无损信息隐藏技术
|
摘要
随着信息和多媒体技术的飞速发展,多媒体信息给人们的生活创造了极大地便利,但同时也暴露出越来越多的安全隐患问题。信息隐藏技术作为信息安全技术研究领域中的一个新兴方向得到广泛关注,在版权保护、信息认证、篡改提示、国家安全、秘密通信等方面,也得到了广泛的研究和应用。但是由于在信息隐藏的过程中通常会引起原始数据发生不可恢复的改变,而这种改变所带来的失真对原始数据要求较高的应用领域中是不能忽略的,因此迫切需要一种既能有效地避免破坏原始数据信息,又能通过隐藏数据发挥作用的新方法—无损信息隐藏技术。无损信息隐藏方法作为信息隐藏技术的分支,不仅可以从载体数据中提取出完整的隐藏数据,还可以得到原始的不含隐藏数据的准确拷贝。
本文首先回顾了信息隐藏特别是无损信息隐藏的技术发展,在现有理论基础上提出的已有的算法,并根据嵌入原理的不同,从空域和频域上分别进行了介绍;然后研究了整数小波变换的原理和其在无损信息隐藏技术的应用;最后着重介绍了频域中的无损信息隐藏方法实现。这其中贯穿了无损信息隐藏方法中涉及到的如直方图调整、置乱、压缩处理等技术的介绍说明。
频域中的无损信息隐藏算法首先根据整数小波变换后频域上小波系数对空域中的像素值的变换,对原始图像进行直方图的调整,然后进行小波变换并选择在小波系数的高频中嵌入隐藏数据信息,再经过小波逆变换得到嵌入数据后的隐蔽图像,从而实现无损信息隐藏。为了突出本算法的优点,本文还进行了另外两种的实现方案:第一个方案是对图像进行一次整数小波变换,在三个高频区利用各自的峰值(零点处)嵌入数据,实现无损信息隐藏;第二个方案是对图像进行一次整数小波变换,然后在三个高频和一个低频嵌入数据,三个高频区的嵌入使用相同的算法,低频区的嵌入算法同空域中类似,最后进行整数小波逆变换实现无损信息隐藏。
通过最后的实验结果表明在相同的峰值信噪比下,本文中提出的算法比已有的算法具有更高的数据嵌入量,而且在较高的峰值信噪比条件下,依然比其它方法有较大的数据信息嵌入量。
In the recent years,the rapid development of computer information and the increased use of multimedia data via the Internet have resulted in the faster and more convenient exchange of digital information.On account of the ease of editing and perfect reproduction,it is important to prevent unauthorized manipulation of digital content. Information hiding,a technique to embed special labels in digital contents,has led to much research recelently.However,most information hiding methods introduce distortions to the original content,the embedding distortion is irreversible,it cannot be removed to recover the original host signal.But some other authentication applications such as medical imagery and military image prohibit the permanent loss of image fidelity during hiding.It is often desirable to embed the information in a reversible way—reversible information hiding.The reversible information hiding as a branch of information hiding technique can not only remove the hided information,but also get the copy of the original data without any loss.
Firstly this paper looks back the development of the information hiding especially the reversible information hiding technique,the new methods on the basis of existing theories,and introduces those methods by the different hiding theories.secondly,this paper recommends the integer wavelet transform and it's application in the reversible data hiding.Lastly this paper emphasizes the reversible information hiding in the frequency domain.it also shows the releted knowledge such as histogram modification,disarrange technique,compression throughout the last part.
In the frequency domain,we make the modification of histogram by the transform of integer wavelet corresponding in the spatial domain,then embed the data in the high coefficient,at last make the countertransform to finish the method.The method chooses six frequences,three high and three low to embed data after two transforms of integer wavelet.In order to show the excellence of this method we also give other two projects. The first one chooses the peak of three high frequences to hide the data after one integer wavelet transform;while the second one chooses three high frequences and one low frequence.The same algorithm is used in the same high frequence;however the method in the spatial domain is used in the low frequence.
In the end the experimental results show the method in this paper can embed more information and have good visual quality according to the same peak siginal-to-noise, especially the method has good result in terms of both capacity and visiual quality.
本文首先回顾了信息隐藏特别是无损信息隐藏的技术发展,在现有理论基础上提出的已有的算法,并根据嵌入原理的不同,从空域和频域上分别进行了介绍;然后研究了整数小波变换的原理和其在无损信息隐藏技术的应用;最后着重介绍了频域中的无损信息隐藏方法实现。这其中贯穿了无损信息隐藏方法中涉及到的如直方图调整、置乱、压缩处理等技术的介绍说明。
频域中的无损信息隐藏算法首先根据整数小波变换后频域上小波系数对空域中的像素值的变换,对原始图像进行直方图的调整,然后进行小波变换并选择在小波系数的高频中嵌入隐藏数据信息,再经过小波逆变换得到嵌入数据后的隐蔽图像,从而实现无损信息隐藏。为了突出本算法的优点,本文还进行了另外两种的实现方案:第一个方案是对图像进行一次整数小波变换,在三个高频区利用各自的峰值(零点处)嵌入数据,实现无损信息隐藏;第二个方案是对图像进行一次整数小波变换,然后在三个高频和一个低频嵌入数据,三个高频区的嵌入使用相同的算法,低频区的嵌入算法同空域中类似,最后进行整数小波逆变换实现无损信息隐藏。
通过最后的实验结果表明在相同的峰值信噪比下,本文中提出的算法比已有的算法具有更高的数据嵌入量,而且在较高的峰值信噪比条件下,依然比其它方法有较大的数据信息嵌入量。
In the recent years,the rapid development of computer information and the increased use of multimedia data via the Internet have resulted in the faster and more convenient exchange of digital information.On account of the ease of editing and perfect reproduction,it is important to prevent unauthorized manipulation of digital content. Information hiding,a technique to embed special labels in digital contents,has led to much research recelently.However,most information hiding methods introduce distortions to the original content,the embedding distortion is irreversible,it cannot be removed to recover the original host signal.But some other authentication applications such as medical imagery and military image prohibit the permanent loss of image fidelity during hiding.It is often desirable to embed the information in a reversible way—reversible information hiding.The reversible information hiding as a branch of information hiding technique can not only remove the hided information,but also get the copy of the original data without any loss.
Firstly this paper looks back the development of the information hiding especially the reversible information hiding technique,the new methods on the basis of existing theories,and introduces those methods by the different hiding theories.secondly,this paper recommends the integer wavelet transform and it's application in the reversible data hiding.Lastly this paper emphasizes the reversible information hiding in the frequency domain.it also shows the releted knowledge such as histogram modification,disarrange technique,compression throughout the last part.
In the frequency domain,we make the modification of histogram by the transform of integer wavelet corresponding in the spatial domain,then embed the data in the high coefficient,at last make the countertransform to finish the method.The method chooses six frequences,three high and three low to embed data after two transforms of integer wavelet.In order to show the excellence of this method we also give other two projects. The first one chooses the peak of three high frequences to hide the data after one integer wavelet transform;while the second one chooses three high frequences and one low frequence.The same algorithm is used in the same high frequence;however the method in the spatial domain is used in the low frequence.
In the end the experimental results show the method in this paper can embed more information and have good visual quality according to the same peak siginal-to-noise, especially the method has good result in terms of both capacity and visiual quality.
引文
1 陈波,谭运猛.信息隐藏技术综述[J].计算机与数字工程,2005,2(33):21-22
2 王丽娜,张焕国.信息隐藏技术应用[M].湖北:武汉大学出版社,2003.24-25
3 Fabien A.P.Petitcolas,Ross J.Anderson,Markus G.Kuhn.Information Hiding-A Survey[J].In Proceedings of the IEEE.1999,87(7):1031-1040
4 施达.数字水印技术原理及应用[J].Technology,2005,4:47-48
5 曹军梅,张震.数字指纹技术及其在版权保护中的应用[J].中国管理信息化,2006,7:15
6 李东参.国际信息隐藏研讨会论文集[D].北京:清华大学出版社,2006.16-20
7 Li Lingling,Ding Mingyue.Fast Image Fusion Methods Based on Lifting Wavelet Transform[J].Mini-Microsystems,2005,4:667-670
8 M.vander Veen,F.Bruekers,A.van Leest.High Capacity Reversible Watermarking for Audio Proc[J].SPIE Photonics West,Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents,2003
9 张明真.图像编辑经典Adobe photoshop4[M].北京:国际文化出版公司,2005.5-8
10 杨守义.数字水印对Stirmark攻击的鲁棒性分析[J].电讯技术,2004(12):23
11 Stefan Kattenbeisser,A.P Petitcolas.Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking[M].A.Rtech House,INC,2006
12 Arno van Leest,Michiel van der Veen,Fons Bruekers.Reversible Image Watermarking[J].Image Processing,2003 International Conference,Sept.2003(2):14-17
13 Guorong Xuan,Jidong Chen,Jiang Zhu.Lossless Data Hiding Based on Integer Wavelet Transform [J].2002 IEEE Multimedia Signal Processing
14 丁华.扩频技术在数字图像水印技术中的应用及分析[J].应用科技,2005(32):15-16
15 刘胜利.信息隐藏技术的军事应用[J].现代通信,2004(9):28-29
16 李劲.一种基于语义编码的数字图像水印算法[J].微型电脑应用,2005(11):31
17 J.Domingo-Ferrer,F.Sebe.Invertible Spread-spectrum Watermarking for Image Authentication and Multilevel Access to Precision-critical Watermarked Images.Information Technology:Coding and Computing,Proceedings.International Conference.April 2002,3(12):152-157
18 刘正文.匿名通信及其攻击技术概况与展望[J].通信学报,2008(3):13
19 刘世栋.信息隐藏技术与数字水印若干问题与趋势[J].计算机工程与应用,2006(9):45-47
20 冯晖.计算机密码学[M]第二版.北京:中国铁道出版社,2003.153-145
21 王聪丽.基于图像差分的信息伪装算法[J].计算机工程与应用,2006(3):54-57
22 A.M.Alattar.Reversible Watermark Using Difference Expansion of Quads.Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing,2004.Proceedings.(ICASSP 04)
23 Jun Tian.Reversible Data Embedding Using a Difference Expansion Circuits and Systems for Video Technology.IEEE Transactions,Aug.2003,890-896
24 丁绪星.一种静止图像的质量评价指标[J].南京理工大学学报,2004(10):26-28
25 Waston A.B,Hu J.McGowan.Digital Video Quality Metric Based on Human Vision[J]. Journal of Electronic Imaging 2001(1):20-29
26 李建欣.一种基于人眼视觉特性的图像质量评价[J].图像图形学报,2004(2):92-93
27 Zhao C.J,Leng G.Debnath.Some New Brunn-Minkwski-type Inequalities in Covex Bodies Intel.J.Math&Math.Sci.2005(6):895-915
28 郑伊展.基于小波的大容量无损数据图像隐藏及应用[J].计算机工程,2005(1):56-57
29 J.Fridrich,M.Goljan,R.Du.Lossless Data Embedding for all Image Formats.Proc.SPIE Photonics West,Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents,2002(2):572-583
30 M.Cel ik,G.Sharma,A.M.Tekalp.Lossless Generalized-LSB Data Embedding[J].Image Processing,IEEE Transactions.Feb.2005:253-266
31 M.Goljan,Jessica Fridrich.Distortion-free Data Embedding for Images.The 4th Information Hiding Workshop,LNCS vol.2137,Springer-Verlag,New York,2001:27-41
32 M.Celik,E.Saber.Reversible Data Hiding.In Processing of the International Conference on Image 2002,Rochester,NY,Sept.2002
33 A.van Leest,M.Van der Veen.Reversible Image Watermarking Image.Proceedings.2003International Conference Spt.2003
34 Ni.Zhicheng,Y.Q.Shi,et al.Revesible Data Hiding Circuits and Systems.2003 International Symposium.May 2003(2):25-28
35 C.De Vleeschouwer,J-F.Delaigle.Circular Interpretation of Jective Transformations in Lossless Watermarking for Media Assetmanagement.Multimedia,IEEE Transactions.March 2003:97-105
36 宣国荣,姚秋明,杨程云.基于整数小波直方图间隙的无损数据隐藏.计算机应用,2007,7(27):1624-1625
37 Jun Tian.Reversible Watermarking by Difference Expansion.Proceedings of Workshop on Multimedia and Security.Dec.2005(6):19-22,
38 A.M.Alattar.Reversible Watermark Using the Difference Expansion of A Generalized Integer Transform.Image Processing,IEEE Transactions.Aug.2004
39 B.Yang,M.Schmucker,W.Funk.Integer DCT-based Reversible Watermarking for Images Using Companding Technique.SPIE Electronic Imaging 2004
40 许红山.置乱技术在信息隐藏中的应用[J].广州大学报,2004(3):135-136
41 董梅,高康林.矩阵奇异值分解和Arnold置乱技术在图像隐藏中的应用[J].山东大学学报,2005(5):56-57
42 Wim Sweldens,Peter SchrOder.Building Your Own Wavelets at Home[M].Technical Report,2005
43 Sweldens.Lossless Image Compresion Using Integer to Integer Wavelet Transforms[C].International conference on image processing,2007(1):596-599
44 Rafael C.Gonzalez,Richard E.Woods.Digital Image Processing Second Edition.BeiJing:Publishing House of Electrionics Industry 2006(3):55-56
45 M.van der Veen,F.Bruekers.High Capacity Reversible Watermarking for Audio.Proc.SPIE Photonics West,Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents,2003
46 宋琪,李宁.基于整数小波变换的灰度图像水印[J].计算机工程与应用,2004,7(6):78-80
47 夏双奎,茹宝国.基于视觉掩蔽特性的数字水印技术[J].武汉大学学报,2005(10):642
48 袁杰.小波提提升算法及其在图像处理中的应用[J].Computer Era,2005,2(5):14-15
2 王丽娜,张焕国.信息隐藏技术应用[M].湖北:武汉大学出版社,2003.24-25
3 Fabien A.P.Petitcolas,Ross J.Anderson,Markus G.Kuhn.Information Hiding-A Survey[J].In Proceedings of the IEEE.1999,87(7):1031-1040
4 施达.数字水印技术原理及应用[J].Technology,2005,4:47-48
5 曹军梅,张震.数字指纹技术及其在版权保护中的应用[J].中国管理信息化,2006,7:15
6 李东参.国际信息隐藏研讨会论文集[D].北京:清华大学出版社,2006.16-20
7 Li Lingling,Ding Mingyue.Fast Image Fusion Methods Based on Lifting Wavelet Transform[J].Mini-Microsystems,2005,4:667-670
8 M.vander Veen,F.Bruekers,A.van Leest.High Capacity Reversible Watermarking for Audio Proc[J].SPIE Photonics West,Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents,2003
9 张明真.图像编辑经典Adobe photoshop4[M].北京:国际文化出版公司,2005.5-8
10 杨守义.数字水印对Stirmark攻击的鲁棒性分析[J].电讯技术,2004(12):23
11 Stefan Kattenbeisser,A.P Petitcolas.Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking[M].A.Rtech House,INC,2006
12 Arno van Leest,Michiel van der Veen,Fons Bruekers.Reversible Image Watermarking[J].Image Processing,2003 International Conference,Sept.2003(2):14-17
13 Guorong Xuan,Jidong Chen,Jiang Zhu.Lossless Data Hiding Based on Integer Wavelet Transform [J].2002 IEEE Multimedia Signal Processing
14 丁华.扩频技术在数字图像水印技术中的应用及分析[J].应用科技,2005(32):15-16
15 刘胜利.信息隐藏技术的军事应用[J].现代通信,2004(9):28-29
16 李劲.一种基于语义编码的数字图像水印算法[J].微型电脑应用,2005(11):31
17 J.Domingo-Ferrer,F.Sebe.Invertible Spread-spectrum Watermarking for Image Authentication and Multilevel Access to Precision-critical Watermarked Images.Information Technology:Coding and Computing,Proceedings.International Conference.April 2002,3(12):152-157
18 刘正文.匿名通信及其攻击技术概况与展望[J].通信学报,2008(3):13
19 刘世栋.信息隐藏技术与数字水印若干问题与趋势[J].计算机工程与应用,2006(9):45-47
20 冯晖.计算机密码学[M]第二版.北京:中国铁道出版社,2003.153-145
21 王聪丽.基于图像差分的信息伪装算法[J].计算机工程与应用,2006(3):54-57
22 A.M.Alattar.Reversible Watermark Using Difference Expansion of Quads.Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing,2004.Proceedings.(ICASSP 04)
23 Jun Tian.Reversible Data Embedding Using a Difference Expansion Circuits and Systems for Video Technology.IEEE Transactions,Aug.2003,890-896
24 丁绪星.一种静止图像的质量评价指标[J].南京理工大学学报,2004(10):26-28
25 Waston A.B,Hu J.McGowan.Digital Video Quality Metric Based on Human Vision[J]. Journal of Electronic Imaging 2001(1):20-29
26 李建欣.一种基于人眼视觉特性的图像质量评价[J].图像图形学报,2004(2):92-93
27 Zhao C.J,Leng G.Debnath.Some New Brunn-Minkwski-type Inequalities in Covex Bodies Intel.J.Math&Math.Sci.2005(6):895-915
28 郑伊展.基于小波的大容量无损数据图像隐藏及应用[J].计算机工程,2005(1):56-57
29 J.Fridrich,M.Goljan,R.Du.Lossless Data Embedding for all Image Formats.Proc.SPIE Photonics West,Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents,2002(2):572-583
30 M.Cel ik,G.Sharma,A.M.Tekalp.Lossless Generalized-LSB Data Embedding[J].Image Processing,IEEE Transactions.Feb.2005:253-266
31 M.Goljan,Jessica Fridrich.Distortion-free Data Embedding for Images.The 4th Information Hiding Workshop,LNCS vol.2137,Springer-Verlag,New York,2001:27-41
32 M.Celik,E.Saber.Reversible Data Hiding.In Processing of the International Conference on Image 2002,Rochester,NY,Sept.2002
33 A.van Leest,M.Van der Veen.Reversible Image Watermarking Image.Proceedings.2003International Conference Spt.2003
34 Ni.Zhicheng,Y.Q.Shi,et al.Revesible Data Hiding Circuits and Systems.2003 International Symposium.May 2003(2):25-28
35 C.De Vleeschouwer,J-F.Delaigle.Circular Interpretation of Jective Transformations in Lossless Watermarking for Media Assetmanagement.Multimedia,IEEE Transactions.March 2003:97-105
36 宣国荣,姚秋明,杨程云.基于整数小波直方图间隙的无损数据隐藏.计算机应用,2007,7(27):1624-1625
37 Jun Tian.Reversible Watermarking by Difference Expansion.Proceedings of Workshop on Multimedia and Security.Dec.2005(6):19-22,
38 A.M.Alattar.Reversible Watermark Using the Difference Expansion of A Generalized Integer Transform.Image Processing,IEEE Transactions.Aug.2004
39 B.Yang,M.Schmucker,W.Funk.Integer DCT-based Reversible Watermarking for Images Using Companding Technique.SPIE Electronic Imaging 2004
40 许红山.置乱技术在信息隐藏中的应用[J].广州大学报,2004(3):135-136
41 董梅,高康林.矩阵奇异值分解和Arnold置乱技术在图像隐藏中的应用[J].山东大学学报,2005(5):56-57
42 Wim Sweldens,Peter SchrOder.Building Your Own Wavelets at Home[M].Technical Report,2005
43 Sweldens.Lossless Image Compresion Using Integer to Integer Wavelet Transforms[C].International conference on image processing,2007(1):596-599
44 Rafael C.Gonzalez,Richard E.Woods.Digital Image Processing Second Edition.BeiJing:Publishing House of Electrionics Industry 2006(3):55-56
45 M.van der Veen,F.Bruekers.High Capacity Reversible Watermarking for Audio.Proc.SPIE Photonics West,Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents,2003
46 宋琪,李宁.基于整数小波变换的灰度图像水印[J].计算机工程与应用,2004,7(6):78-80
47 夏双奎,茹宝国.基于视觉掩蔽特性的数字水印技术[J].武汉大学学报,2005(10):642
48 袁杰.小波提提升算法及其在图像处理中的应用[J].Computer Era,2005,2(5):14-15