应用GIS技术研究我国应征男青年体质状况的生态学统计分布特征
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摘要
我国兵役法规定年满18岁的公民有服兵役的义务，应征青年处于成年前期，体质发育尚未完全停滞，其体质状况既可反映我国青少年的体质发育水平及存在问题，又可预测成年人的体质水平。我国地域辽阔，民族众多，各地地理、气候、饮食习惯等差异很大，且社会经济和文化正处于快速发展时期，青少年正处于生长发育的加速期，环境因素极易对青少年体质状况产生影响，不同地区青少年的生长发育水平存在很大差异，因此，迫切需要了解我国青少年生长发育的地理空间分布特征及影响因素，以便进行正确、及时地干预。另外，我国每十年进行一次全国性的青少年体质状况调研，各地区生长发育监测和评价已经作到了经常化和制度化；我军分别于1955、1974、2001年度进行了三次全国应征青年体质状况调研，体质调查和监测的内容日益丰富，信息量非常巨大，然而，数据的管理、调研结果的表达和传统的统计分析方法均未充分反映青少年体质状况的空间信息，使信息的利用效率降低，影响了结果的稳定性，降低了地区间和时代间的可比性。
本研究以2001年度全国应征青年体质状况调研数据为基础，采用地理信息系统技术，建立我国应征男青年体质状况地理信息系统，并采用地统计学中的变异函数和普通Kriging法，研究我国应征男青年体质状况及其地理空间分布特征；绘制应征男青年体质状况指标分布趋势的电子地图，旨在为应征青年体质的评价、预测、影响因素及人类
第四军医大学博士学位论文
生态学的理论和方法研究探索一条新路子:为调研数据展示的形象化
和各级教育、卫生行政部门了解青少年体质状况、制定体育锻炼及健
康教育计划，以及进行群体干预效果的评价提供直观、友好的可视化
工具;为特殊人才(运动员、特殊兵种等)选拔地区的确定提供参考。
同时也为地理信息系统技术在卫生事业管理、社会医学、人类生态学
等领域的应用提供经验支持。
本研究以1:100万全国区县界行政区划电子地图，作为空间公共
定位基础系统，采用ArcGlss.1软件将全国应征青年体质状况数据，通
过地理区域编码相连接，建立了应征男青年体质状况的地理信息系统
(Gls)。变异函数分析结果显示在全国范围内应征男青年的体质状况
指标具有一定的空间异质性，各指标在不同地区间具有明显的地理分
布差异。体质状况指标由空间自相关引起的空间异质性占总空间异质
性的比例差异较大，从20%左右到100%不等，大部分指标在 20.0一50.0%
之间，表明应征男青年体质指标的地理分布具有一定的空间相关性，
这种相关性相互影响的最大变程范围大部分指标在300一600公里以内，
部分指标在1000公里左右。
女iging估计图显示，全国范围内应征男青年体质状况各指标具有
明显的空间异质性，不同地区间存在明显的差异，并显示一定的变化
趋势及规律。总体表现为北方好于南方，东部好于西部，但局部地区
有一些特点。
1.除黄土高原(陕西、山西)和鄂尔多斯高原(内蒙)以外的东
北、华北、西北北部(新疆、甘肃以北、宁夏西部)以及华东地区的
江苏、上海、安徽，应征青年的身高较高，其中东北的长白山一带、
沿渤海和黄海地区、以及新疆的天山以北地区身高最高;西南的云贵
高原一带、中南地区属中等身材;西藏南部、四川西部和云南西北部
三省交界地区身材最矮。
2.东北、华北以及华东的江苏、上海、安徽一带应征男青年的体
型较粗壮，表现为胸围和腰围较宽、Vervaeck指数和BMI较大、粗壮
体型检出率较高，其中，除内蒙外的东北地区、华北地区和江苏，反
第四军医大学博士学位论文
映体型的各指标均最高;西藏、青海、四川以及甘肃、陕西南部应征
男青年体型较细长，表现为胸围和腰围较窄、Vervaeck指数和BMI较
小、细长体型和消瘦检出率最高。综合来看，应征男青年的体型西藏
最差，新疆北部、东北、华北和江苏、安徽、上海较好，其中，东北
平原、大兴安岭地区、沿渤海、黄海的北京、天津、河北、山东、江
苏应征男青年体型最好。
3.应征男青年血压偏高检出率呈片状分布，检出率较高的地区北
方以河北、山东、北京为中心，南方以广西为中心;东北、华北地区
舒张压偏高的检出率较其他地区高。
4.视力不良检出率较高的地区集中在辽宁南部、内蒙中部、华北、
华东及西北地区的甘肃、陕西、宁夏一带，特别是江苏、上海的检出
率最高。
5.华东(浙江稍差)、中南地区，特别是两广地区，应征男青年
的体能水平较好;黑龙江、吉林、辽宁北部、内蒙中部以及西藏，应
征青年的体能较差。
6.全国范围内应征男青年的体质状况发展不平衡，在体能综合评
价较好的中南地区，应征青年的体型较差，而在体型综合评价较好的
东北、华北地区，应征青年的体能却较差，青藏高原应征青年的体型、
体能综合评价结果均不够理想。在体型综合评价较好的江苏、上海及
华北地区，特别是环渤海湾一带，视力达标的检出率较低，东北、新
疆北部体型综合评价和视力达标检出率都较高。
通过交叉检验，交叉评价各指标均说明体质状况指标分布图的估
计效果是?
It is an obligation for the youth aged more than 18 years old to join the army prescribed by the law of military service in China. The candidates for military service are in their pre-adulthood, their physical development does not cease. Their physical status can not only reflect the physical development status and the existing problems of children and adolescents, but also forecast the physical status of adults in China. China is a big country,with 56 nationalities,and there exist great differences in geography, climate,diet,etc, in different areas. The social economy and culture are at a time of fast development, and children and adolescents' growth and development are at a speedup period. The physical status of children and adolescents are influenced by enviromental factors. Owing to the differences in condition of enviroment and social-economy, such as geography,climate,etc,there exist big differences in growth and development status of children and adolescents among different areas. It is necessary to l
earn the characteristics and influencing factors of the spatial-temporal distribution of children and adolescents' growth and development, so as to intervene with exact and timely methods. In addition, a national survey on physical status of children and adolescents is carried out every ten years, and the assessment and monitoring of growth and
development of children and adolescents have become regular and systematic. Three national surveys on physical status of recruits were carried out in 1955, 1974 and 2001 respectively, of which the content has become enriched and all-round, and held more information. But their data management, results delivery, and tradtional statistical analysis method did not reflect the spatial information of physical status, therefore the efficiency in use of information, study efficiency and comparison among areas and times decreased greatly,
This study using the data of the third national recruits' physical status and geographic information system technology to construct GIS of Chinese male recruits' physical status, and variograms and Kriging model were used to study the spatial distribution characteristics of male youths physical status, electronic map on physical status were protracted, in order to explore a new method for the study of assessment, forecast, influencing factors of recruits' physical and human ecology, to provide friendly and intuitionistic visual tool for survey data show, for educational and hygienic departments at all levels to learn about children and adolescent's physical status and make plans for physical training and health education.
In this study, an electronic map of the administrative units at a county or region level was portrayed at a proportion of 1:100 as the foundation of spatial assessment system. ArcGIS 8.1 was adopted to process the data of physical status of recruits and a recruits' physical status GIS was set up. The result of variation functional analysis showed that the indexes of recruits' physical status was to certain extent spatial heterogeneity, and there exists a distinctive geographic distribution differences of these indexes in different areas, among which indexes differences caused by spatial correlation varied most, ranging from 20% to 100% with most of them changing between 20% to 50%. This indicated that the geographic distribution of male recruits' physical status has certain spatial correlation. The effective range of this correlation is from 300-600 kilometers to 1000
kilometers.
Kriging showed that an obvious spatial heterogeneity existed among the male recruits' physical status nationwide and it has certain variation tendency and regularities. Generally speaking, recruits in northern and eastern China have better physical status than those in western and southern China. There are different characteristics in some local areas.
1. The recruited youth in the north-east, north China, the northern part of north-west (xinjiang, Gansu, and Ningxia) and east China (Jiangsu, Shanghai and Anhui) except the Loess Plateau (Sh
本研究以2001年度全国应征青年体质状况调研数据为基础，采用地理信息系统技术，建立我国应征男青年体质状况地理信息系统，并采用地统计学中的变异函数和普通Kriging法，研究我国应征男青年体质状况及其地理空间分布特征；绘制应征男青年体质状况指标分布趋势的电子地图，旨在为应征青年体质的评价、预测、影响因素及人类
第四军医大学博士学位论文
生态学的理论和方法研究探索一条新路子:为调研数据展示的形象化
和各级教育、卫生行政部门了解青少年体质状况、制定体育锻炼及健
康教育计划，以及进行群体干预效果的评价提供直观、友好的可视化
工具;为特殊人才(运动员、特殊兵种等)选拔地区的确定提供参考。
同时也为地理信息系统技术在卫生事业管理、社会医学、人类生态学
等领域的应用提供经验支持。
本研究以1:100万全国区县界行政区划电子地图，作为空间公共
定位基础系统，采用ArcGlss.1软件将全国应征青年体质状况数据，通
过地理区域编码相连接，建立了应征男青年体质状况的地理信息系统
(Gls)。变异函数分析结果显示在全国范围内应征男青年的体质状况
指标具有一定的空间异质性，各指标在不同地区间具有明显的地理分
布差异。体质状况指标由空间自相关引起的空间异质性占总空间异质
性的比例差异较大，从20%左右到100%不等，大部分指标在 20.0一50.0%
之间，表明应征男青年体质指标的地理分布具有一定的空间相关性，
这种相关性相互影响的最大变程范围大部分指标在300一600公里以内，
部分指标在1000公里左右。
女iging估计图显示，全国范围内应征男青年体质状况各指标具有
明显的空间异质性，不同地区间存在明显的差异，并显示一定的变化
趋势及规律。总体表现为北方好于南方，东部好于西部，但局部地区
有一些特点。
1.除黄土高原(陕西、山西)和鄂尔多斯高原(内蒙)以外的东
北、华北、西北北部(新疆、甘肃以北、宁夏西部)以及华东地区的
江苏、上海、安徽，应征青年的身高较高，其中东北的长白山一带、
沿渤海和黄海地区、以及新疆的天山以北地区身高最高;西南的云贵
高原一带、中南地区属中等身材;西藏南部、四川西部和云南西北部
三省交界地区身材最矮。
2.东北、华北以及华东的江苏、上海、安徽一带应征男青年的体
型较粗壮，表现为胸围和腰围较宽、Vervaeck指数和BMI较大、粗壮
体型检出率较高，其中，除内蒙外的东北地区、华北地区和江苏，反
第四军医大学博士学位论文
映体型的各指标均最高;西藏、青海、四川以及甘肃、陕西南部应征
男青年体型较细长，表现为胸围和腰围较窄、Vervaeck指数和BMI较
小、细长体型和消瘦检出率最高。综合来看，应征男青年的体型西藏
最差，新疆北部、东北、华北和江苏、安徽、上海较好，其中，东北
平原、大兴安岭地区、沿渤海、黄海的北京、天津、河北、山东、江
苏应征男青年体型最好。
3.应征男青年血压偏高检出率呈片状分布，检出率较高的地区北
方以河北、山东、北京为中心，南方以广西为中心;东北、华北地区
舒张压偏高的检出率较其他地区高。
4.视力不良检出率较高的地区集中在辽宁南部、内蒙中部、华北、
华东及西北地区的甘肃、陕西、宁夏一带，特别是江苏、上海的检出
率最高。
5.华东(浙江稍差)、中南地区，特别是两广地区，应征男青年
的体能水平较好;黑龙江、吉林、辽宁北部、内蒙中部以及西藏，应
征青年的体能较差。
6.全国范围内应征男青年的体质状况发展不平衡，在体能综合评
价较好的中南地区，应征青年的体型较差，而在体型综合评价较好的
东北、华北地区，应征青年的体能却较差，青藏高原应征青年的体型、
体能综合评价结果均不够理想。在体型综合评价较好的江苏、上海及
华北地区，特别是环渤海湾一带，视力达标的检出率较低，东北、新
疆北部体型综合评价和视力达标检出率都较高。
通过交叉检验，交叉评价各指标均说明体质状况指标分布图的估
计效果是?
It is an obligation for the youth aged more than 18 years old to join the army prescribed by the law of military service in China. The candidates for military service are in their pre-adulthood, their physical development does not cease. Their physical status can not only reflect the physical development status and the existing problems of children and adolescents, but also forecast the physical status of adults in China. China is a big country,with 56 nationalities,and there exist great differences in geography, climate,diet,etc, in different areas. The social economy and culture are at a time of fast development, and children and adolescents' growth and development are at a speedup period. The physical status of children and adolescents are influenced by enviromental factors. Owing to the differences in condition of enviroment and social-economy, such as geography,climate,etc,there exist big differences in growth and development status of children and adolescents among different areas. It is necessary to l
earn the characteristics and influencing factors of the spatial-temporal distribution of children and adolescents' growth and development, so as to intervene with exact and timely methods. In addition, a national survey on physical status of children and adolescents is carried out every ten years, and the assessment and monitoring of growth and
development of children and adolescents have become regular and systematic. Three national surveys on physical status of recruits were carried out in 1955, 1974 and 2001 respectively, of which the content has become enriched and all-round, and held more information. But their data management, results delivery, and tradtional statistical analysis method did not reflect the spatial information of physical status, therefore the efficiency in use of information, study efficiency and comparison among areas and times decreased greatly,
This study using the data of the third national recruits' physical status and geographic information system technology to construct GIS of Chinese male recruits' physical status, and variograms and Kriging model were used to study the spatial distribution characteristics of male youths physical status, electronic map on physical status were protracted, in order to explore a new method for the study of assessment, forecast, influencing factors of recruits' physical and human ecology, to provide friendly and intuitionistic visual tool for survey data show, for educational and hygienic departments at all levels to learn about children and adolescent's physical status and make plans for physical training and health education.
In this study, an electronic map of the administrative units at a county or region level was portrayed at a proportion of 1:100 as the foundation of spatial assessment system. ArcGIS 8.1 was adopted to process the data of physical status of recruits and a recruits' physical status GIS was set up. The result of variation functional analysis showed that the indexes of recruits' physical status was to certain extent spatial heterogeneity, and there exists a distinctive geographic distribution differences of these indexes in different areas, among which indexes differences caused by spatial correlation varied most, ranging from 20% to 100% with most of them changing between 20% to 50%. This indicated that the geographic distribution of male recruits' physical status has certain spatial correlation. The effective range of this correlation is from 300-600 kilometers to 1000
kilometers.
Kriging showed that an obvious spatial heterogeneity existed among the male recruits' physical status nationwide and it has certain variation tendency and regularities. Generally speaking, recruits in northern and eastern China have better physical status than those in western and southern China. There are different characteristics in some local areas.
1. The recruited youth in the north-east, north China, the northern part of north-west (xinjiang, Gansu, and Ningxia) and east China (Jiangsu, Shanghai and Anhui) except the Loess Plateau (Sh
引文
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