基于NCG的变换域数字视频水印技术研究
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摘要
数字水印技术是知识产权保护和安全隐秘通信的重要手段之一。视频水印是数字水印技术的重要分支,具有不同于其他载体类型水印的特点。由于数字视频在多媒体产品中占有较大的比重,且相对于数字图像水印等研究较少,数字视频水印的研究具有较强的理论和应用价值。
NCG(Normed Centre of Gravity)是由德国学者Dima Pr(?)frock提出的,它类似于一个块的质心。但是,它独立于块的边界,与像素的位置无关。图像的纹理复杂度可以通过NCG的强度进行反映。本文根据视频每帧图像本身的特征,利用NCG选取特定的帧嵌入水印,以提高视频水印的透明性和鲁棒性。
本文在介绍视频水印技术的发展现状及主要技术方法基础上,以常见的视频文件AVI为嵌入载体,提出了两种变换域的数字视频盲水印方案。论文的主要工作如下:
1、提出了一种基于DCT和NCG的数字视频水印算法。它通过计算视频图像的NCG选定具有复杂纹理特性的视频帧,然后在选定的视频帧中,利用DCT分块变换来嵌入水印信息。该算法的优点是能抵挡剪裁、有损压缩、滤波、帧删除、帧重组等多种针对视频水印的特有攻击。
2、利用数字图像的奇异值分解(SVD)的稳定性,提出了一种基于NCG和SVD的数字视频水印算法。它利用NCG的统计特性选取具有复杂纹理特征的视频帧,并利用SVD分解在DCT系数中有选择性地嵌入水印,能实现盲检测,同时鲁棒性好。
上述算法在MATLAB环境下进行了仿真实验和分析。实验结果表明:算法可应用于数字视频产品的版权保护中,也可以应用在以数字视频作载体的隐蔽通信中。
Digital watermarking technology is one of the important measures to protect the intellectual property protection and keep safe and secret communications.As an important branch of digital watermarking technology,video watermarking has different features as compared with other types of watermarking technologies. Since digital video is of large proportion in the multimedia products,and the research on video watermarking is relatively less,the research on digital video watermarking is of therorial significance and practical value.
NCG(Normed Centre of Gravity)was proposed by a German scholar,i.e,Dima Profrock,which is similar to the gravity centre of one block.However,it is independent from the block borders,and every gray-value of the pixel has the same influence to the NCG..The texture complexity of an image can be reflected by the strength of NCG.This thesis utilizes NCG to select some frames to embed watermark information so as to improve the transparency and robustness of watermarking.
After analyzing the current status of video watermarking,this thesis reseaches on NCG based digital video watermarking in transform domain.It utilizes the common AVI video as watermark carrier.The main work of this thesis is summarized as follows:
First,a video watermarking algorithm based on DCT and NCG is proposed. After caculating NCG in the video images,the video frame with complex texture features has been selected,into which the watermarking information is embedded with the changes of the DCT blocks.The advantage of this algorithm is to resist the attacks targeted at video watermarking from cutting,lossy compression, filtering and so on.
Second,a NCG and SVD based video watermarking algorithm is proposed. By utilizing the features of NCG,the video frame with complex texture features has been selected,into which the watermarking information is embedded by decomposition of SVD in the DCT coefficients.This algorithm can realize the blind detection and achieve excellent robustness.
The above algorithms have been experimented with MATLAB.The experimental results demonstrate that these algorithms can be applied in copyright protection and information concealment,and can serve as effective measures to protect the intellectual property rights of digital video products.
NCG(Normed Centre of Gravity)是由德国学者Dima Pr(?)frock提出的,它类似于一个块的质心。但是,它独立于块的边界,与像素的位置无关。图像的纹理复杂度可以通过NCG的强度进行反映。本文根据视频每帧图像本身的特征,利用NCG选取特定的帧嵌入水印,以提高视频水印的透明性和鲁棒性。
本文在介绍视频水印技术的发展现状及主要技术方法基础上,以常见的视频文件AVI为嵌入载体,提出了两种变换域的数字视频盲水印方案。论文的主要工作如下:
1、提出了一种基于DCT和NCG的数字视频水印算法。它通过计算视频图像的NCG选定具有复杂纹理特性的视频帧,然后在选定的视频帧中,利用DCT分块变换来嵌入水印信息。该算法的优点是能抵挡剪裁、有损压缩、滤波、帧删除、帧重组等多种针对视频水印的特有攻击。
2、利用数字图像的奇异值分解(SVD)的稳定性,提出了一种基于NCG和SVD的数字视频水印算法。它利用NCG的统计特性选取具有复杂纹理特征的视频帧,并利用SVD分解在DCT系数中有选择性地嵌入水印,能实现盲检测,同时鲁棒性好。
上述算法在MATLAB环境下进行了仿真实验和分析。实验结果表明:算法可应用于数字视频产品的版权保护中,也可以应用在以数字视频作载体的隐蔽通信中。
Digital watermarking technology is one of the important measures to protect the intellectual property protection and keep safe and secret communications.As an important branch of digital watermarking technology,video watermarking has different features as compared with other types of watermarking technologies. Since digital video is of large proportion in the multimedia products,and the research on video watermarking is relatively less,the research on digital video watermarking is of therorial significance and practical value.
NCG(Normed Centre of Gravity)was proposed by a German scholar,i.e,Dima Profrock,which is similar to the gravity centre of one block.However,it is independent from the block borders,and every gray-value of the pixel has the same influence to the NCG..The texture complexity of an image can be reflected by the strength of NCG.This thesis utilizes NCG to select some frames to embed watermark information so as to improve the transparency and robustness of watermarking.
After analyzing the current status of video watermarking,this thesis reseaches on NCG based digital video watermarking in transform domain.It utilizes the common AVI video as watermark carrier.The main work of this thesis is summarized as follows:
First,a video watermarking algorithm based on DCT and NCG is proposed. After caculating NCG in the video images,the video frame with complex texture features has been selected,into which the watermarking information is embedded with the changes of the DCT blocks.The advantage of this algorithm is to resist the attacks targeted at video watermarking from cutting,lossy compression, filtering and so on.
Second,a NCG and SVD based video watermarking algorithm is proposed. By utilizing the features of NCG,the video frame with complex texture features has been selected,into which the watermarking information is embedded by decomposition of SVD in the DCT coefficients.This algorithm can realize the blind detection and achieve excellent robustness.
The above algorithms have been experimented with MATLAB.The experimental results demonstrate that these algorithms can be applied in copyright protection and information concealment,and can serve as effective measures to protect the intellectual property rights of digital video products.
引文
[1]王炳锡,陈琦,邓峰森.数字水印技术[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2003.2
[2]Cox I.J,Miller M.L.The first 50years of electronic watermarking.EURASIP Journal of Applied Signal Processing,2002,2:125-132
[3]Van Schyndel.R.G,Tirkel A.Z,Osborne C.F.Digital Watermark.In:Proceedings of 1~(st)IEEE International Image Processing Conference.Austin:IEEE,1994,5(12).86-90
[4]Bender W,Gruhl D,Morimoto N.Techniques for data hiding.IBM Systems Journal,1996,35(3&4):313-336
[5]I.J.Cox,J.Kilian,F.T.Leighton,etal.Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Multimedia.IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,1997,6(12):1673-1687
[6]Podolchuk C I,Zeng W J.Image-Adaptive Watermarking Using Visual Models.IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,1998,16(4):525-539
[7]Barni M,Bartolini F,Cappellini V,etal.DCT-domain system for robust image watermarking.Signal Processing,1998,66:357-372
[8]C J Hsu,J L Wu.Hidden Signature in images.IEEE Trans on Image Processing,1999,8(1):59-68
[9]D Kundur,D Hatzinakos.Digital watermark using multiesolution wavelet decomposition[A].IEEE Intenational Conference on Acoustics,Speech and Signal Processing[C].Seattle,Washington,1998,2969-2972.
[10]Xia X.G,Boncelet C.G.,Arec G.BR.A multiesolution watermark for digital images.In:Proceedings of ICIP'97,IEEE International Conference on Image Processing.Santa Barbara:IEEE,1997,548-551
[11]O Raunaidh.J.J.K,Dowling.W.J,Boland.F.M.Phase watermarking of images.In:Proceeding of IEEE int.Conf.on Image Processing.Lausanne:IEEE,1996,239-242
[12]Kutter M,Bhatta charjee S K,Ebrhimi T.Towards second generation watermaring schemes[A].In:Proceedings of International Conference on Image Processing'99[C],Kobe,Japan,1999,320-323
[13]I J Cox,M L Miller.The First 50 Years of Electronic Watermarking [J].EURASIP Journal of Applied Signal Processing,2002,2:126-132
[14]叶登攀.图像认证及视频数字水印的若干算法研究,南京理工大学学报, 2006,12(1):1-63
[15]石培新,王颖.数字水印技术及其应用与发展.微型机与应用,2004,5:58-60
[16]张登银,邓兰兰.信息隐藏技术及其应用研究.信息安全与通信保密,2004,4:46-48
[17]张小洪,虞科敏,李炳法,姚远,周笑庭.数字作品版权保护协议及其应用.计算机应用研究,2004,2:24-27
[18]Hartung F,Girod B.Watermarking of uncompressed and compressed video[J].Signal Processing,Special Issue on Copyright Protection and Access Control for Multimedia Services,1998,66(3):283-301
[19]Lancini R,Mapelli F,Tubaro S.A robust video watermarking technique in the spatial domain[A].In:Proceedings of International Symposium on Video/Image Processing and Multimedia Communications,Zadar,2002.251-256
[20]Shan A,Salari E.Real-time digital video watermarking[A].In:Proceedings of International Conference on Consumer Electronics 2002,Los Angeles,2002,12-13
[21]Shen K T,Chen L W.A new digital watermarking technique for video[A].In:Recent Advances in Visual Information Systems:5th International Conference,Hsin Chu,2002,269-275
[22]Deguillarme F,Csurka G,Ruanaidh J O,etal.Robust 3D-DFT video watermarking[A].In:Proceedings of SPIE Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents,San Jose:1999,113-124
[23]Swanson M D,Zhu B,etal.Multiresolution scene-based video watermarking using perceptual models[J].IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,1998,16(4):540-550
[24]Piva A,Caldelli R,Rosa A D.A DWT-based object watermarking system for MPEG-4 video streams[A].In:2000 International Conference on Image Processing.Vancouver,BC,Canada,2000,5-8
[25]Liu H M,Chen N,Huang X L,etal.A robust DWT-based video watermarking algorithm[A].In:IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems.Scottsdale,Arizona,2002,631-634
[26]Hartung F,Girod B.Digital watermarking of MPEG-2 coded video in the bitstream domain[A].In:IEEE International Conference on Acoustic,Speech,and Signal Processing,Munich,Germany,1997,2621-2624
[27]Simitopoulos D,Tsaftaris S A,Boulgouris N V,etal.Compressed-domain video watermarking of MPEG streams[A].In:2002 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo.Lausanne,Switzerland,2002,569-572
[28]Kutter M,Jordan F,Ebrahimi T.Proposal of a watermarking technique for hidingPretrieving data in compressed and decompressed video[R].Technical report M228.ISO/IEC Document,J TCI/SC29/WG11,Stockholm:MPEG-4Meeting,1997
[29]Zhang J,Li J G,Zhang L.Video watermarking technique in motion vector[A].ⅪⅤ Brazilian Symposium on Computer Graphics and Image Processing,Florianopolis,Brazil,2001,179-182
[30]Zhu Zhongjie,Jiang Gangyi,Yu Mei,etal.Algorithm for video watermarking based on motion vectors[J].Journal of Circuits and Systems,2002,7(3):58-61(in Chinese)
[31]Hartung F,Eisert P,Girod B.Digital watermarking of MPEG-4 facial animation parameters[J].Computer & Graphics,1998,22(3):425-435
[32]Lu C S,Chen J R,Liao Mark H Y,etal.Real-time MPEG-2 video watermarking in the VLC domain[A].In:Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Pattern Recognition,Quebec,Canada,2002,552-555
[33]黄继武,SHI Yun Q,姚若河.DCT域图像水印:嵌入对策和算法.电子学报.2000,28(4):57-60
[34]Profrock,H,Schlauweg M,Muller E.A New Uncompressed-Domain Video Watermarking Approach Robust to H.264/AVC Compression,in Proc.of Signal Processing Pattern recognition and Applications(SPPRA),Innsbruck,Austria,2006,99-104
[35]Dima Profrock,Mathias Schlauweg,Erika Muller.Video Watermarking by Using Geometric Warping Without Visible Artifacts,In Proc.of the 8th Information Hiding,Alexandria,USA,2006,99-104
[36]Chen B,Wornell G.W.Quantization index modulation methods for digital watermarking and information embedding of multimedia,Journal of VLSI Signal Processing,2003,27:7-33
[37]谢天保,雷西玲,刘昕.基于YUV颜色空间彩色图象水印技术的研究.微电子学与计算机,2001,6:49-51
[38]李绍华,林克正,李东勤.基于水印的视频质量评价研究.信息技术.2006,10:33-35
[39]黄松,韦鹏程,张伟,杨华千.基于SVD的图像数字水印算法研究.计算机工程 与设计.2006,27(9):3117-3119
[40]Liu R,Tan T.SVD-based watermarking scheme for protecting rightful ownership[J].IEEE Trans on Multimedia,2002,4(1):121-128
[41]李斌,王新伟.关于SVD图像水印算法的分析和改进,华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,1(1):101-106
[42]王飞,林家骏.一种改进的基于奇异值分解的水印算法,信息科技,2007,1(1):1-2
[43]肖俊,王颖.基于块奇异值分解的水印算法研究,中国科学院研究生院学报,2006,5(23):370-376
[44]朱信忠,徐慧英,赵建民.一种基于改进型奇异值分解的数字水印算法及实现,计算机应用研究,2006,12:60-64
[2]Cox I.J,Miller M.L.The first 50years of electronic watermarking.EURASIP Journal of Applied Signal Processing,2002,2:125-132
[3]Van Schyndel.R.G,Tirkel A.Z,Osborne C.F.Digital Watermark.In:Proceedings of 1~(st)IEEE International Image Processing Conference.Austin:IEEE,1994,5(12).86-90
[4]Bender W,Gruhl D,Morimoto N.Techniques for data hiding.IBM Systems Journal,1996,35(3&4):313-336
[5]I.J.Cox,J.Kilian,F.T.Leighton,etal.Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Multimedia.IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,1997,6(12):1673-1687
[6]Podolchuk C I,Zeng W J.Image-Adaptive Watermarking Using Visual Models.IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,1998,16(4):525-539
[7]Barni M,Bartolini F,Cappellini V,etal.DCT-domain system for robust image watermarking.Signal Processing,1998,66:357-372
[8]C J Hsu,J L Wu.Hidden Signature in images.IEEE Trans on Image Processing,1999,8(1):59-68
[9]D Kundur,D Hatzinakos.Digital watermark using multiesolution wavelet decomposition[A].IEEE Intenational Conference on Acoustics,Speech and Signal Processing[C].Seattle,Washington,1998,2969-2972.
[10]Xia X.G,Boncelet C.G.,Arec G.BR.A multiesolution watermark for digital images.In:Proceedings of ICIP'97,IEEE International Conference on Image Processing.Santa Barbara:IEEE,1997,548-551
[11]O Raunaidh.J.J.K,Dowling.W.J,Boland.F.M.Phase watermarking of images.In:Proceeding of IEEE int.Conf.on Image Processing.Lausanne:IEEE,1996,239-242
[12]Kutter M,Bhatta charjee S K,Ebrhimi T.Towards second generation watermaring schemes[A].In:Proceedings of International Conference on Image Processing'99[C],Kobe,Japan,1999,320-323
[13]I J Cox,M L Miller.The First 50 Years of Electronic Watermarking [J].EURASIP Journal of Applied Signal Processing,2002,2:126-132
[14]叶登攀.图像认证及视频数字水印的若干算法研究,南京理工大学学报, 2006,12(1):1-63
[15]石培新,王颖.数字水印技术及其应用与发展.微型机与应用,2004,5:58-60
[16]张登银,邓兰兰.信息隐藏技术及其应用研究.信息安全与通信保密,2004,4:46-48
[17]张小洪,虞科敏,李炳法,姚远,周笑庭.数字作品版权保护协议及其应用.计算机应用研究,2004,2:24-27
[18]Hartung F,Girod B.Watermarking of uncompressed and compressed video[J].Signal Processing,Special Issue on Copyright Protection and Access Control for Multimedia Services,1998,66(3):283-301
[19]Lancini R,Mapelli F,Tubaro S.A robust video watermarking technique in the spatial domain[A].In:Proceedings of International Symposium on Video/Image Processing and Multimedia Communications,Zadar,2002.251-256
[20]Shan A,Salari E.Real-time digital video watermarking[A].In:Proceedings of International Conference on Consumer Electronics 2002,Los Angeles,2002,12-13
[21]Shen K T,Chen L W.A new digital watermarking technique for video[A].In:Recent Advances in Visual Information Systems:5th International Conference,Hsin Chu,2002,269-275
[22]Deguillarme F,Csurka G,Ruanaidh J O,etal.Robust 3D-DFT video watermarking[A].In:Proceedings of SPIE Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents,San Jose:1999,113-124
[23]Swanson M D,Zhu B,etal.Multiresolution scene-based video watermarking using perceptual models[J].IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,1998,16(4):540-550
[24]Piva A,Caldelli R,Rosa A D.A DWT-based object watermarking system for MPEG-4 video streams[A].In:2000 International Conference on Image Processing.Vancouver,BC,Canada,2000,5-8
[25]Liu H M,Chen N,Huang X L,etal.A robust DWT-based video watermarking algorithm[A].In:IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems.Scottsdale,Arizona,2002,631-634
[26]Hartung F,Girod B.Digital watermarking of MPEG-2 coded video in the bitstream domain[A].In:IEEE International Conference on Acoustic,Speech,and Signal Processing,Munich,Germany,1997,2621-2624
[27]Simitopoulos D,Tsaftaris S A,Boulgouris N V,etal.Compressed-domain video watermarking of MPEG streams[A].In:2002 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo.Lausanne,Switzerland,2002,569-572
[28]Kutter M,Jordan F,Ebrahimi T.Proposal of a watermarking technique for hidingPretrieving data in compressed and decompressed video[R].Technical report M228.ISO/IEC Document,J TCI/SC29/WG11,Stockholm:MPEG-4Meeting,1997
[29]Zhang J,Li J G,Zhang L.Video watermarking technique in motion vector[A].ⅪⅤ Brazilian Symposium on Computer Graphics and Image Processing,Florianopolis,Brazil,2001,179-182
[30]Zhu Zhongjie,Jiang Gangyi,Yu Mei,etal.Algorithm for video watermarking based on motion vectors[J].Journal of Circuits and Systems,2002,7(3):58-61(in Chinese)
[31]Hartung F,Eisert P,Girod B.Digital watermarking of MPEG-4 facial animation parameters[J].Computer & Graphics,1998,22(3):425-435
[32]Lu C S,Chen J R,Liao Mark H Y,etal.Real-time MPEG-2 video watermarking in the VLC domain[A].In:Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Pattern Recognition,Quebec,Canada,2002,552-555
[33]黄继武,SHI Yun Q,姚若河.DCT域图像水印:嵌入对策和算法.电子学报.2000,28(4):57-60
[34]Profrock,H,Schlauweg M,Muller E.A New Uncompressed-Domain Video Watermarking Approach Robust to H.264/AVC Compression,in Proc.of Signal Processing Pattern recognition and Applications(SPPRA),Innsbruck,Austria,2006,99-104
[35]Dima Profrock,Mathias Schlauweg,Erika Muller.Video Watermarking by Using Geometric Warping Without Visible Artifacts,In Proc.of the 8th Information Hiding,Alexandria,USA,2006,99-104
[36]Chen B,Wornell G.W.Quantization index modulation methods for digital watermarking and information embedding of multimedia,Journal of VLSI Signal Processing,2003,27:7-33
[37]谢天保,雷西玲,刘昕.基于YUV颜色空间彩色图象水印技术的研究.微电子学与计算机,2001,6:49-51
[38]李绍华,林克正,李东勤.基于水印的视频质量评价研究.信息技术.2006,10:33-35
[39]黄松,韦鹏程,张伟,杨华千.基于SVD的图像数字水印算法研究.计算机工程 与设计.2006,27(9):3117-3119
[40]Liu R,Tan T.SVD-based watermarking scheme for protecting rightful ownership[J].IEEE Trans on Multimedia,2002,4(1):121-128
[41]李斌,王新伟.关于SVD图像水印算法的分析和改进,华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,1(1):101-106
[42]王飞,林家骏.一种改进的基于奇异值分解的水印算法,信息科技,2007,1(1):1-2
[43]肖俊,王颖.基于块奇异值分解的水印算法研究,中国科学院研究生院学报,2006,5(23):370-376
[44]朱信忠,徐慧英,赵建民.一种基于改进型奇异值分解的数字水印算法及实现,计算机应用研究,2006,12:60-64