肺活量体重指数)、身体素质指标(50m跑,立定跳远,耐力跑)、心理健康指标(儿童少年生活质量)和健康缺陷指标(指视力不良、龋齿、贫血、肠道蠕虫感染、肥胖或营养不良及心、肺、肝、胃、肾等器质性疾病)等指标数据。应用Visual FoxPro 6.0建立数据库,SPSS13.0软件进行统计分析。采用层次分析法综合指数对应评估等级作出优劣判断,进行个体健康综合评价;在个体健康综合评价基础上,运用模糊数学综合评判进行健康群体综合评价。
研究结果
1.建立儿童青少年体质健康的评价体系
采用形态、机能、素质、心理和健康缺陷5类指标建立评价指标体系,对儿童青少年健康进行综合评价,建立评估指标权重集,计算确定5类指标的权重系数。5类指标权重顺序分别为健康缺陷(0.3144)、身体素质(0.2251)、身体形态(0.1535)、生理机能(0.1535)、心理状况(0.1535)。身体素质3个子项目各为1/3(0.0750),身体形态1个子项目为0.1535,生理机能1个子项目为0.1535和心理状况1个子项目为0.1535。
2.制定了“儿童青少年健康综合评价标准”。各省(市)、自治区可结合自身需要,参考本标准,对该省(市)体质调研资料来进行个体的健康综合评价。采用层次分析法综合指数对评估等级作出优劣判断,进行个体健康综合评价。
3.在个体健康综合评价基础上,运用模糊数学综合评判进行健康群体综合评价。计算广州、湘潭、武汉和哈尔滨四地各年龄段健康测试指标等级分布,进行年龄间群体健康综合评价比较。四地男女生间及各年龄段群体健康综合评价结果与各地实际情况相符。
4.探讨了儿童青少年体质健康的影响因素
肥胖状况对不同年龄段的儿童青少年的生理机能、身体素质有不同程度的影响,特别是50米跑和耐力跑肥胖组比正常组得分低;心理健康状况对不同年龄段学生的生理机能、身体素质有不同程度的影响。
研究结论与建议
1.建立儿童青少年体质健康的评价体系
采用形态、机能、素质、心理和健康缺陷5类指标建立评价指标体系,对儿童青少年健康进行综合评价,全面、客观地评价儿童青少年体质健康。
2.制定了“儿童青少年健康综合评价标准”。各省(市)、自治区可结合自身需要,参考本标准,对该省(市)体质调研资料来进行个体或群体的健康综合评价。为学生健康咨询指导提供科学的评价方法和依据,更能使学校,学生和家长充分了解学生目前的健康水平,以便采取积极的应对措施。
3.探讨了儿童青少年体质健康的影响因素
(1)身体形态、机能、运动素质是影响人体健康水平的主要因素,体质健康既反映着人体生命活动的水平,也反映着人体身体运动的水平;
(2)地区、年龄和性别也是儿童青少年体质健康的影响因素。
(3)肥胖状况对其生理技能、运动素质和心理健康水平有不同程度的影响。
(4)心理健康水平的高低同样对儿童青少年体质健康有不同程度的影响。
4.在全国范围内积极推广和开展儿童青少年体质健康综合评价,各省(市)、自治区可结合自身需要,参考本标准,对该省(市)体质调研资料来进行个体或群体的健康综合评价。有利于根据评价结果给予及早干预和进一步比较分析。
Objectives
This study was designed to carry out individual and synthetical evaluation on children and adolescents' overall health,comparing the physical health status between individuals and groups,exploring such index as children's growth and development,physiology,sports quality,psychological status and physical defects to establish an evaluation index system for synthetical evaluation of children and adolescents' health,which is an important component in school education evaluation system.
Methods
In October 2007,by the use of stratified cluster sampling method,we chose 7～18 year old Children and adolescents from Guangzhou,Xiangtan,Wuhan and Harbin,exclude invalid samples to retain an effective sample of 4251 copies,with effective rate of 95%. This study adopted 2005 National Survey of Student Physical Health Work Manual, Children and Youth Quality of Life Questionnaire and the Task Force prepared a Health Standards for the Project Implementation Plan.The subjects were measured with a unified approach to collect body shape index(height and weight index),physical function index (body mass index,vital capacity),physical indicators(50m run,standing long jump, endurance running),mental health indicators(life quality of Children and Adolescents), health defects indicators(refer to bad eyesight,dental caries,anemia,intestinal worm infections,obesity or malnutrition,and heart,lung,liver,stomach,kidney and other organic diseases) and other indicators.We adopted Visual FoxPro 6.0 to establish a database, SPSS13.0 software for statistical analysis.Quality judgment on individual health synthetical evaluation was made with AHP together with comprehensive index scales, based on which,group health synthetical evaluation was made with fuzzy mathematical synthesis.
Results
1.The establishment of evaluation index weights and determining weight coefficient of five categories of indicators.
The order of five categories of indicators is health defects,respectively(0.3144),motor qualities(0.2251),morphological development(0.1535),physical function(0.1535), psychological status(0.1535).Three sub-projects of movement quality each with 1/3 (0.0750),morphological development of a sub-project is 0.1535,physiological feature a sub-project is 0.1535 and psychological conditions of a sub-project is 0.1535.
2.Synthetical evaluation standard was established.Each province and autonomous region in China may refer to it to conduct synthetical evaluation of their individual and group's health condition.AHP was used to judge the evaluation scale and evaluate individual health.
3.We compared of Growth and Development mean of 7-18 year-old students in Guangzhou, Xiangtan,Wuhan and Harbin to compare different evaluation results.The evaluation results are consistent with the local conditions.
4.Research on the Child and Adolescent Obesity situation and physical quality Obesity status on primary and secondary students of different ages of the physiological function, athletic qualities have different degrees of impact.This is particularly true for the 50-meter dash and endurance run,in which obese group scores lower than normal group.
Conclusion and Suggestions
1.The establishment of a synthetical evaluation system for children and adolescents We established a system with five-category index such as physiology,function,and quality, mental and physical defect to evaluate their health in a comprehensive and objective way.
2.The establishment of synthetical evaluation system for children and adolescents.Each province and autonomous region in China may refer to it to conduct synthetical evaluation of their individual and group's health condition.This also provides a scientific evaluation method and reference for health consultation,and gives insights into student's present health condition for students and their parents to adopt counter-measures.
3.The influencing factors of children and adolescents' health
(1) Growth and development,physiological functions,physical constitution,athletic ability are main influencing factors of human health.Physical health is not only the reflection of the level of human's energy but athletic level.
(2) Region,age and gender contribute to children and adolescents' health
(3) Obesity degree exerts different influence on physiology skills,athletical quality and mental health.
(4) Mental health exerts different influence on children and adolescents' health
4.A national wide evaluation is suggested to be conducted.Each province and autonomous region in China may refer to it to conduct synthetical evaluation of their individual and group's health condition.The results will provide a foundation for early intervention and further comparison.
本研究旨在对儿童青少年健康进行个体和群体综合评价,比较儿童青少年个体和群体健康状况,探讨儿童青少年生长发育、生理机能、运动素质、心理状况和健康缺陷等不同类别指标,建立评价指标体系,对儿童青少年健康进行综合评价。
研究方法
2007年10月,采用分层整群抽样方法,抽取广州、湘潭、武汉和哈尔滨四地的7～18岁儿童青少年,剔除无效样本保留有效样本为4251份,有效率为95%。
本研究四地均采用《2005年全国学生体质健康状况调查工作手册》、《儿童少年生活质量问卷》及课题组编写的《卫生标准项目实施方案》,各项指标采用统一的方法进行测量,搜集身体形态指标(身高体重指数)、生理机能指标(肺活量体重指数)、身体素质指标(50m跑,立定跳远,耐力跑)、心理健康指标(儿童少年生活质量)和健康缺陷指标(指视力不良、龋齿、贫血、肠道蠕虫感染、肥胖或营养不良及心、肺、肝、胃、肾等器质性疾病)等指标数据。应用Visual FoxPro 6.0建立数据库,SPSS13.0软件进行统计分析。采用层次分析法综合指数对应评估等级作出优劣判断,进行个体健康综合评价;在个体健康综合评价基础上,运用模糊数学综合评判进行健康群体综合评价。
研究结果
1.建立儿童青少年体质健康的评价体系
采用形态、机能、素质、心理和健康缺陷5类指标建立评价指标体系,对儿童青少年健康进行综合评价,建立评估指标权重集,计算确定5类指标的权重系数。5类指标权重顺序分别为健康缺陷(0.3144)、身体素质(0.2251)、身体形态(0.1535)、生理机能(0.1535)、心理状况(0.1535)。身体素质3个子项目各为1/3(0.0750),身体形态1个子项目为0.1535,生理机能1个子项目为0.1535和心理状况1个子项目为0.1535。
2.制定了“儿童青少年健康综合评价标准”。各省(市)、自治区可结合自身需要,参考本标准,对该省(市)体质调研资料来进行个体的健康综合评价。采用层次分析法综合指数对评估等级作出优劣判断,进行个体健康综合评价。
3.在个体健康综合评价基础上,运用模糊数学综合评判进行健康群体综合评价。计算广州、湘潭、武汉和哈尔滨四地各年龄段健康测试指标等级分布,进行年龄间群体健康综合评价比较。四地男女生间及各年龄段群体健康综合评价结果与各地实际情况相符。
4.探讨了儿童青少年体质健康的影响因素
肥胖状况对不同年龄段的儿童青少年的生理机能、身体素质有不同程度的影响,特别是50米跑和耐力跑肥胖组比正常组得分低;心理健康状况对不同年龄段学生的生理机能、身体素质有不同程度的影响。
研究结论与建议
1.建立儿童青少年体质健康的评价体系
采用形态、机能、素质、心理和健康缺陷5类指标建立评价指标体系,对儿童青少年健康进行综合评价,全面、客观地评价儿童青少年体质健康。
2.制定了“儿童青少年健康综合评价标准”。各省(市)、自治区可结合自身需要,参考本标准,对该省(市)体质调研资料来进行个体或群体的健康综合评价。为学生健康咨询指导提供科学的评价方法和依据,更能使学校,学生和家长充分了解学生目前的健康水平,以便采取积极的应对措施。
3.探讨了儿童青少年体质健康的影响因素
(1)身体形态、机能、运动素质是影响人体健康水平的主要因素,体质健康既反映着人体生命活动的水平,也反映着人体身体运动的水平;
(2)地区、年龄和性别也是儿童青少年体质健康的影响因素。
(3)肥胖状况对其生理技能、运动素质和心理健康水平有不同程度的影响。
(4)心理健康水平的高低同样对儿童青少年体质健康有不同程度的影响。
4.在全国范围内积极推广和开展儿童青少年体质健康综合评价,各省(市)、自治区可结合自身需要,参考本标准,对该省(市)体质调研资料来进行个体或群体的健康综合评价。有利于根据评价结果给予及早干预和进一步比较分析。
Objectives
This study was designed to carry out individual and synthetical evaluation on children and adolescents' overall health,comparing the physical health status between individuals and groups,exploring such index as children's growth and development,physiology,sports quality,psychological status and physical defects to establish an evaluation index system for synthetical evaluation of children and adolescents' health,which is an important component in school education evaluation system.
Methods
In October 2007,by the use of stratified cluster sampling method,we chose 7～18 year old Children and adolescents from Guangzhou,Xiangtan,Wuhan and Harbin,exclude invalid samples to retain an effective sample of 4251 copies,with effective rate of 95%. This study adopted 2005 National Survey of Student Physical Health Work Manual, Children and Youth Quality of Life Questionnaire and the Task Force prepared a Health Standards for the Project Implementation Plan.The subjects were measured with a unified approach to collect body shape index(height and weight index),physical function index (body mass index,vital capacity),physical indicators(50m run,standing long jump, endurance running),mental health indicators(life quality of Children and Adolescents), health defects indicators(refer to bad eyesight,dental caries,anemia,intestinal worm infections,obesity or malnutrition,and heart,lung,liver,stomach,kidney and other organic diseases) and other indicators.We adopted Visual FoxPro 6.0 to establish a database, SPSS13.0 software for statistical analysis.Quality judgment on individual health synthetical evaluation was made with AHP together with comprehensive index scales, based on which,group health synthetical evaluation was made with fuzzy mathematical synthesis.
Results
1.The establishment of evaluation index weights and determining weight coefficient of five categories of indicators.
The order of five categories of indicators is health defects,respectively(0.3144),motor qualities(0.2251),morphological development(0.1535),physical function(0.1535), psychological status(0.1535).Three sub-projects of movement quality each with 1/3 (0.0750),morphological development of a sub-project is 0.1535,physiological feature a sub-project is 0.1535 and psychological conditions of a sub-project is 0.1535.
2.Synthetical evaluation standard was established.Each province and autonomous region in China may refer to it to conduct synthetical evaluation of their individual and group's health condition.AHP was used to judge the evaluation scale and evaluate individual health.
3.We compared of Growth and Development mean of 7-18 year-old students in Guangzhou, Xiangtan,Wuhan and Harbin to compare different evaluation results.The evaluation results are consistent with the local conditions.
4.Research on the Child and Adolescent Obesity situation and physical quality Obesity status on primary and secondary students of different ages of the physiological function, athletic qualities have different degrees of impact.This is particularly true for the 50-meter dash and endurance run,in which obese group scores lower than normal group.
Conclusion and Suggestions
1.The establishment of a synthetical evaluation system for children and adolescents We established a system with five-category index such as physiology,function,and quality, mental and physical defect to evaluate their health in a comprehensive and objective way.
2.The establishment of synthetical evaluation system for children and adolescents.Each province and autonomous region in China may refer to it to conduct synthetical evaluation of their individual and group's health condition.This also provides a scientific evaluation method and reference for health consultation,and gives insights into student's present health condition for students and their parents to adopt counter-measures.
3.The influencing factors of children and adolescents' health
(1) Growth and development,physiological functions,physical constitution,athletic ability are main influencing factors of human health.Physical health is not only the reflection of the level of human's energy but athletic level.
(2) Region,age and gender contribute to children and adolescents' health
(3) Obesity degree exerts different influence on physiology skills,athletical quality and mental health.
(4) Mental health exerts different influence on children and adolescents' health
4.A national wide evaluation is suggested to be conducted.Each province and autonomous region in China may refer to it to conduct synthetical evaluation of their individual and group's health condition.The results will provide a foundation for early intervention and further comparison.
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36. Greenberg I, Perna F, Kaplan M, Sullivan MA. Behavioral and psychological factors in the assessment and treatment of obesity surgery patients. Obes Res. 2005 Feb;13(2):244-9.
37. SCHW IMMER JB, BURW INKLE TM, VARN I JW. Health-related quality of life of severely obese children and adolescents. JAMA, 2003, 289 (4): 1813-1819.
38. WILL IAMS J, WAKEM, HESKETH K, et al. Health2related quality of life of overweight and obese children. JAMA, 2005, 293 (1): 70 -76.
39. ER ICKSON SJ, ROB INSON TN, HAYDEL F, et al. Are overweight children unhappy? Body mass index, dep ressive symp toms, and over2weight concerns in elementary school children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 2000, 154 (9): 931 - 935.
40. MYERS A, ROSEN JC. Obesity stigmatization and cop ing: Relation to mental health symp toms, body image, and self2esteem. Int J Obes, 1999, 23 (3): 221 - 230.
41. Schwimmer JB, Burwinkle TM, Varni JW. Health-related quality of life of severely obese children and adolescents. JAMA. 2003 Apr 9; 289(14): 1851-3.
42.Shoup JA,Gattshall M,Dandamudi P,Estabrooks P.Physical activity,quality of life,and weight status in overweight children.Qual Life Res.2008 Apr;17(3):407-12.Epub 2008 Feb
43.Fullerton G,Tyler C,Johnston CA,Vincent JP,Harris GE,Foreyt JP.Quality of life in Mexican-American children following a weight management program.Obesity(Silver Soring).2007 Nov:15(11):2553-6./Health Oual Life Outcomes.2008 Jan 30:6:11
44.中国国民体质监测系统课题组,国家体育总局科教司.中国国民体质监测系统的研究.北京:北京体育大学出版社,2000.10-15
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46.肖建忠.学生心理问题与体质健康及体育活动的关系.体育学刊 第11卷第5期2004年9月
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53.Achenbach,T.M.,Dumenci,L.Rescorla,L.A.Ten-year comparisons of problems and competencies for national samples of youth:Self,parent and teacher reports.Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders,2002,10(4):194.
54. Klesges RC, Stein RJ, Eck LH, Isbell TR, Klesges LM. Parental influence on food selection in young children and its relationships to childhood obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53(4): 859-864.0
55. Department of Health. Choosing Health, 2004: 40-75. Chapter 3: Children and young people-starting on the right path.
56. Birch LL, Fisher JO. Development of eating behaviors among children and adolescents. Pediatrics 1998; 101: 539-549.,
57. Jane Lightfoot, Wendy Bines. Working to keep school children healthy: the complementary roles of school staff and school nurses. Journal of Public Health Medicine. 2000; 22(1): 74-80.
58. Baughcum AE, Powers SW, Johnson SB, Chamberlin LA, Deeks CM, Jain A et al. Maternal feeding practices and beliefs and their relationships to overweight in early childhood. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2001; 22(6): 391-408.
59. Margaret Schneider Jamner, Donna Spruijt- Mets, Stan Bassin, and Dan M. Cooper. A Controlled Evaluation of a School-based Intervention to Promote Physical Activity Among Sedentary Adolescent Females: Project FAB. Journal of Adolescent Health 2004, 34: 279-289.
60. Suzanne Walton, Helen Bedford, Carol Dezateux. Use of personal child health records in the UK: findings from the millennium cohort study. BMJ VOLUME 332 4 FEBRUARY 2006.
1.中华人民共和国教育部、国家体育总局、学生体质健康标准研究课题组《学生体质健康标准(试行方案)》.人民教育出版社2002年8月第1版
2.汪子春,程宝绰著.中国古代生物学.北京:商务印书馆.1997.
3.Lustyk MK,Widman L,Paschane AA,Olson KC.Physical activity and quality of life:assessing the influence of activity frequency,intensity,volume,and motives.Behav Med.2004 Fall;30(3):124-31.
4.WANG Y,MONTEIRO C,POPKIN BM.Trends of obesity and underweight in older children and adolescents in the United States,Brazil,China and Russia.Am J Clin Nutr,2002,75(6):971-977.
5.季成叶,孙军玲.中国学生超重、肥胖流行现状与15年流行趋势.北京大学学报:医学版,2004,36 2:194-197.
6.Katherine M.Flegal,Garolyn J.Tabak,Cynthia L.Ogden.Overweight in children:definitions and interpretation.Advance Access publication,2006,21(6):755-760.
7.Krebs NF,Jacobson MS,American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition.Prevention of pediatric overweight and obesity.Pediatrics 2003;112:424-430.
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35. STRAUSS RS, POLLACKHA.Epidemic increase in childhood overweight, 1986-1998. JAMA,2001,286(22):2 845-2 848.
36. Greenberg I, Perna F, Kaplan M, Sullivan MA. Behavioral and psychological factors in the assessment and treatment of obesity surgery patients. Obes Res. 2005 Feb;13(2):244-9.
37. SCHW IMMER JB, BURW INKLE TM, VARN I JW. Health-related quality of life of severely obese children and adolescents. JAMA, 2003, 289 (4): 1813-1819.
38. WILL IAMS J, WAKEM, HESKETH K, et al. Health2related quality of life of overweight and obese children. JAMA, 2005, 293 (1): 70 -76.
39. ER ICKSON SJ, ROB INSON TN, HAYDEL F, et al. Are overweight children unhappy? Body mass index, dep ressive symp toms, and over2weight concerns in elementary school children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 2000, 154 (9): 931 - 935.
40. MYERS A, ROSEN JC. Obesity stigmatization and cop ing: Relation to mental health symp toms, body image, and self2esteem. Int J Obes, 1999, 23 (3): 221 - 230.
41. Schwimmer JB, Burwinkle TM, Varni JW. Health-related quality of life of severely obese children and adolescents. JAMA. 2003 Apr 9; 289(14): 1851-3.
42.Shoup JA,Gattshall M,Dandamudi P,Estabrooks P.Physical activity,quality of life,and weight status in overweight children.Qual Life Res.2008 Apr;17(3):407-12.Epub 2008 Feb
43.Fullerton G,Tyler C,Johnston CA,Vincent JP,Harris GE,Foreyt JP.Quality of life in Mexican-American children following a weight management program.Obesity(Silver Soring).2007 Nov:15(11):2553-6./Health Oual Life Outcomes.2008 Jan 30:6:11
44.中国国民体质监测系统课题组,国家体育总局科教司.中国国民体质监测系统的研究.北京:北京体育大学出版社,2000.10-15
45.中国学生体质与健康研究组.2000年中国学生体质与健康调研报告.北京:高等教育出版社,2002.4-93
46.肖建忠.学生心理问题与体质健康及体育活动的关系.体育学刊 第11卷第5期2004年9月
47.Tanaka,H.,Mollborg,P.,Terashima,S.,et al.Comparison between Japanese and Swedish schoolchildren in regards to physical symptoms and psychiatric complaints.Acta Paediatr,2005,94(11):1661-6.
48.Weinberg.R.S.Foundation of Sport and Exercise Psychology(2th).Human Kinetics,1999.
49.Petot,D.,Petot,J.M.Achenbach,T.M.Behavioral and emotional problems of Algerian children and adolescents as reported by parents.Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry,2008,17(4):200-8.
50.Raty,L.K.,Larsson,G.,Soderfeldt,B.A.,et al.Psychosocial aspects of health in adolescence:the influence of gender,and general self-concept.J Adolesc Health,2005,36(6):530.
51.Fitzpatrick,C.Deehan,A.Competencies and problems of Irish children and adolescents.Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry,1999,8(1):17-23.
52.Wahler,R.G.Cerezo,M.A.The mothering of conduct problem and normal children in Spain and the USA:authoritarian and permissive asynchrony.Span J Psychol,2005,8(2):205-14.
53.Achenbach,T.M.,Dumenci,L.Rescorla,L.A.Ten-year comparisons of problems and competencies for national samples of youth:Self,parent and teacher reports.Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders,2002,10(4):194.
54. Klesges RC, Stein RJ, Eck LH, Isbell TR, Klesges LM. Parental influence on food selection in young children and its relationships to childhood obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53(4): 859-864.0
55. Department of Health. Choosing Health, 2004: 40-75. Chapter 3: Children and young people-starting on the right path.
56. Birch LL, Fisher JO. Development of eating behaviors among children and adolescents. Pediatrics 1998; 101: 539-549.,
57. Jane Lightfoot, Wendy Bines. Working to keep school children healthy: the complementary roles of school staff and school nurses. Journal of Public Health Medicine. 2000; 22(1): 74-80.
58. Baughcum AE, Powers SW, Johnson SB, Chamberlin LA, Deeks CM, Jain A et al. Maternal feeding practices and beliefs and their relationships to overweight in early childhood. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2001; 22(6): 391-408.
59. Margaret Schneider Jamner, Donna Spruijt- Mets, Stan Bassin, and Dan M. Cooper. A Controlled Evaluation of a School-based Intervention to Promote Physical Activity Among Sedentary Adolescent Females: Project FAB. Journal of Adolescent Health 2004, 34: 279-289.
60. Suzanne Walton, Helen Bedford, Carol Dezateux. Use of personal child health records in the UK: findings from the millennium cohort study. BMJ VOLUME 332 4 FEBRUARY 2006.
1.中华人民共和国教育部、国家体育总局、学生体质健康标准研究课题组《学生体质健康标准(试行方案)》.人民教育出版社2002年8月第1版
2.汪子春,程宝绰著.中国古代生物学.北京:商务印书馆.1997.
3.Lustyk MK,Widman L,Paschane AA,Olson KC.Physical activity and quality of life:assessing the influence of activity frequency,intensity,volume,and motives.Behav Med.2004 Fall;30(3):124-31.
4.WANG Y,MONTEIRO C,POPKIN BM.Trends of obesity and underweight in older children and adolescents in the United States,Brazil,China and Russia.Am J Clin Nutr,2002,75(6):971-977.
5.季成叶,孙军玲.中国学生超重、肥胖流行现状与15年流行趋势.北京大学学报:医学版,2004,36 2:194-197.
6.Katherine M.Flegal,Garolyn J.Tabak,Cynthia L.Ogden.Overweight in children:definitions and interpretation.Advance Access publication,2006,21(6):755-760.
7.Krebs NF,Jacobson MS,American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition.Prevention of pediatric overweight and obesity.Pediatrics 2003;112:424-430.
8.中国学生体质健康研究组.2000年中国学生体质与健康调研报告.北京:高等教育出版社,2002:113-119.
9.]FIELD AE,COOK NR,GLLMAN MW,Weight status in childhood as a predictor of becoming overweight or hypertensive in early childhood.Obes Res,2005,13(1):163-169.
10.]FREEDMAN DS,KHAN LK,SERDULA MK,et al.The relation of childhood BMI to adult adiposity:The Bogalusa Heart Study.Pediatrics,2005,115(1):22-27
11.黄锟,孙莹,叶青等.肥胖、超重青少年通气功能与体成分关系.中国公共卫生,2006,22(2):152-154.
12.中国学生体质与健康研究组.2005年中国学生体质与健康调研报告.-北京:高等教 育出版社, 2007.8.
13. BERKEY CS, ROCKETT HR, FIELD AE, et al. Activity, dietary intake, and weight changes in a longitudinal study of preadolescent and adolescent boys and girls. Pediatrics, 2000, 105(4): 56.
14. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1996.
15. Keats MR, Culos-Reed SN. A community-based physical activity program for adolescents with cancer (project TREK): program feasibility and preliminary findings. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2008 Apr; 30(4):272-80.
16. H.R.Clark, E.Goyder, P.Bissell, L. Blank, J.Peters. Journal of Public Health. 2007; 29(2): 132-141..
17. Klesges RC, Stein RJ, Eck LH, Isbell TR, Klesges LM. Parental influence on food selection in young children and its relationships to childhood obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53(4): 859-864..
18. Department of Health. Choosing Health, 2004: 40-75. Chapter 3: Children and young people-starting on the right path..
19. Birch LL, Fisher JO. Development of eating behaviors among children and adolescents. Pediatrics 1998; 101: 539-549.,
20. Jane Lightfoot, Wendy Bines. Working to keep school children healthy: the complementary roles of school staff and school nurses. Journal of Public Health Medicine. 2000; 22(1): 74-80.
21. 谢华真. 健商HQ(中文版). -北京：中国社会出版社出版,2002.2..
22. Baughcum AE, Powers SW, Johnson SB, Chamberlin LA, Deeks CM, Jain A et al. Maternal feeding practices and beliefs and their relationships to overweight in early childhood. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2001; 22(6): 391-408.
23. Margaret Schneider Jamner, Donna Spruijt-Mets, Stan Bassin, and Dan M. Cooper. A Controlled Evaluation of a School-based Intervention to Promote Physical Activity Among Sedentary Adolescent Females:Project FAB.Journal of Adolescent Health 2004,34:279-289.
24.季成叶.体质监测是掌握学生体质健康动态的“金钥匙”.中华预防医学,2005,39(6):371.
25.Suzanne Walton,Helen Bedford,Carol Dezateux.Use of personal child health records in the UK:findings from the millennium cohort study.BMJ VOLUME 332 4FEBRUARY 2006.
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