基于小波分析的数字水印技术研究
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摘要
随着多媒体技术及网络技术的飞速发展，人们对数字产品的获取极为迅捷方便，但是这些数字产品的原创者的版权和经济利益如何得到保护?数字产品是否安全、可信?围绕这一问题，近几年国际上提出了一种新的有效的数字产品版权保护和安全性维护的新技术—数字水印(Digital Watermark)技术。
数字水印技术是目前信息安全技术领域研究的一个新方向，是一种可以在开放的网络环境下保护版权和认证来源及完整性的新技术。创作者的创作信息和个人标志通过数字水印系统以人所不可感知的水印形式嵌入在数字产品中，人们无法从表面上感知水印，只有专用的软件才可以检测出隐藏的数字水印。
本文对数字水印技术进行了全面的研究。
首先，介绍了数字水印的基本特征、原理以及目前国内外的研究现状等基本问题，归纳了数字水印系统的基本框架，概括性介绍了目前常见的数字水印算法。
然后，实现了一个具体的空域图像数字水印算法，虽然空域LSB算法现在已经很少使用，但是基于其在隐蔽通信中的重要地位，在此还是进行了分析。
随后，提出了一种改进的DCT域数字水印算法，并进行了一些测试和实验，改进后的算法鲁棒性良好，并且对原始图像质量的影响更小，人眼几乎感觉不出嵌入水印后图像质量的变化。
接着详细介绍了小波编码技术，本文吸取了嵌入零树小波编码的思想，将其运用到数字水印技术中。
最后，提出了一种基于重要系数小波树的水印算法。以前基于小波变换的水印算法中，低频系数总是被明显的排除在外，文中提出的算法首先查找中、低频的重要系数，并在中、低频重要系数上进行水印嵌入。实验表明算法具有较好的鲁棒性，能够抵抗各种常见的信号处理操作(锐化、平滑、加噪声等)、图像压缩处理技术的攻击。
With the booming development of multimedia technology and the exceptional growing of Internet ,we can get digital information conveniently and quickly.But how can we protect the author's copyright and economic profits?It has become much urgent to provide efficient copyright and security protection means for the digital products.So the digital watermark technology has been put forward in recent years.
Digital watermark is a new direction in the information security field.It's a new technology which can protect copyright and authentication source .The author's personal copyright information can be embedded in the products.But we can't percept it ,only special software can pick it up.
In this dissertation,the application of digital watermark technology has been studied in the round.
First,this thesis analyzed the current development status ,basic characters and problems of digital watermark technology,and discuss the general frame of digital watermark processing system.
Secondly,analyzed and implement a spatial domain LSB algorithm,although this algorithm' robustness is not good,but it is important in the secret communication.
Then put forward a improved algorithm based on DCT domain,the improved algorithm have little effect to the original image ,and have good robustness.
Finally,studied the embedded zero wavelet tree algorithm,and propose a new algorithm.the algorithm search the significant coefficient and embedded the watermark,this method have better robustness and is compatible with JPEG2000,the watermark dection don't need the original image.
Experiments results shows that this algorithm can against widely varying signal distortions,have good robustness.
数字水印技术是目前信息安全技术领域研究的一个新方向，是一种可以在开放的网络环境下保护版权和认证来源及完整性的新技术。创作者的创作信息和个人标志通过数字水印系统以人所不可感知的水印形式嵌入在数字产品中，人们无法从表面上感知水印，只有专用的软件才可以检测出隐藏的数字水印。
本文对数字水印技术进行了全面的研究。
首先，介绍了数字水印的基本特征、原理以及目前国内外的研究现状等基本问题，归纳了数字水印系统的基本框架，概括性介绍了目前常见的数字水印算法。
然后，实现了一个具体的空域图像数字水印算法，虽然空域LSB算法现在已经很少使用，但是基于其在隐蔽通信中的重要地位，在此还是进行了分析。
随后，提出了一种改进的DCT域数字水印算法，并进行了一些测试和实验，改进后的算法鲁棒性良好，并且对原始图像质量的影响更小，人眼几乎感觉不出嵌入水印后图像质量的变化。
接着详细介绍了小波编码技术，本文吸取了嵌入零树小波编码的思想，将其运用到数字水印技术中。
最后，提出了一种基于重要系数小波树的水印算法。以前基于小波变换的水印算法中，低频系数总是被明显的排除在外，文中提出的算法首先查找中、低频的重要系数，并在中、低频重要系数上进行水印嵌入。实验表明算法具有较好的鲁棒性，能够抵抗各种常见的信号处理操作(锐化、平滑、加噪声等)、图像压缩处理技术的攻击。
With the booming development of multimedia technology and the exceptional growing of Internet ,we can get digital information conveniently and quickly.But how can we protect the author's copyright and economic profits?It has become much urgent to provide efficient copyright and security protection means for the digital products.So the digital watermark technology has been put forward in recent years.
Digital watermark is a new direction in the information security field.It's a new technology which can protect copyright and authentication source .The author's personal copyright information can be embedded in the products.But we can't percept it ,only special software can pick it up.
In this dissertation,the application of digital watermark technology has been studied in the round.
First,this thesis analyzed the current development status ,basic characters and problems of digital watermark technology,and discuss the general frame of digital watermark processing system.
Secondly,analyzed and implement a spatial domain LSB algorithm,although this algorithm' robustness is not good,but it is important in the secret communication.
Then put forward a improved algorithm based on DCT domain,the improved algorithm have little effect to the original image ,and have good robustness.
Finally,studied the embedded zero wavelet tree algorithm,and propose a new algorithm.the algorithm search the significant coefficient and embedded the watermark,this method have better robustness and is compatible with JPEG2000,the watermark dection don't need the original image.
Experiments results shows that this algorithm can against widely varying signal distortions,have good robustness.
引文
[1] 吴秋新 钮心忻 杨义先 罗守山 杨晓兵 信息隐藏技术—隐写术与数字水印。人民邮电出版社，2001
[2] 刘瑞桢，谭铁牛 数字图像水印研究综述。通信学报，2000，21(8)：39-48
[3] 宋玉杰 刘瑞祯 谭铁牛 王蕴红 数字水印技术在印刷品防伪中的应用．中国图像图形学报，vol．6(A)，No．5，2001
[4] 孙炜 基于分形理论的数字水印技术研究 硕士学位论文 2002
[5] 陈青，王延平 数字水印—知识产权保护的新技术[J] 中国图像图形学报1999，4(A)(9)：800-804
[6] 崔锦泰 小波分析导论西安交通大学出版社，1995
[7] 孟兵，周良柱等 基于小波变换的静态图像数字水印算法 计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，2000，10(12) 750-753．
[8] 张春田，苏育挺 信息产品的版权保护技术—数字水印[J]电信科学，1998，14(12)：15-17
[9] 孙圣和，陆哲明 数字水印处理技术。电子学报，2000，28(8)：85-90
[10] 李忠源，付震中．印刷图象中的信息隐含．第二届信息隐藏学术研讨会论文集，北京，2000：34～36
[11] Tirkel,A.A.,G.A.Rankin,and R.van Schyndel,"Electronic Watermark,"in Digital Image Computing,Technology and Application-DICTA 93,Macquarie University, 1993,pp.666-673.
[12] 汪小帆，戴跃伟 茅耀斌 信息隐藏技术。机械工业出版社，2001
[13] Wolfgang,R.,Podilchuk,C.,Delp,E.Perpetual watermarks for digital images and video.Proceedings of the IEEE, 1999,87(7):1108～1126.
[14] R.G. Schyndel Van. A.Z.Tirkel and C.F. osborne. A Digital Watermark In:Proceedings IEEE International Conference Image Processing,Piscataway:IEEE Press. 1994.Vol2: 86～89.
[15] W. Bender. D.Gruhl.N.Morimoto.et al. Techniques for data hiding .IBM Systems Journal Sep 1996,35(3-4):313～318
[16] Bench,W.,D.Gruhl,and N.Morimoto,"Techniques for Data Hiding,"in Pcoceedings of the SPIE 2420,Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Database, 1995,pp. 164-173.
[17] Zhao J, Koch E. Embedding robust labels into images for copyright protection. In: Proceedings of the KnowRight'95 Conference on Intellectual Property Rights and New Technologies,Vienna, Austria, 1995:241～251.
[18] A.G Bors and I. Pitas, "Image Watermarking Using DCT Domain Constraints", Proc. ICICS, Vol.3,1996, pp.231-234
[19] M.D.Swanson,M.Kobayashi.and A.H.Tewfik. Multimedia data embededding and watermarking technologies.Proc. IEEE.1998,86(6):1064～1087.
[20] C.T. Hsu,J.L.Wu. Hidden signature in images. IEEE Transactions Image Processing. 1999,8(1):58～68.
[21] M.Barni. F. Bartolini.V. Cappellini,A.Piva. A DCT-domain system for robust image watermarking. Signal Processing. 1998,66(3):357～372.
[22] Deepa Kundur, Dimitrios Hatzinakos. A robust digital image watermarking method using wavelet-based fusion. IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. Santa Barbara,CA,1997,1 (12):544～547.
[23] J.J.K.O Ruanaidh,J.W. Dowling,F.M.Boland. Phase watermarking of digital image In:Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing,Piscataway:IEEE Press, 1996,Vol.3.pp. 239～242
[24] Xiang H,Wang L D,Lin H,et al.Digital watermarking systems with chaotic sequences. Proceedings of the 1999 Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents. 1999,3657:449-457.
[25] Frank Hartung,and Martin Kutter. Multimedia Watermarking Techniques. Proceeding of the IEEE. 1999(87)
[26] Hartung,F.,J.K.Su,and B.Girod,"Spread Spectrum Watermarking:Malicious Attacs and Counterattacks,"in the Proceedings of the SPIE 3657,Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents, 1999,pp.528-531.
[27] M.G. Kuhn,and .A.P. Petitcolas. StirMark:http://www. cl.cam.ac.uk/～fapp2/waterm arking.
[28]Depovere,G.,T. Kalker, and J.-P.M.G. Linnartz,"Improved Watermark Detection Reliability cessing,vol.1,IEEE Siginal Processing Society, Chicago,Illinois,USA, 1998
[29]丁伟 齐东旭 数字图象变换及信息隐藏与伪装技术 计算机学报1998，21(9)
[30]Swanson,M.D.,B.Zhu,and A.H.Tewfik,"Data Hiding for Video-in-Video,"in Processings of the International Conference on Image Processing,vol.1,Santa Barbara,CA,2001,pp.676-679.
[31]Braudaway, G.W.,"Protecting Public-Avaible Images with an Invisible Image Watermark,"in Processing of the European EOS/SPIE Symposium on Advanced Imaging and Network Technologies,Berlin,Germany, Oct. 1996.
[32]凌捷 肖鹏 网络敏感信息传输中的图像隐藏技术．计算机工程，2001，7(7)
[33]吕凤军 数字图象处理编程 清华大学出版社1996
[34]潭毓安 计算机安全技术与方法 北京 学苑出版社1994
[35]赵战生 信息安全技术浅谈 北京 科学出版社1999
[36]Delaigle,J.-F.,et al.,"Digital Images Protection Techniques in a Broadcast Framework:Overview,"In Proceeding of the European Conference on Multimedia Applications,Services and Techniques,May 1999.
[37]Cox et al., "A Secure, Robust Watermark for Multimedia,"Proc. First Int'1 Workshop Information Hiding, Lecture Notes in Computer Science No. 1, 174,Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1997, pp. 185-206
[38]E. Koch, J. Rindfrey, and J. Zhao, "Copyright Protection for Multimedia Data," Proc. Int'1 Conf. Digital Media and Electronic Publishing, Leeds, UK, 1996.
[39]黄继武、YUN.Q.SHI、程卫东DCT域图象水印：嵌入对策和算法．电子学报，2000，28(4)：57-59．
[40]黄达人、刘九芬、黄继武 小波变换域图象水印嵌入对策和算法．软件学报，2002，13(7)：1290-1296．
[41]张兆礼 赵春晖 梅晓丹 现代图象处理技术及其Matlab实现。人民邮电出版社，2001．
[42]杨福生，小波变换的工程分析与应用。北京：科学出版社，1999
[43]Zeng,W.,B.Liu and S.Lei,"Extraction of Multiresolution Scene-Based Video Watermarking Using Perceptual Models,"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in communications, Vol. 16,.No.4,1998,pp.2969-2972.
[44]Goffin ,F.,et al.,"A low Cost Perceptive Digital Picture Watermarking Method,"in Proceedings of the SPIE 3022,Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Database V, 1997,pp.264-277.
[45]Zhu,W.W.,Xiong,Z.X.,Zhang,Y.Q.Multirresolution watermarking for image and video.IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems 1999,9(4):545～549.
[46]王卫国 郭宝龙 嵌入式零树小波编码及其改进算法的研究，高技术通讯2002．12(9)：106-110
[47]王琪，钟玉琢，一种结合量化的零树小波图象编码器，清华大学学报(自然科学版)，2000，40(7)：79～86．
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[53]Hiding Digital Watermarks Using Multiresolution Wavelet Transform ,IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,Vol.48.NO.5,October 2001.
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[55]黄达人、刘九芬、黄继武 小波变换域图象水印嵌入对策和算法，软件学报，2002，13(7)：1290-1296．
[56]陈武凡 小波分析及其在图象处理中的应用。科学出版社2002
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[58]Cox,J.,Killian,J.Leighton,T.,et al. Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 1997,6(12): 1673～1687.
[59]刘九芬 小波理论及其在图像压缩和数字水印中的应用。杭州：浙江大学，2001．
[60]刘九芬、黄达人、胡军全 数字水印中的双正交小波基 中山大学学报2002，41(4)：1-5．
[61]http://www.souxin.com
[2] 刘瑞桢，谭铁牛 数字图像水印研究综述。通信学报，2000，21(8)：39-48
[3] 宋玉杰 刘瑞祯 谭铁牛 王蕴红 数字水印技术在印刷品防伪中的应用．中国图像图形学报，vol．6(A)，No．5，2001
[4] 孙炜 基于分形理论的数字水印技术研究 硕士学位论文 2002
[5] 陈青，王延平 数字水印—知识产权保护的新技术[J] 中国图像图形学报1999，4(A)(9)：800-804
[6] 崔锦泰 小波分析导论西安交通大学出版社，1995
[7] 孟兵，周良柱等 基于小波变换的静态图像数字水印算法 计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，2000，10(12) 750-753．
[8] 张春田，苏育挺 信息产品的版权保护技术—数字水印[J]电信科学，1998，14(12)：15-17
[9] 孙圣和，陆哲明 数字水印处理技术。电子学报，2000，28(8)：85-90
[10] 李忠源，付震中．印刷图象中的信息隐含．第二届信息隐藏学术研讨会论文集，北京，2000：34～36
[11] Tirkel,A.A.,G.A.Rankin,and R.van Schyndel,"Electronic Watermark,"in Digital Image Computing,Technology and Application-DICTA 93,Macquarie University, 1993,pp.666-673.
[12] 汪小帆，戴跃伟 茅耀斌 信息隐藏技术。机械工业出版社，2001
[13] Wolfgang,R.,Podilchuk,C.,Delp,E.Perpetual watermarks for digital images and video.Proceedings of the IEEE, 1999,87(7):1108～1126.
[14] R.G. Schyndel Van. A.Z.Tirkel and C.F. osborne. A Digital Watermark In:Proceedings IEEE International Conference Image Processing,Piscataway:IEEE Press. 1994.Vol2: 86～89.
[15] W. Bender. D.Gruhl.N.Morimoto.et al. Techniques for data hiding .IBM Systems Journal Sep 1996,35(3-4):313～318
[16] Bench,W.,D.Gruhl,and N.Morimoto,"Techniques for Data Hiding,"in Pcoceedings of the SPIE 2420,Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Database, 1995,pp. 164-173.
[17] Zhao J, Koch E. Embedding robust labels into images for copyright protection. In: Proceedings of the KnowRight'95 Conference on Intellectual Property Rights and New Technologies,Vienna, Austria, 1995:241～251.
[18] A.G Bors and I. Pitas, "Image Watermarking Using DCT Domain Constraints", Proc. ICICS, Vol.3,1996, pp.231-234
[19] M.D.Swanson,M.Kobayashi.and A.H.Tewfik. Multimedia data embededding and watermarking technologies.Proc. IEEE.1998,86(6):1064～1087.
[20] C.T. Hsu,J.L.Wu. Hidden signature in images. IEEE Transactions Image Processing. 1999,8(1):58～68.
[21] M.Barni. F. Bartolini.V. Cappellini,A.Piva. A DCT-domain system for robust image watermarking. Signal Processing. 1998,66(3):357～372.
[22] Deepa Kundur, Dimitrios Hatzinakos. A robust digital image watermarking method using wavelet-based fusion. IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. Santa Barbara,CA,1997,1 (12):544～547.
[23] J.J.K.O Ruanaidh,J.W. Dowling,F.M.Boland. Phase watermarking of digital image In:Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing,Piscataway:IEEE Press, 1996,Vol.3.pp. 239～242
[24] Xiang H,Wang L D,Lin H,et al.Digital watermarking systems with chaotic sequences. Proceedings of the 1999 Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents. 1999,3657:449-457.
[25] Frank Hartung,and Martin Kutter. Multimedia Watermarking Techniques. Proceeding of the IEEE. 1999(87)
[26] Hartung,F.,J.K.Su,and B.Girod,"Spread Spectrum Watermarking:Malicious Attacs and Counterattacks,"in the Proceedings of the SPIE 3657,Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents, 1999,pp.528-531.
[27] M.G. Kuhn,and .A.P. Petitcolas. StirMark:http://www. cl.cam.ac.uk/～fapp2/waterm arking.
[28]Depovere,G.,T. Kalker, and J.-P.M.G. Linnartz,"Improved Watermark Detection Reliability cessing,vol.1,IEEE Siginal Processing Society, Chicago,Illinois,USA, 1998
[29]丁伟 齐东旭 数字图象变换及信息隐藏与伪装技术 计算机学报1998，21(9)
[30]Swanson,M.D.,B.Zhu,and A.H.Tewfik,"Data Hiding for Video-in-Video,"in Processings of the International Conference on Image Processing,vol.1,Santa Barbara,CA,2001,pp.676-679.
[31]Braudaway, G.W.,"Protecting Public-Avaible Images with an Invisible Image Watermark,"in Processing of the European EOS/SPIE Symposium on Advanced Imaging and Network Technologies,Berlin,Germany, Oct. 1996.
[32]凌捷 肖鹏 网络敏感信息传输中的图像隐藏技术．计算机工程，2001，7(7)
[33]吕凤军 数字图象处理编程 清华大学出版社1996
[34]潭毓安 计算机安全技术与方法 北京 学苑出版社1994
[35]赵战生 信息安全技术浅谈 北京 科学出版社1999
[36]Delaigle,J.-F.,et al.,"Digital Images Protection Techniques in a Broadcast Framework:Overview,"In Proceeding of the European Conference on Multimedia Applications,Services and Techniques,May 1999.
[37]Cox et al., "A Secure, Robust Watermark for Multimedia,"Proc. First Int'1 Workshop Information Hiding, Lecture Notes in Computer Science No. 1, 174,Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1997, pp. 185-206
[38]E. Koch, J. Rindfrey, and J. Zhao, "Copyright Protection for Multimedia Data," Proc. Int'1 Conf. Digital Media and Electronic Publishing, Leeds, UK, 1996.
[39]黄继武、YUN.Q.SHI、程卫东DCT域图象水印：嵌入对策和算法．电子学报，2000，28(4)：57-59．
[40]黄达人、刘九芬、黄继武 小波变换域图象水印嵌入对策和算法．软件学报，2002，13(7)：1290-1296．
[41]张兆礼 赵春晖 梅晓丹 现代图象处理技术及其Matlab实现。人民邮电出版社，2001．
[42]杨福生，小波变换的工程分析与应用。北京：科学出版社，1999
[43]Zeng,W.,B.Liu and S.Lei,"Extraction of Multiresolution Scene-Based Video Watermarking Using Perceptual Models,"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in communications, Vol. 16,.No.4,1998,pp.2969-2972.
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