我国高水平网球运动员四种发球动作的生物力学研究
|
摘要
研究目的：我们尝试运用VICON运动捕捉系统,对网球运动员四种发球动作的运动学和动力学特征进行分析,并辅以身体主要肌肉的肌电特征分析,可以研究不同发球动作与肩部负荷之间的关系,这对运动员伤病预防和康复具有较大的现实和理论意义。
研究方法：本论文选取北京体育大学网球队十名运动员作为研究对象,通过VICON运动捕捉系统和肌电测试设备,测试运动员一发并腿、二发并腿、一发分腿和二发分腿四种动作,应用VICON IQ分析软件和MAGAWIN肌电分析软件得出运动学、动力学和肌电参数。
研究结果：从运动学数据来看,一发(FS)和二发(SS)对比,一发的肩髋垂直夹角(LFA)、肩部旋转角(SAR)大于二发,一发的左、右膝屈伸角(KJFE)、肩部侧倾角(SALFA)小于二发。分腿(FB)和并腿(FU)对比,分腿的肩髋垂直夹角(LFA)大于并腿,分腿的左、右膝屈伸角(KJFE)、肩部侧倾角(SALFA)、肩部旋转角(SAR)均小于并腿。从肩部受力数据来看,一发最大肩部负荷(SL)大于二发。对于一发来说,并腿时最大肩部负荷(SL)要小于分腿。从肩部力矩(ST)数据来看一发的最大肩部力矩要大于二发,分腿的最大肩部力矩要大于并腿的力矩。上肢肌肉中,并腿一发和分腿二发的三角肌积分肌电值(iEMG)最大,而分腿一发和并腿二发是胸大肌积分肌电值最大,其他次序基本都一致。下肢肌肉的积分肌电值基本一致。
研究结论：
1、一发与二发相比,具有较大的肩髋垂直角、肩部旋转角,而双膝屈曲角及肩部前倾角和侧倾角则明显减小,它会产生更大的负荷和压力；二发时的最大肩关节力矩较一发时大,其中,分腿二发时,关节负荷最小,且关节力矩最大,因此可认为是一种较为经济的发球方式。
2.两种站位方式的最大肩髋垂直夹角出现的时刻有所不同,并腿的肩部前倾角和侧倾角都大,同时有较大的双膝屈曲角；分腿发球站位方式较并腿发球站位方式有较大的肩关节力矩。
3.上肢肌肉中,并腿一发和分腿二发的三角肌积分肌电值最大,而分腿一发和并腿二发是胸大肌积分肌电值最大,其他次序基本都一致；下肢肌肉的积分肌电值基本一致。
4.在四种不同的网球发球方式中,肩部肌肉的激活顺序是相同的：三角肌→肱二头肌→斜方肌→肱桡肌→腹外斜肌→胸大肌→腹直肌→背阔肌。
Purpose:We use VICON motion capture system to know the relation between different serve type through analyzing the kinematic and kinetic data of different serve together with EMG information, it will contribute to the theory and reality for the injury prevention and rehabilitation.
Method:We choose ten tennis professional players from Beijing Sports University to test first serve with FB, second serve with FB, first serve with FU and second serve with FU using VICON motion capture system and EMG device, in order to calculate the kinematic, kinetic data and EMG information.
Result:From the kinematic data, we can see that the lateral flexion separation angle (LFA), lateral alignment rotation (LAR) of first serve is higher than that of second serve, however left and right knee joint flexion-extension (KJFE) and shoulder alignment lateral flexion angle (SALFA) is lower than that of second serve, Separation angle (SA) is not different.Compared with FB and FU, lateral flexion separation angle of FB is higher than that of FU, left and right knee joint flexion-extension, lateral alignment rotation and shoulder alignment lateral flexion angle is lower than that of FU. From the kinetic data, we find that maximum shoulder torque(ST) of first serve is higher than that of second serve, maximum shoulder torque of FB is higher than that of FU no matter if first or second serve. Regarding the EMG information, the EMG volume of deltoid about first serve with FU and second serve with FB is highest.But the EMG Volume of pectoralis about the first serve with FB and second serve with FU is highest. Their order is same. The EMG volume of low limb is same too.
Conclusion:
1. we can see that the lateral flexion separation angle, lateral alignment rotation of first serve is higher than that of second serve, however left and right knee joint flexion-extension and shoulder alignment lateral flexion angle is lower than that of second serve, we think that first serve can produce more loading, maximum shoulder torque of second serve is higher that of first serve, second serve with FU is considered as a economic serve type because its joint loading is most lower and its torque is highest.
2. Maximum lateral flexion separation angle of FB and FU is different with their occurrence time. Compared with FB and FU, left and right knee joint flexion-extension, lateral alignment rotation and shoulder alignment lateral flexion angle of FB is higher than that of FU. The shoulder torque of FU is higher than that of FB.
3. Regarding EMG information, EMG volume of deltoid about first serve with FU and second serve with FB is highest. But EMG volume of pectoralis about first serve with FB and second serve with FU is highest, their order is same. EMG volume of low limb is same too.
4. The activation time of shoulder muscle in four types of serve is same as:deltoid, brachilis, trapizius, brachioradialis, obliquus externus abdominis, ectopectoralis, rectus abdominis, latissimus dorsi.
研究方法：本论文选取北京体育大学网球队十名运动员作为研究对象,通过VICON运动捕捉系统和肌电测试设备,测试运动员一发并腿、二发并腿、一发分腿和二发分腿四种动作,应用VICON IQ分析软件和MAGAWIN肌电分析软件得出运动学、动力学和肌电参数。
研究结果：从运动学数据来看,一发(FS)和二发(SS)对比,一发的肩髋垂直夹角(LFA)、肩部旋转角(SAR)大于二发,一发的左、右膝屈伸角(KJFE)、肩部侧倾角(SALFA)小于二发。分腿(FB)和并腿(FU)对比,分腿的肩髋垂直夹角(LFA)大于并腿,分腿的左、右膝屈伸角(KJFE)、肩部侧倾角(SALFA)、肩部旋转角(SAR)均小于并腿。从肩部受力数据来看,一发最大肩部负荷(SL)大于二发。对于一发来说,并腿时最大肩部负荷(SL)要小于分腿。从肩部力矩(ST)数据来看一发的最大肩部力矩要大于二发,分腿的最大肩部力矩要大于并腿的力矩。上肢肌肉中,并腿一发和分腿二发的三角肌积分肌电值(iEMG)最大,而分腿一发和并腿二发是胸大肌积分肌电值最大,其他次序基本都一致。下肢肌肉的积分肌电值基本一致。
研究结论：
1、一发与二发相比,具有较大的肩髋垂直角、肩部旋转角,而双膝屈曲角及肩部前倾角和侧倾角则明显减小,它会产生更大的负荷和压力；二发时的最大肩关节力矩较一发时大,其中,分腿二发时,关节负荷最小,且关节力矩最大,因此可认为是一种较为经济的发球方式。
2.两种站位方式的最大肩髋垂直夹角出现的时刻有所不同,并腿的肩部前倾角和侧倾角都大,同时有较大的双膝屈曲角；分腿发球站位方式较并腿发球站位方式有较大的肩关节力矩。
3.上肢肌肉中,并腿一发和分腿二发的三角肌积分肌电值最大,而分腿一发和并腿二发是胸大肌积分肌电值最大,其他次序基本都一致；下肢肌肉的积分肌电值基本一致。
4.在四种不同的网球发球方式中,肩部肌肉的激活顺序是相同的：三角肌→肱二头肌→斜方肌→肱桡肌→腹外斜肌→胸大肌→腹直肌→背阔肌。
Purpose:We use VICON motion capture system to know the relation between different serve type through analyzing the kinematic and kinetic data of different serve together with EMG information, it will contribute to the theory and reality for the injury prevention and rehabilitation.
Method:We choose ten tennis professional players from Beijing Sports University to test first serve with FB, second serve with FB, first serve with FU and second serve with FU using VICON motion capture system and EMG device, in order to calculate the kinematic, kinetic data and EMG information.
Result:From the kinematic data, we can see that the lateral flexion separation angle (LFA), lateral alignment rotation (LAR) of first serve is higher than that of second serve, however left and right knee joint flexion-extension (KJFE) and shoulder alignment lateral flexion angle (SALFA) is lower than that of second serve, Separation angle (SA) is not different.Compared with FB and FU, lateral flexion separation angle of FB is higher than that of FU, left and right knee joint flexion-extension, lateral alignment rotation and shoulder alignment lateral flexion angle is lower than that of FU. From the kinetic data, we find that maximum shoulder torque(ST) of first serve is higher than that of second serve, maximum shoulder torque of FB is higher than that of FU no matter if first or second serve. Regarding the EMG information, the EMG volume of deltoid about first serve with FU and second serve with FB is highest.But the EMG Volume of pectoralis about the first serve with FB and second serve with FU is highest. Their order is same. The EMG volume of low limb is same too.
Conclusion:
1. we can see that the lateral flexion separation angle, lateral alignment rotation of first serve is higher than that of second serve, however left and right knee joint flexion-extension and shoulder alignment lateral flexion angle is lower than that of second serve, we think that first serve can produce more loading, maximum shoulder torque of second serve is higher that of first serve, second serve with FU is considered as a economic serve type because its joint loading is most lower and its torque is highest.
2. Maximum lateral flexion separation angle of FB and FU is different with their occurrence time. Compared with FB and FU, left and right knee joint flexion-extension, lateral alignment rotation and shoulder alignment lateral flexion angle of FB is higher than that of FU. The shoulder torque of FU is higher than that of FB.
3. Regarding EMG information, EMG volume of deltoid about first serve with FU and second serve with FB is highest. But EMG volume of pectoralis about first serve with FB and second serve with FU is highest, their order is same. EMG volume of low limb is same too.
4. The activation time of shoulder muscle in four types of serve is same as:deltoid, brachilis, trapizius, brachioradialis, obliquus externus abdominis, ectopectoralis, rectus abdominis, latissimus dorsi.
引文
[1]ITF. Men's circuit 2008 summary. London:ITF Ltd,2008.
[2]ATP. http://www.atpworldtour.com/tennis/en/players. Florida:ATP,2009.
[3]Roque,J. Epidemiology of shoulder injuries in professional men's tennis. Personnal communication,Jun 2005.
[4]Kibler.W.B. Biomechanical analysis of the shoulder during tennis activities. Clin Sports Med.1995,14(1),79-85.
[5]Elliott,B.,Fleisig,G.,Nicholls,R.,& escamilla,R.Technique effects on upper limb loading in the tennis serve. J.Sci.Med Sport,2003,6(1),76-87.
[6]Winter,D.A. Biomechanic and motor control of human movement. New York:John Wiley&Sons,1990。
[7]Fleisig,G.,Nicholls,R.,Elliott,B.,&Escamilla,R.Kinematics used by world class tennis player to produce high-velocity serves,Sports Biomech,2003,2(1),51-61.
[8]Elliott.B. The serve. ITF coach and sports science review,2001,24,3-5.
[9]赵伟峰MOTION CAPTURE运动捕捉高级教案,北京：北京希望电子出版社,2002.
[10]孙国玉.运动捕捉技术与FilmBox基础教程,北京：北京广播学院出版社,2002.
[11]冯利正.运动捕捉技术在体育中的应用,杭州师范学院学报(医学版),2005,(5)：419-422.
[12]陈健,姚颂平.运动捕捉技术及其在运动技战术诊断中的应用,上海体育学院学报,2006,(7)：66-69.
[13]向坚.基于三维捕获数据的人体运动分析关键技术研究：[博士学位论文],浙江：浙江大学,2007.
[14]Elliott,B.& Alderson,J..Biomechanical performance models. In Biomechanic of Advanced tennis (pp.155-175).London:ITF Ltd,2003.
[15]Elliott,B.,& Wood,G.A.The Biomechanics of the foot-up and foot-back tennis service techniques.Aust J Sport Sci.1983,3(2).3-6.
[16]Karien Gouws. A biokinetic approach to the ptrnention and rehabilitation of shoulder injuries in tennis players. Doctor degree thesis,2005.
[17]Machar Reid. Loading and velocity generation in the high performance tennis serve. Doctor degree thesis,2005
[18]陶志翔.网球运动教程.北京：高等教育出版社,2003：80-82.
[19]林挺,陈琳.关于网球发球动作技术的分析.科技资讯,2008,(8)176-178
[20]高守东,赵武.最新网球发球技术分析与训练研究.安徽师范大学学报：自然科学版,2007,(7)：516-519
[21]林挺,陈琳.关于网球发球动作技术的分析.科技资讯,2008,(8)176-178
[22]Tijana Ivancevic.et at. Biomechanical analysis of shots and ball motion in tennis and the analogy with handball throw. Physi can education and Sports,2008,6(1),51-66.
[23]Morris M,Jobe FW,Peny J,et al. Electromyographic analysis of elbow function in tennis players. Am J Sports Med.1989,17:241-237
[24]Fleisig,G.S.,Barientine,S.W.,Escamilla,R.F.,& Andrews,J.R.Biomechanics of overhand throwing with implications for injuries. Sports Med,1996,21(6),421-437.
[25]Fleisig,G.,Elloitt,B.,& Escamilla,r. Kinematics used by world class tennis players to produce high-velocity serves. Sports Biomech,2003,2 (1),51-54.
[26]Ellenbecker,T.,& Roetert,E,P.Age specific isokinetic glenohumeral internal and external rotation strength in elite junior tennis players. J Sci Med Sport,.2003,6(1),63-70.
[27]Nigg,B.M.,& Segesser,B.The influence of playing surface on the load on the locomotor system and on football and tennis injuries.Sports Med,1988,5(6),375-385.
[28]Hutchinson,M.R.,Laprade,R.F.,Buenett,Q.M.,Moss.R.,& Terpstra,J.Injury survellance at the usta boys' tennis championship:A 6-ys study.Med.Sci Sports Exerc.1995,27(6),826-830.
[29]Winge,S.,Jorgensen,U.,Lassen Nielson,A.Epidemiology of injuries in Danish championship tennis.Int J Sports med.1989,10(5),368-371.
[30]Lehman,R.C.Shoulder pain in the competitive tennis player. Clin Sports Med,1988a 7(2),309-327.
[31]陶权.网球肩袖损伤发生的原因及防治对策.南京体育学院学报(自然科学版),2006,(3)：71-73.
[32]王楷槿.关于网球专业学生运动损伤的调查与分析.教书育人·高校论坛,2007,(21)：94-96.
[33]吴丽君,张学军,郭新明,等.对我国高水平男子网球运动员运动创伤状况的调查分析.体育科学,2002,(5)：119-121.
[34]鲍勤.网球常见的运动损伤及防治.南京体育学院学报(自然科学版),2005,(2)：63-65.
[35]邵玉萍.网球运动所引起的常见伤痛及其预防措施.湖北体育科技,2004,(4)：188-189.
[36]韩奇,王乐华.关于我国现代网球运动损伤研究的状况分析,南京体育学院学报(自然科学版),2008,(6)：97-103.
[37]黄鸿,文质君.网球运动损伤的特征及现场应对能力的调查,湛江师范学院学报,2008,(12)：115-118.
[38]Kibler,W.B.,Chandler,T.J.,Stracener,E.S. Musculoskeletal adaptations and injuries due to overtraining.Exerc Sport Sci Rew,1992,0,99-126.
[39]胡声宇.运动解剖学,北京：人民教育出版社,2000.
[40]Lehman,R.C.. Surface and equipment variables in tennis injuries.Clin Sports Med,1988b,7(2),229-232.
[41]Nirchl,R.P..Elbow tendinosis/tennis elbow. Clin Sports Med,11992,1 (4),851-870.
[42]Ellenbecker,T.S..Rehabilitation of shoulder and elbow injuries in tennis player. Clin Sports Med,1995,14(1),87-110.
[43]Blevins.F.T. Rotator cuff pathology in athlets. Sports Med,1997,24(3),205-220.
[44]Babette,M.P.Tendon injury of the shoulder, Tennis medicine for tennis coach,London:ITF Ltd,2001.
[45]Chow,J.W.,Carlton,L.G.,Lim,Y.T.,Chae,W.S.,Shim,J.H.,Kuenster,A.F.,Kokubun,K. Comparing the pre-and post-impact ball and racquet kinematics if elite tennis players' first and second serves:A preliminary study. J. Sports Sci,2003a,21(7).529-637.
[46]Elliott,B.,Marsg,T.,& Blanksby,B.A three-dimensional cinematographic analysis For the tennis serve,Int J Sport Biomech,1986,2,260-271.
[47]Fleisig,G,Elloitt,B.,& Escamilla,r. Kinematics used by world class tennis players to produce high-velocity serves. Sports Biomech,2003,2 (1),51-54.
[48]Portus,M.R.,Sinclair,PJ.,Burke,S.T,Moore,D.J.,& Farhait.P.J. Cricket fast bowling Performance and technique and the influence of selected physical factors during an 8-over spell. J. Sports Sci,2000,18(12),999-1011.
[49]Kibler,W.B.,Chandler,T.J.,Stracener,E.S. Musculoskeletal adaptations and injuries due to overtraining.Exerc Sport Sci Rew,1992,0,99-126.
[50]Schmidt-Wiethoff,R.,Rapp,W.,Mauch,F.,Schneider,T.,& Apell,H.J. Shoulder rotation characteristics in professional tennis players.Int J Sports Med,2004,25(2),154-158.
[51]Ellenbecker, T. Shoulder intenal and external rotation strength and range of motion of highly Skilled junior tennis players..Isok Ex Sci,1992,2 (2),65-72.
[52]Harryman,D.T.,Sidles,J. A.,Clark,J.M.,et al. Translation of the humeral head on the glenoid With passive glenohumeral motion..J Bone Joint Surg Am,1990,72 (A),1334-1343.
[53]Davidson,P.A.,Elattrache,N.S.,Jobe,C.M..et al. Rotator cuf and posterior-superior glenoid Injury associated with increased glenohumeral motion:A new site of impingement. J Shoulder Elbow Surg,1995,4(5),384-390.
[54]Kibler,W.B.,Chandler,T.J.,Stracener,E.S. Musculoskeletal adaptations and injuries due to overtraining.Exerc Sport Sci Rew,1992,0,99-126.
[55]Noffal.G..J.Isokinetic eccentric-to-concentric strength ratios of the shoulder rotator muscles in throwers and non-throwers. Am J Sport Med,2003,31(4),537-541.
[56]Warner J.J.,Micheli,L.J.,Arslanian,L.E.,Kennedy,J.,& Kennedy,R. Patterns of Flexibility, laxity,and strength in normal shoulders and shoulders with instability and impingement. Am J Sport Med,1990,18(4),366-375.
[57]Kibler,W.B.,Chandler,T.J.,Stracener,E.S. Musculoskeletal adaptations and injuries due to overtraining.Exerc Sport Sci Rew,1992,0,99-126.
[58]Kibler.W.B. Biomechanical analysis of the shoulder during tennis activities. Clin Sports Med.1995,14(1),79-85.
[59]严波涛,吴延禧,苑廷刚,卢竞荣.网球发球技术的生物力学分析.体育科学,2000,20(4)：80-85.
[60]严波涛,李早.网球发球动作和基本技术模式.中国体育科学,2001,37(10)：36-39.
[61]刘卉.网球大力发球技术的运动生物力学原理.北京体育大学学报, 2000,23(2)：173-180.
[62]刘卉.上肢鞭打动作原理的生物力学分析：[博士学位论文],北京：北京体育大学,2002.
[63]Fleisig,GS.,Barientine,S.W.,Escamilla,R.F.,& Andrews,J.R.Biomechanics of overhand throwing with implications for injuries. Sports Med,1996,21(6),421-437.
[64]金春林,曲峰.柏衍网球发球技术的生物力学分析.北京体育大学学报,2008,(2)：271-274.
[65]Jack L.Groppel.The biomechanics of tennis:an overview.International Journal of biomechanics,1986,2:141-155.
[66]Bruce Elloit et al. The influence of grip position on upper limb contributions to racket head velocity in a tennis forehand, Journal of applied biomechanics.1989.5:250-364
[67]郭全清.青年男子网球运动员主要动作的肌电分析与应用：[硕士学位论文],北京：北京体育大学,2006.
[68]王正利,张胜年.棒球投手上肢肌力研究.南京体育学院学报,2005,(4)：27-29.
[69]于志刚,王利.我国男子网球运动员发球技术动作的肌电分析.首都体育学院学报,2008,(9)：68-98.
[70]Duane knudson,Dave Lue.How to analyze the tennis serve.Strategies.1994.6.
[71]Richard K.N. Ryu, John McCormick, Frank W. Jobe, Diane R. Moynes, and Daniel J. Antonelli. An electromyographic analysis of shoulder function in tennis players. Am. J. Sports Med.,1988,9(16):481-485.
[72]Jack L.Groppel.The biomechanics of tennis:an overview.International Journal of biomechanics,1986,2:141-155.
[73]Bruce Elloit et al. The influence of grip position on upper limb contributions to racket head velocity in a tennis forehand, Journal of applied biomechanics.1989.5:250-364
[74]Seeley,M.et al. A review of tennis serve biomechanics Med Sci Sports Exerc,2004.36,s136.
[75]P. E. Gill, W. Murray, and M. A. Saunders. Users guide for snopt version 6, a fortran package for large-scale nonlinear programming, December 2002.
[76]J. Hollerbach. A recursive lagrangian formulation of manipulator dynamics and a comparative study of dynamics formulation complexity. IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC-10(11):730--736, November 1980.
[77]C. Karen Liu, Aaron Hertzmann, Zoran Popovic, Learning physics-based motion style with nonlinear inverse optimization, ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Papers, July 31-August 04,2005, Los Angeles, California
[78]Z. Liu and M. F. Cohen. An efficient symbolic interface to constraint based animation systems. In 6th EuroGraphics Workshop on Animation and Simulation, 1995.
[79]P. Nikravesh. Euler parameters in computational kinematics and dynamics, part1.ASME J.Mech.,Trans., and Auto. In Design,107(3):358-365, September 1985.
[80]P. Nikravesh. Euler parameters in computational kinematics and dynamics, part2. ASME J.Mech.,Trans., and Auto. In Design,107(3):366-369, September 1985.
[81]Parviz E. Nikravesh, Computer-aided analysis of mechanical systems, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ,1988
[82]Zoran Popovic, Andrew Witkin, Motion transformation by physically based spacetime optimization,1999
[83]Andrew Witkin, Michael Kass, Spacetime constraints, Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.159-168, June 1988
[84]V. M. Zatsiorsky. Kinetics of Human Motion. Human Kinetics Publishers, Champaign,2002
[85]Hanavan E.A mathematical model of the human body. AMRL Technical report (TR64102).Wright patterson airforcebase,Ohio,1964.
[86]Adelsberg S. The tennis stroke:an EMG analysis of selected muscles with rackets of increasing grip size. Am J Sports Med.1986,14:139-142.
[87]方兴.网球发球的三维录像分析第八届全国运动生物力学学术会议论文摘要,1996.17.
[88]陈海春.网球发球动作的生物力学与解剖学分析,福建体育科技,1998,10(5)：50-51.
[89]宋杰,杨福春.网球发球的运动动作的生物力学分析.哈尔滨体育学院学报,2001,(2)：114-115.
[90]刘卉,高云峰.人体上肢运动的Kane动力学模型：力学与实验,2005,27(2)：63-66.
[91]陈作锋,蔡晓峰,秦元伟.网球运动中发球和击球技术的生物力学分析.大众科学：科学研究与实践,,2007,,(21)：167-168.
[92]何勇.棒球投手肩关节旋转运动特征研究.山东体育学院学报,2006,(3)：107-109
[93]周财胜,温卓谋.羽球双打发球挥拍动作与球体轨迹之分析.台东大学体育学报,2003,(1)：85-100.
[94]Yi Wei.A robust method for analyzing the physical correctness of motion capture data,VRST'06,2006,11,Limassol,Cyprus.
[95]郑秀瑗等编著.现代运动生物力学,北京：国防工业出版社,2002.
[96]魏毅,夏时洪,王兆其.基于物理的人体空中运动仿真,软件学报,2008,(12)：3228-3236.
[97]黄河,邱显杰,王兆其.基于运动捕捉的三维角色动画生成系统,第五届智能CAD与数字娱乐学术会议文集,北京：电子工业出版社,2008.
[98]王兆其,夏时洪,邱显杰,魏毅等.数字化三维蹦床运动模拟与仿真系统-VHTrampoline,计算机学报,2007,(3)：498-505.
[99]Howard,brody, et at. The physics and technology of tennis.Racquet tech publishing,2002.
[2]ATP. http://www.atpworldtour.com/tennis/en/players. Florida:ATP,2009.
[3]Roque,J. Epidemiology of shoulder injuries in professional men's tennis. Personnal communication,Jun 2005.
[4]Kibler.W.B. Biomechanical analysis of the shoulder during tennis activities. Clin Sports Med.1995,14(1),79-85.
[5]Elliott,B.,Fleisig,G.,Nicholls,R.,& escamilla,R.Technique effects on upper limb loading in the tennis serve. J.Sci.Med Sport,2003,6(1),76-87.
[6]Winter,D.A. Biomechanic and motor control of human movement. New York:John Wiley&Sons,1990。
[7]Fleisig,G.,Nicholls,R.,Elliott,B.,&Escamilla,R.Kinematics used by world class tennis player to produce high-velocity serves,Sports Biomech,2003,2(1),51-61.
[8]Elliott.B. The serve. ITF coach and sports science review,2001,24,3-5.
[9]赵伟峰MOTION CAPTURE运动捕捉高级教案,北京：北京希望电子出版社,2002.
[10]孙国玉.运动捕捉技术与FilmBox基础教程,北京：北京广播学院出版社,2002.
[11]冯利正.运动捕捉技术在体育中的应用,杭州师范学院学报(医学版),2005,(5)：419-422.
[12]陈健,姚颂平.运动捕捉技术及其在运动技战术诊断中的应用,上海体育学院学报,2006,(7)：66-69.
[13]向坚.基于三维捕获数据的人体运动分析关键技术研究：[博士学位论文],浙江：浙江大学,2007.
[14]Elliott,B.& Alderson,J..Biomechanical performance models. In Biomechanic of Advanced tennis (pp.155-175).London:ITF Ltd,2003.
[15]Elliott,B.,& Wood,G.A.The Biomechanics of the foot-up and foot-back tennis service techniques.Aust J Sport Sci.1983,3(2).3-6.
[16]Karien Gouws. A biokinetic approach to the ptrnention and rehabilitation of shoulder injuries in tennis players. Doctor degree thesis,2005.
[17]Machar Reid. Loading and velocity generation in the high performance tennis serve. Doctor degree thesis,2005
[18]陶志翔.网球运动教程.北京：高等教育出版社,2003：80-82.
[19]林挺,陈琳.关于网球发球动作技术的分析.科技资讯,2008,(8)176-178
[20]高守东,赵武.最新网球发球技术分析与训练研究.安徽师范大学学报：自然科学版,2007,(7)：516-519
[21]林挺,陈琳.关于网球发球动作技术的分析.科技资讯,2008,(8)176-178
[22]Tijana Ivancevic.et at. Biomechanical analysis of shots and ball motion in tennis and the analogy with handball throw. Physi can education and Sports,2008,6(1),51-66.
[23]Morris M,Jobe FW,Peny J,et al. Electromyographic analysis of elbow function in tennis players. Am J Sports Med.1989,17:241-237
[24]Fleisig,G.S.,Barientine,S.W.,Escamilla,R.F.,& Andrews,J.R.Biomechanics of overhand throwing with implications for injuries. Sports Med,1996,21(6),421-437.
[25]Fleisig,G.,Elloitt,B.,& Escamilla,r. Kinematics used by world class tennis players to produce high-velocity serves. Sports Biomech,2003,2 (1),51-54.
[26]Ellenbecker,T.,& Roetert,E,P.Age specific isokinetic glenohumeral internal and external rotation strength in elite junior tennis players. J Sci Med Sport,.2003,6(1),63-70.
[27]Nigg,B.M.,& Segesser,B.The influence of playing surface on the load on the locomotor system and on football and tennis injuries.Sports Med,1988,5(6),375-385.
[28]Hutchinson,M.R.,Laprade,R.F.,Buenett,Q.M.,Moss.R.,& Terpstra,J.Injury survellance at the usta boys' tennis championship:A 6-ys study.Med.Sci Sports Exerc.1995,27(6),826-830.
[29]Winge,S.,Jorgensen,U.,Lassen Nielson,A.Epidemiology of injuries in Danish championship tennis.Int J Sports med.1989,10(5),368-371.
[30]Lehman,R.C.Shoulder pain in the competitive tennis player. Clin Sports Med,1988a 7(2),309-327.
[31]陶权.网球肩袖损伤发生的原因及防治对策.南京体育学院学报(自然科学版),2006,(3)：71-73.
[32]王楷槿.关于网球专业学生运动损伤的调查与分析.教书育人·高校论坛,2007,(21)：94-96.
[33]吴丽君,张学军,郭新明,等.对我国高水平男子网球运动员运动创伤状况的调查分析.体育科学,2002,(5)：119-121.
[34]鲍勤.网球常见的运动损伤及防治.南京体育学院学报(自然科学版),2005,(2)：63-65.
[35]邵玉萍.网球运动所引起的常见伤痛及其预防措施.湖北体育科技,2004,(4)：188-189.
[36]韩奇,王乐华.关于我国现代网球运动损伤研究的状况分析,南京体育学院学报(自然科学版),2008,(6)：97-103.
[37]黄鸿,文质君.网球运动损伤的特征及现场应对能力的调查,湛江师范学院学报,2008,(12)：115-118.
[38]Kibler,W.B.,Chandler,T.J.,Stracener,E.S. Musculoskeletal adaptations and injuries due to overtraining.Exerc Sport Sci Rew,1992,0,99-126.
[39]胡声宇.运动解剖学,北京：人民教育出版社,2000.
[40]Lehman,R.C.. Surface and equipment variables in tennis injuries.Clin Sports Med,1988b,7(2),229-232.
[41]Nirchl,R.P..Elbow tendinosis/tennis elbow. Clin Sports Med,11992,1 (4),851-870.
[42]Ellenbecker,T.S..Rehabilitation of shoulder and elbow injuries in tennis player. Clin Sports Med,1995,14(1),87-110.
[43]Blevins.F.T. Rotator cuff pathology in athlets. Sports Med,1997,24(3),205-220.
[44]Babette,M.P.Tendon injury of the shoulder, Tennis medicine for tennis coach,London:ITF Ltd,2001.
[45]Chow,J.W.,Carlton,L.G.,Lim,Y.T.,Chae,W.S.,Shim,J.H.,Kuenster,A.F.,Kokubun,K. Comparing the pre-and post-impact ball and racquet kinematics if elite tennis players' first and second serves:A preliminary study. J. Sports Sci,2003a,21(7).529-637.
[46]Elliott,B.,Marsg,T.,& Blanksby,B.A three-dimensional cinematographic analysis For the tennis serve,Int J Sport Biomech,1986,2,260-271.
[47]Fleisig,G,Elloitt,B.,& Escamilla,r. Kinematics used by world class tennis players to produce high-velocity serves. Sports Biomech,2003,2 (1),51-54.
[48]Portus,M.R.,Sinclair,PJ.,Burke,S.T,Moore,D.J.,& Farhait.P.J. Cricket fast bowling Performance and technique and the influence of selected physical factors during an 8-over spell. J. Sports Sci,2000,18(12),999-1011.
[49]Kibler,W.B.,Chandler,T.J.,Stracener,E.S. Musculoskeletal adaptations and injuries due to overtraining.Exerc Sport Sci Rew,1992,0,99-126.
[50]Schmidt-Wiethoff,R.,Rapp,W.,Mauch,F.,Schneider,T.,& Apell,H.J. Shoulder rotation characteristics in professional tennis players.Int J Sports Med,2004,25(2),154-158.
[51]Ellenbecker, T. Shoulder intenal and external rotation strength and range of motion of highly Skilled junior tennis players..Isok Ex Sci,1992,2 (2),65-72.
[52]Harryman,D.T.,Sidles,J. A.,Clark,J.M.,et al. Translation of the humeral head on the glenoid With passive glenohumeral motion..J Bone Joint Surg Am,1990,72 (A),1334-1343.
[53]Davidson,P.A.,Elattrache,N.S.,Jobe,C.M..et al. Rotator cuf and posterior-superior glenoid Injury associated with increased glenohumeral motion:A new site of impingement. J Shoulder Elbow Surg,1995,4(5),384-390.
[54]Kibler,W.B.,Chandler,T.J.,Stracener,E.S. Musculoskeletal adaptations and injuries due to overtraining.Exerc Sport Sci Rew,1992,0,99-126.
[55]Noffal.G..J.Isokinetic eccentric-to-concentric strength ratios of the shoulder rotator muscles in throwers and non-throwers. Am J Sport Med,2003,31(4),537-541.
[56]Warner J.J.,Micheli,L.J.,Arslanian,L.E.,Kennedy,J.,& Kennedy,R. Patterns of Flexibility, laxity,and strength in normal shoulders and shoulders with instability and impingement. Am J Sport Med,1990,18(4),366-375.
[57]Kibler,W.B.,Chandler,T.J.,Stracener,E.S. Musculoskeletal adaptations and injuries due to overtraining.Exerc Sport Sci Rew,1992,0,99-126.
[58]Kibler.W.B. Biomechanical analysis of the shoulder during tennis activities. Clin Sports Med.1995,14(1),79-85.
[59]严波涛,吴延禧,苑廷刚,卢竞荣.网球发球技术的生物力学分析.体育科学,2000,20(4)：80-85.
[60]严波涛,李早.网球发球动作和基本技术模式.中国体育科学,2001,37(10)：36-39.
[61]刘卉.网球大力发球技术的运动生物力学原理.北京体育大学学报, 2000,23(2)：173-180.
[62]刘卉.上肢鞭打动作原理的生物力学分析：[博士学位论文],北京：北京体育大学,2002.
[63]Fleisig,GS.,Barientine,S.W.,Escamilla,R.F.,& Andrews,J.R.Biomechanics of overhand throwing with implications for injuries. Sports Med,1996,21(6),421-437.
[64]金春林,曲峰.柏衍网球发球技术的生物力学分析.北京体育大学学报,2008,(2)：271-274.
[65]Jack L.Groppel.The biomechanics of tennis:an overview.International Journal of biomechanics,1986,2:141-155.
[66]Bruce Elloit et al. The influence of grip position on upper limb contributions to racket head velocity in a tennis forehand, Journal of applied biomechanics.1989.5:250-364
[67]郭全清.青年男子网球运动员主要动作的肌电分析与应用：[硕士学位论文],北京：北京体育大学,2006.
[68]王正利,张胜年.棒球投手上肢肌力研究.南京体育学院学报,2005,(4)：27-29.
[69]于志刚,王利.我国男子网球运动员发球技术动作的肌电分析.首都体育学院学报,2008,(9)：68-98.
[70]Duane knudson,Dave Lue.How to analyze the tennis serve.Strategies.1994.6.
[71]Richard K.N. Ryu, John McCormick, Frank W. Jobe, Diane R. Moynes, and Daniel J. Antonelli. An electromyographic analysis of shoulder function in tennis players. Am. J. Sports Med.,1988,9(16):481-485.
[72]Jack L.Groppel.The biomechanics of tennis:an overview.International Journal of biomechanics,1986,2:141-155.
[73]Bruce Elloit et al. The influence of grip position on upper limb contributions to racket head velocity in a tennis forehand, Journal of applied biomechanics.1989.5:250-364
[74]Seeley,M.et al. A review of tennis serve biomechanics Med Sci Sports Exerc,2004.36,s136.
[75]P. E. Gill, W. Murray, and M. A. Saunders. Users guide for snopt version 6, a fortran package for large-scale nonlinear programming, December 2002.
[76]J. Hollerbach. A recursive lagrangian formulation of manipulator dynamics and a comparative study of dynamics formulation complexity. IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC-10(11):730--736, November 1980.
[77]C. Karen Liu, Aaron Hertzmann, Zoran Popovic, Learning physics-based motion style with nonlinear inverse optimization, ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Papers, July 31-August 04,2005, Los Angeles, California
[78]Z. Liu and M. F. Cohen. An efficient symbolic interface to constraint based animation systems. In 6th EuroGraphics Workshop on Animation and Simulation, 1995.
[79]P. Nikravesh. Euler parameters in computational kinematics and dynamics, part1.ASME J.Mech.,Trans., and Auto. In Design,107(3):358-365, September 1985.
[80]P. Nikravesh. Euler parameters in computational kinematics and dynamics, part2. ASME J.Mech.,Trans., and Auto. In Design,107(3):366-369, September 1985.
[81]Parviz E. Nikravesh, Computer-aided analysis of mechanical systems, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ,1988
[82]Zoran Popovic, Andrew Witkin, Motion transformation by physically based spacetime optimization,1999
[83]Andrew Witkin, Michael Kass, Spacetime constraints, Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.159-168, June 1988
[84]V. M. Zatsiorsky. Kinetics of Human Motion. Human Kinetics Publishers, Champaign,2002
[85]Hanavan E.A mathematical model of the human body. AMRL Technical report (TR64102).Wright patterson airforcebase,Ohio,1964.
[86]Adelsberg S. The tennis stroke:an EMG analysis of selected muscles with rackets of increasing grip size. Am J Sports Med.1986,14:139-142.
[87]方兴.网球发球的三维录像分析第八届全国运动生物力学学术会议论文摘要,1996.17.
[88]陈海春.网球发球动作的生物力学与解剖学分析,福建体育科技,1998,10(5)：50-51.
[89]宋杰,杨福春.网球发球的运动动作的生物力学分析.哈尔滨体育学院学报,2001,(2)：114-115.
[90]刘卉,高云峰.人体上肢运动的Kane动力学模型：力学与实验,2005,27(2)：63-66.
[91]陈作锋,蔡晓峰,秦元伟.网球运动中发球和击球技术的生物力学分析.大众科学：科学研究与实践,,2007,,(21)：167-168.
[92]何勇.棒球投手肩关节旋转运动特征研究.山东体育学院学报,2006,(3)：107-109
[93]周财胜,温卓谋.羽球双打发球挥拍动作与球体轨迹之分析.台东大学体育学报,2003,(1)：85-100.
[94]Yi Wei.A robust method for analyzing the physical correctness of motion capture data,VRST'06,2006,11,Limassol,Cyprus.
[95]郑秀瑗等编著.现代运动生物力学,北京：国防工业出版社,2002.
[96]魏毅,夏时洪,王兆其.基于物理的人体空中运动仿真,软件学报,2008,(12)：3228-3236.
[97]黄河,邱显杰,王兆其.基于运动捕捉的三维角色动画生成系统,第五届智能CAD与数字娱乐学术会议文集,北京：电子工业出版社,2008.
[98]王兆其,夏时洪,邱显杰,魏毅等.数字化三维蹦床运动模拟与仿真系统-VHTrampoline,计算机学报,2007,(3)：498-505.
[99]Howard,brody, et at. The physics and technology of tennis.Racquet tech publishing,2002.