空间关联和中央重新定向对听觉返回抑制的影响
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摘要
返回抑制(inhibition of return,IOR)最早是在对视空间注意内部定向实验中发现的。自该现象发现以来,研究者们经历20余年的探索,进行大量相关研究。最初在视觉通道,随后在听觉通道、跨通道中都观察到了这种效应。本论文以听觉IOR为研究对象。首先,对其相关研究成果进行综述:(1)听觉IOR的理论模型:双过程模型和反应抑制理论;(2)听觉IOR的主要影响因素:空间关联、中央重新定向、刺激-反应计划方式和任务难度;其次,结合当前空间关联和中央重新定向两个影响因素的研究现状和存在问题,分别进行了两组实证研究。
研究一:探讨中央重新定向对听觉IOR的影响。已往研究中,中央重新定向的研究主要限于视觉通道和跨视听通道领域,但在听觉通道研究中,还没有相关的研究结论。因此,通过研究一考察在听觉通道研究中,听觉中央重新定向是否是听觉IOR产生的关键因素?以Prime等(2006)在视觉通道中的研究为依据,探讨在检测和定位任务中,听觉中央重新定向对听觉IOR效应量的大小有无影响?影响方式是否与视觉通道的研究结果相同?为解决这些问题,研究一采用线索-靶子范式共设计两个实验(实验1和实验2)。结果表明:(1)两个实验结果一致揭示,在听觉通道研究中,听觉中央重新定向不是听觉IOR产生的关键因素。听觉中央重新定向不存在时,也发现了听觉IOR;(2)听觉中央重新定向对听觉IOR效应量的大小没有显著影响,该结果支持了在视觉通道中的相关研究结论。即当要求被试检测或定位靶子时,听觉IOR效应量的大小不受这一因素的影响,该因素的作用就是从线索化位置重新定向听觉注意以确保空间注意易化效应不弱化听觉IOR效应。
研究二:探讨空间关联对听觉IOR的影响。已往研究中,空间关联是通过不同任务类型来实现的,这种操作与刺激-反应计划方式和任务难度两个因素之间存在一定混淆:混淆一是检测任务和定位任务之间的差异可能是由于不同刺激-反应计划方式所致。检测任务属于一种间接的、任意的刺激-反应计划方式,而定位任务则属于一种直接的、自然的刺激-反应计划方式;混淆二是两种任务的难易程度不同。检测任务测量的反应时包含检测和反应过程,而定位任务在此之外还包括选择过程。从任务难度而言,定位反应选择任务的反应时大于检测任务的反应时。为解决这两个混淆,研究二采用线索-靶子范式共设计两个实验(实验1和实验2)。结果表明:(1)两个实验结果一致发现,空间关联不是听觉IOR产生的必要条件。听觉IOR并不依赖于空间关联;(2)实验1的结果发现,刺激-反应计划方式对听觉定位任务中的听觉IOR有显著影响,直接的刺激-反应计划方式比间接的刺激-反应计划方式更易增大听觉IOR效应量。这一结果进一步说明了空间关联不是听觉IOR产生的必要条件,也较好地验证了在视觉IOR研究中的结论。即在听觉IOR研究中,通过变化刺激-反应计划方式,不但可以延迟听觉IOR出现的时间,而且不同的刺激-反应计划方式可以决定运动偏向的结果,较好地说明了听觉空间注意中相关反应加工的作用;(3)实验2的结果发现,任务难度对听觉IOR没有显著影响。这一结果也进一步证明了空间关联不是听觉IOR产生的必要条件。
Inhibition of return(IOR) is a phenomenon that is found in the field of exogenous spatial selective attention. Since Inhibition of return is discovered, the researchers took more than two decades to probe into it and also a great deal of investigations. The effect has become observed through the vision channel processing, while after has been observed through the auditory channel processing and the cross-channel processing. This paper takes auditory IOR as the subject. Firstly, it mainly summarizes the researches on auditory IOR in the following two aspects: (1) theoretical model of auditory IOR: dual-process model and response inhibition account; (2) the main influential factors of auditory IOR: spatial relevancy, central reorienting, stimulus-response mapping and task difficulty. Secondly, two sets of experiments would be done according to the researches on the two factors, namely spatial relevancy and central reorienting, and the problems occur in these researches.
Study one: discussion about the influence of central reorienting on auditory IOR. The past researches on the central reorienting were limited to the field of vision channel and cross-channel of vision and auditory, while in the field of auditory channel study, there are no relative published results. Therefore, a question would rise in the investigation of auditory channel in study one. Is the central reorienting the crucial factor of the production of auditory IOR? According to Prime’s (2006) study about the vision channel, during detection task and localization task, does auditory central reorienting have influence on the amount of auditory IOR effect? Is the way of this influence the same as the result in the study of vision channel? To answer these questions, two experiments using cue-target are designed in study one (experiment 1 and experiment 2). The results of study one indicate: (1) the results of experiment 1 and experiment 2 show the same points that in the study of auditory channel, auditory reorienting is not the crucial factor in the production of auditory IOR. When the central reorienting does not exist, auditory IOR can also be found; (2) auditory central reorienting has no significant influence on the amount of auditory IOR effect. This result also supports the relative conclusion in the study of vision channel. That is, when testee are asked to detect and locate the target, the amount of auditory IOR effect is not affected by central reorienting factor, whose function is to reorient auditory attention from cued location to make sure that the facilitatory effect in auditory spatial attention would not weaken the effect of auditory IOR.
Study two: centered on the influence of spatial relevancy on auditoty IOR. In the past researches, spatial relevancy is realized through different task types. There exists a certain confusion between this way of realization and the two factors, namely stimulus-response mapping and task difficulty. The first confusion is the discrepancy existed between detection task and localization task which is probably caused by different ways of stimulus-response mapping. Detection task belongs to an indirect and random way of stimulus-response mapping, while localization task belongs to a direct and natural way of stimulus-response mapping; The Second confusion lies in the different degree of task difficulty. In detection task, two processes need to be included, detection and response, while apart from the two process, localization task also includes the selection process. In terms of task difficulty, response time in localization task is longer than that of detection task. Therefore, in order to clarify the two confusions, two experiments were done using cue-target (experiment 1 and experiment 2). The results of study two indicate: (1) the results of these two experiments are same, which show that spatial relevancy is not the necessary factor in the production of auditory IOR and auditory IOR is not depended on spatial relevancy; (2) the result of experiment 1 shows that stimulus-response mapping has a significant influence on auditory IOR in the auditory localization task and that the direct stimulus-response mapping is more easily to increase the amount of auditory IOR effect than indirect stimulus-response mapping. This result further proves that spatial relevancy is not a necessary condition to the production of auditory IOR and it also better proves the conclusion in the study of vision IOR. That is, in the research on auditory IOR, through the changing stimulus-response mapping, the rise time of auditory IOR can be put off, and moreover, different stimulus-response mapping can decide the result of the diversion in the movement. This better illustrates the function of relative reaction process in auditory spatial attention; (3) the result of experiment 2 shows that task difficulty has no significant influence on auditory IOR. And this further proves that spatial relevancy is not a necessary condition to the production of auditory IOR.
研究一:探讨中央重新定向对听觉IOR的影响。已往研究中,中央重新定向的研究主要限于视觉通道和跨视听通道领域,但在听觉通道研究中,还没有相关的研究结论。因此,通过研究一考察在听觉通道研究中,听觉中央重新定向是否是听觉IOR产生的关键因素?以Prime等(2006)在视觉通道中的研究为依据,探讨在检测和定位任务中,听觉中央重新定向对听觉IOR效应量的大小有无影响?影响方式是否与视觉通道的研究结果相同?为解决这些问题,研究一采用线索-靶子范式共设计两个实验(实验1和实验2)。结果表明:(1)两个实验结果一致揭示,在听觉通道研究中,听觉中央重新定向不是听觉IOR产生的关键因素。听觉中央重新定向不存在时,也发现了听觉IOR;(2)听觉中央重新定向对听觉IOR效应量的大小没有显著影响,该结果支持了在视觉通道中的相关研究结论。即当要求被试检测或定位靶子时,听觉IOR效应量的大小不受这一因素的影响,该因素的作用就是从线索化位置重新定向听觉注意以确保空间注意易化效应不弱化听觉IOR效应。
研究二:探讨空间关联对听觉IOR的影响。已往研究中,空间关联是通过不同任务类型来实现的,这种操作与刺激-反应计划方式和任务难度两个因素之间存在一定混淆:混淆一是检测任务和定位任务之间的差异可能是由于不同刺激-反应计划方式所致。检测任务属于一种间接的、任意的刺激-反应计划方式,而定位任务则属于一种直接的、自然的刺激-反应计划方式;混淆二是两种任务的难易程度不同。检测任务测量的反应时包含检测和反应过程,而定位任务在此之外还包括选择过程。从任务难度而言,定位反应选择任务的反应时大于检测任务的反应时。为解决这两个混淆,研究二采用线索-靶子范式共设计两个实验(实验1和实验2)。结果表明:(1)两个实验结果一致发现,空间关联不是听觉IOR产生的必要条件。听觉IOR并不依赖于空间关联;(2)实验1的结果发现,刺激-反应计划方式对听觉定位任务中的听觉IOR有显著影响,直接的刺激-反应计划方式比间接的刺激-反应计划方式更易增大听觉IOR效应量。这一结果进一步说明了空间关联不是听觉IOR产生的必要条件,也较好地验证了在视觉IOR研究中的结论。即在听觉IOR研究中,通过变化刺激-反应计划方式,不但可以延迟听觉IOR出现的时间,而且不同的刺激-反应计划方式可以决定运动偏向的结果,较好地说明了听觉空间注意中相关反应加工的作用;(3)实验2的结果发现,任务难度对听觉IOR没有显著影响。这一结果也进一步证明了空间关联不是听觉IOR产生的必要条件。
Inhibition of return(IOR) is a phenomenon that is found in the field of exogenous spatial selective attention. Since Inhibition of return is discovered, the researchers took more than two decades to probe into it and also a great deal of investigations. The effect has become observed through the vision channel processing, while after has been observed through the auditory channel processing and the cross-channel processing. This paper takes auditory IOR as the subject. Firstly, it mainly summarizes the researches on auditory IOR in the following two aspects: (1) theoretical model of auditory IOR: dual-process model and response inhibition account; (2) the main influential factors of auditory IOR: spatial relevancy, central reorienting, stimulus-response mapping and task difficulty. Secondly, two sets of experiments would be done according to the researches on the two factors, namely spatial relevancy and central reorienting, and the problems occur in these researches.
Study one: discussion about the influence of central reorienting on auditory IOR. The past researches on the central reorienting were limited to the field of vision channel and cross-channel of vision and auditory, while in the field of auditory channel study, there are no relative published results. Therefore, a question would rise in the investigation of auditory channel in study one. Is the central reorienting the crucial factor of the production of auditory IOR? According to Prime’s (2006) study about the vision channel, during detection task and localization task, does auditory central reorienting have influence on the amount of auditory IOR effect? Is the way of this influence the same as the result in the study of vision channel? To answer these questions, two experiments using cue-target are designed in study one (experiment 1 and experiment 2). The results of study one indicate: (1) the results of experiment 1 and experiment 2 show the same points that in the study of auditory channel, auditory reorienting is not the crucial factor in the production of auditory IOR. When the central reorienting does not exist, auditory IOR can also be found; (2) auditory central reorienting has no significant influence on the amount of auditory IOR effect. This result also supports the relative conclusion in the study of vision channel. That is, when testee are asked to detect and locate the target, the amount of auditory IOR effect is not affected by central reorienting factor, whose function is to reorient auditory attention from cued location to make sure that the facilitatory effect in auditory spatial attention would not weaken the effect of auditory IOR.
Study two: centered on the influence of spatial relevancy on auditoty IOR. In the past researches, spatial relevancy is realized through different task types. There exists a certain confusion between this way of realization and the two factors, namely stimulus-response mapping and task difficulty. The first confusion is the discrepancy existed between detection task and localization task which is probably caused by different ways of stimulus-response mapping. Detection task belongs to an indirect and random way of stimulus-response mapping, while localization task belongs to a direct and natural way of stimulus-response mapping; The Second confusion lies in the different degree of task difficulty. In detection task, two processes need to be included, detection and response, while apart from the two process, localization task also includes the selection process. In terms of task difficulty, response time in localization task is longer than that of detection task. Therefore, in order to clarify the two confusions, two experiments were done using cue-target (experiment 1 and experiment 2). The results of study two indicate: (1) the results of these two experiments are same, which show that spatial relevancy is not the necessary factor in the production of auditory IOR and auditory IOR is not depended on spatial relevancy; (2) the result of experiment 1 shows that stimulus-response mapping has a significant influence on auditory IOR in the auditory localization task and that the direct stimulus-response mapping is more easily to increase the amount of auditory IOR effect than indirect stimulus-response mapping. This result further proves that spatial relevancy is not a necessary condition to the production of auditory IOR and it also better proves the conclusion in the study of vision IOR. That is, in the research on auditory IOR, through the changing stimulus-response mapping, the rise time of auditory IOR can be put off, and moreover, different stimulus-response mapping can decide the result of the diversion in the movement. This better illustrates the function of relative reaction process in auditory spatial attention; (3) the result of experiment 2 shows that task difficulty has no significant influence on auditory IOR. And this further proves that spatial relevancy is not a necessary condition to the production of auditory IOR.
引文
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[2]刘登堂,王彦,徐一峰.精神分裂症返回抑制的研究进展[J].上海精神医学, 2005, 17(3): 171-174.
[3]李晓轩,王玉改.注意中的返回抑制[J].心理学动态, 1999, 7(3): 7-12.
[4] Jonides J. Voluntary versus automatic control over the mind’s eye’s movement[C]. In: Long J, Baddeley A, Eds. Attention and performance IX, Hillsdale. NJ: Erlbaum, 1981. 187-203.
[5] Tassinari G, Berlucchi G. Covert orienting to non-informative cues: reaction time studies[J]. Behavioral brain research, 1995, 71: 101-112.
[6] Schmidt W C.‘Inhibition of return’without visual input[J]. Neurpsychologia, 1996, 34(10): 943-952.
[7] Reuter-Lorenz P A, Rosenquist J N. Auditory cues and inhibition of return: the importance of oculomotor activation[J]. Experimental brain research, 1996(112): 119-126.
[8] Spence C, Driver J. Inhibition of return following an auditory cue: The role of central reorienting events[J]. Experimental brain research, 1998a, 118: 352-360.
[9] Spence C, Driver J. Auditory and audiovisual inhibition of return[J]. Perception and psychophysics, 1998b, 60(1): 125-139.
[10] Prime D J, Ward L M. Auditory frequency-based inhibition differs from spatial IOR[J]. Perception and psychophysics, 2002, 64(5): 771-784.
[11] Roggeveen A B, Prime D J, Ward L M. Inhibition of return and response within and between modalities[J]. Experimental brain research, 2005, 147(1): 86-94.
[12] Tassinari D, Campara D, Benedetti C, et al. The contribution of general and specific motor inhibitory sets to the so-called auditory inhibition of return[J]. Experimental brain research, 2002(146): 523-530.
[13]张明,刘宁.视觉返回抑制的实验范式[J].心理科学进展, 2007, 15(3): 385-393.
[14] Qi Chen, Ming Zhang, Xiaolin Zhou. Interaction between location- and frequency-based inhibition of return in human auditory system[J]. Experimental brain research, 2007, 176(2): 630-640.
[15] Monder T A. Predictability of the cue-target relation and the time-course of auditory inhibition of return[J]. Perception and psychophysics, 1999a, 61(8): 1501-1509.
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