脉冲多普勒气象雷达信号处理系统研究
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摘要
本论文研究的是采用数字中频接收技术的脉冲多普勒气象雷达信号处理系统，重点研究了中频采样及数字解调技术在脉冲多普勒气象雷达信号处理系统中的应用、正交双通道幅相不平衡对气象回波谱估计的影响、地杂波滤波算法，以及脉冲多普勒气象雷达信号处理系统的具体工程实现。
首先简要介绍了气象雷达的雷达方程、气象雷达探测气象目标的基本原理、气象目标回波的时域频域特性和气象回波信号的模拟方法。并在此基础上介绍了气象雷达信号处理系统的基本构成与各部分的主要功能，主要包括气象回波中频接收、杂波抑制、距离订正、平滑处理、解模糊和谱矩估计等。
其次，本文研究了中频采样及数字解调技术在气象雷达中的应用。首先对回波正交双通道幅相不平衡对气象回波谱估计的影响进行了详细的理论推导和计算机仿真。理论分析与仿真结果均表明了正交双通道幅相不平衡对气象回波谱矩估计具有明显的影响。由于采用中频采样和数字解调技术能有效地提高正交解调两路的幅相一致性，本文将中频采样及数字解调技术应用到脉冲多普勒气象雷达信号处理系统中，并结合气象信号的特点选择了适合工程实现的中频采样及数字解调算法。
本文还结合气象雷达地杂波的特点详细研究了各种滤除地杂波滤波算法，在对各种滤波算法进行分析和折中考虑之后，选择地杂波频域滤波算法应用于本信号处理系统。
最后，本文提出了脉冲多普勒气象雷达信号处理系统的一种具体软硬件实现方案。
This thesis discusses the Pulse Doppler (PD) weather radar signal processing system including digital intermediate frequency (IF) receiver, especially on the application of IF sampling and digital demodulation technique in PD weather radar signal processing system, the influence of amplitude and phase unbalances of in-phase and quadrature channels on weather radar echo spectrum estimation,ground clutters elimination algorithms and a typical engineering realization scheme of PD weather radar signal processing system.
Firstly, we introduce the Radar equation of weather radar, the basic principles of detection weather targets, the time and frequency domain properties of weather radar echo and its simulation methods. Then, we introduce the basic structure of PD weather radar signal processing system and their function of each subsystem, mainly including intermediate frequency receiver, clutter elimination, range correcting and smoothness, ambiguity resolution and spectrum estimation.
Secondly, we discuss the application of IF sampling and digital demodulation technique in PD weather radar signal processing system. First of all, the mathematical development and extensive computer simulation are used to analyze the influence of amplitude and phase unbalances of in-phase and quadrature channels on weather radar echo spectrum estimation. The theoretic analysis and computer simulation results reveal that this influence can't be ignored. Because the IF sampling and digital demodulation technique can improve amplitude and phase unbalances of in-phase and quadrature channels, we apply it in the PD weather radar signal processing system and select several digital demodulation algorithms, which are easier to implement, for this system.
Thirdly, we study several ground clutters elimination algorithms combining the properties of ground clutters and we get the conclusion that the frequency domain algorithm has better performance through extensive analysis and comparison.
Finally we proposed a typical PD weather radar digital signal processing system realization project including the software and hardware implementation.
首先简要介绍了气象雷达的雷达方程、气象雷达探测气象目标的基本原理、气象目标回波的时域频域特性和气象回波信号的模拟方法。并在此基础上介绍了气象雷达信号处理系统的基本构成与各部分的主要功能，主要包括气象回波中频接收、杂波抑制、距离订正、平滑处理、解模糊和谱矩估计等。
其次，本文研究了中频采样及数字解调技术在气象雷达中的应用。首先对回波正交双通道幅相不平衡对气象回波谱估计的影响进行了详细的理论推导和计算机仿真。理论分析与仿真结果均表明了正交双通道幅相不平衡对气象回波谱矩估计具有明显的影响。由于采用中频采样和数字解调技术能有效地提高正交解调两路的幅相一致性，本文将中频采样及数字解调技术应用到脉冲多普勒气象雷达信号处理系统中，并结合气象信号的特点选择了适合工程实现的中频采样及数字解调算法。
本文还结合气象雷达地杂波的特点详细研究了各种滤除地杂波滤波算法，在对各种滤波算法进行分析和折中考虑之后，选择地杂波频域滤波算法应用于本信号处理系统。
最后，本文提出了脉冲多普勒气象雷达信号处理系统的一种具体软硬件实现方案。
This thesis discusses the Pulse Doppler (PD) weather radar signal processing system including digital intermediate frequency (IF) receiver, especially on the application of IF sampling and digital demodulation technique in PD weather radar signal processing system, the influence of amplitude and phase unbalances of in-phase and quadrature channels on weather radar echo spectrum estimation,ground clutters elimination algorithms and a typical engineering realization scheme of PD weather radar signal processing system.
Firstly, we introduce the Radar equation of weather radar, the basic principles of detection weather targets, the time and frequency domain properties of weather radar echo and its simulation methods. Then, we introduce the basic structure of PD weather radar signal processing system and their function of each subsystem, mainly including intermediate frequency receiver, clutter elimination, range correcting and smoothness, ambiguity resolution and spectrum estimation.
Secondly, we discuss the application of IF sampling and digital demodulation technique in PD weather radar signal processing system. First of all, the mathematical development and extensive computer simulation are used to analyze the influence of amplitude and phase unbalances of in-phase and quadrature channels on weather radar echo spectrum estimation. The theoretic analysis and computer simulation results reveal that this influence can't be ignored. Because the IF sampling and digital demodulation technique can improve amplitude and phase unbalances of in-phase and quadrature channels, we apply it in the PD weather radar signal processing system and select several digital demodulation algorithms, which are easier to implement, for this system.
Thirdly, we study several ground clutters elimination algorithms combining the properties of ground clutters and we get the conclusion that the frequency domain algorithm has better performance through extensive analysis and comparison.
Finally we proposed a typical PD weather radar digital signal processing system realization project including the software and hardware implementation.
引文
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2 毛士艺，张瑞生等．脉冲多普勒雷达．北京：国防工业出版社．1990
3 马振骅等．气象雷达回波信息原理．北京：科学出版社．1986
4 丁鹭飞等编．雷达原理．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社．1995
5 汪荣鑫．随机过程．西安：西安交通大学出版社．1998．
6 王世一．数字信号处理．北京：北京理工大学出版社．1997
7 R.J.Doviak and D.S.Zrnic. Doppler Radar and Weather Observations. New York: Academic. 1993
8 刘爱芳．二相编码雷达系统关键技术研究．南京理工大学硕士论文．2001
9 赵恒轩．90年代天气雷达监测网建设与发展．成都气象学院学报．1999(3)：252-260
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11 R.L.Alberty and T.D.Crum. "NEXRAD and the operational Doppler weather radar for the 1990s and beyond". International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Vol-1,Jan. 1990:725-728
12 P.Hildebrand,C.A.Walther, C.Frush, J.Testud,F.Baudin. "The ELDORA/ASTRAIA airborne Doppler weather radar:goals,design and first field tests". Proceeding of the IEEE. Vol-82,No. 12,Dec. 1994:1873-1890
13 P.L.Smith, K.R.Hardy, and K.M.Glover. "Applications of radar to meteorological operations and research". Proceedings of the IEEE. Vol-62,No.6,June 1974:724-745.
14 D.E.Johnson. "The federal aviation administration weather radar research and development program", IEE Conference on Radar. 1982:375-379
15 J.McCarthy. "Advances in weather technology for aviation system". Proceedings of the IEEE. Vol-77,No. 11,Nov.1989:1728-1734.
16 L.H.Janssen, G.A.Vander Spek. "The shape of Doppler spectra from precipitation" IEEE Trans. Aerospace and Electronic Systems. Vol-AES-21,No.2,Mar.1985:208-219
17 Dusan S.Zmic. "Simulation of Wcatherlike Doppler Spectra and Signals". IEEE Journal of Applied Meteorology. Vol-14. June 1975:619-620
18 葛润生，朱晓燕，姜海燕．提高多普勒天气雷达晴空探测能力的一种方法．应用气象学报．Vol-11，No．3，August 2000：257-263
19 Pravas R.Mahapatra, Dusan S.Zmic. "Practical Algorithms for Meam Velocity Estimation in Pulse Doppler Weather Radars Using a small Number of Samples". IEEE Trans. On Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Vol.GE-21,No.4,Octoober 1983:491-501
20 D.S.Zrnic. "Spectrum width estimates for weather echoes". IEEE Trans. Aerospace and Electronic Systems. Vol.AES-15,No.5. Sept.1979:613-619
21 José M.B.Dias and José M.N.Leitao. "Nonparametric estimation of mean Doppler and spectral width". IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing. vol.GE-38,No.1,Jan. 2000:271-282.
22 D.S.Zrnic. "Spectrum moment estimates from correlated pulse pairs". IEEE Trans. Aerospace and Electronic Systems. vol.AES-13. No.4. July 1977. pp.344-354.
23 Ronald F.Woodman. "Spectral moment estimation in MST radars". Radio Science. Vol-20,No 6,November-December 1985:1185-1195
24 D.Sirmans,B.Bumgamer. "Numerical comparison of five mean frequency estimators". Journal of Applied Meteorology. Vol-14. Sept.1975:991-1003.
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27 杨扬．张建云，戚建国，岳智慧．雷达测雨及其在水文中应用的回顾与展望．水科学进展．第11卷第1期．2000年3月：92-98
28 袁立功，汤达章．赵明．相关法从常规天气雷达信号中获取多普勒谱宽的模拟实验．南京气象学院学报．第15卷第1期．1992年3月：102-109
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30 高志球，肖艳娇，袁立功，张建伟．天气多普勒雷达回波信号处理的模拟实验．遥感技术与应用．第13卷第2期．1998年12月：43-49
31 王德奇．气象回波的谱矩量估计．空载雷达．1991年第2期：14-21
32 张音，于文震．GLC-12型X波段全相参双线偏振脉冲多普勒天气雷达技术．现代雷达．2001年4月第2期：14-17
33 胡明宝，张培昌，汤达章．用最大熵法进行多普勒天气雷达资料谱分析的模拟试验．气象科学．1993年3月．第13卷第1期：74-82
34 Edward S.Chomoboy. "Optimal Mean Velocity Estimation dor Doppler Weather Radars". IEEE Transaction On Geoscience And Remote Sensing.Vol-31,No.3,May 1993:575-586
35 HuLin Liu. "A New Quadrature Sampling and Processing Approach". IEEE Transaction On Aerosapace And Electronic Systems. Vol-25,No.5,September 1989:733-747
36 R.L.Mitchell. "Creating Complex Signal Samples From a band_Limited Real Signal". IEEE Transaction On Aerosapace And Electronic Systems.. Vol-25,No.3,May 1989:425-42
37 Charles M.Reder. "A Simple Method for Sampling In-Phase and Quadrature Components". IEEE Transaction On Aerosapace And Electronic Systems.. Vol-20,No.6,November 1984:821-824
38 F.E.Churchill. G.W.OGAR, B.J.Thompson. "The Correction of I and Q Errors in a Coherent Processor". IEEE Transaction On Aerosapace And Electronic Systems. Vol. 17,No. 1,January 1981:131-137
39 Matsuo Sekine. "On Weibull-Distributed Weather Clutter". IEEE Transaction On Aerosapace And Electronic Systems. Vol. 15,No.6,November 1979:824-828
40 孙晓兵，保铮．中频信号采样与正交相干检波．系统工程与电子技术．1993年第5期：1-9
41 于文震．低中频信号采样及数字相检在机载雷达中的应用．现代雷达．1998年4月．第20卷第2期：17-21
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58 王金础，杨小康，余松煜．应用多级门限法去除气象回波图像噪声．红外与激光工程．1999(4)：34-36
59 何建新，王中科，王永丽．天气雷达数字化回波图的平滑处理．成都气象学院学报．1997(1)：65-70
60 王金础，郑昌璇，余松煜．基于TMS320C30并行处理的气象雷达信号处理系统．数据采集与处理．1999(3)：325-329
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2 毛士艺，张瑞生等．脉冲多普勒雷达．北京：国防工业出版社．1990
3 马振骅等．气象雷达回波信息原理．北京：科学出版社．1986
4 丁鹭飞等编．雷达原理．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社．1995
5 汪荣鑫．随机过程．西安：西安交通大学出版社．1998．
6 王世一．数字信号处理．北京：北京理工大学出版社．1997
7 R.J.Doviak and D.S.Zrnic. Doppler Radar and Weather Observations. New York: Academic. 1993
8 刘爱芳．二相编码雷达系统关键技术研究．南京理工大学硕士论文．2001
9 赵恒轩．90年代天气雷达监测网建设与发展．成都气象学院学报．1999(3)：252-260
10 R.J.Doviak, D.Sirmans, D.S.Zrnic, and G.B.Walker. "Considerations for pulse-Doppler radar observations of severe thunderstorms" Journal of Applied Meteorology. Vol-17,Feb. 1978:189-205
11 R.L.Alberty and T.D.Crum. "NEXRAD and the operational Doppler weather radar for the 1990s and beyond". International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Vol-1,Jan. 1990:725-728
12 P.Hildebrand,C.A.Walther, C.Frush, J.Testud,F.Baudin. "The ELDORA/ASTRAIA airborne Doppler weather radar:goals,design and first field tests". Proceeding of the IEEE. Vol-82,No. 12,Dec. 1994:1873-1890
13 P.L.Smith, K.R.Hardy, and K.M.Glover. "Applications of radar to meteorological operations and research". Proceedings of the IEEE. Vol-62,No.6,June 1974:724-745.
14 D.E.Johnson. "The federal aviation administration weather radar research and development program", IEE Conference on Radar. 1982:375-379
15 J.McCarthy. "Advances in weather technology for aviation system". Proceedings of the IEEE. Vol-77,No. 11,Nov.1989:1728-1734.
16 L.H.Janssen, G.A.Vander Spek. "The shape of Doppler spectra from precipitation" IEEE Trans. Aerospace and Electronic Systems. Vol-AES-21,No.2,Mar.1985:208-219
17 Dusan S.Zmic. "Simulation of Wcatherlike Doppler Spectra and Signals". IEEE Journal of Applied Meteorology. Vol-14. June 1975:619-620
18 葛润生，朱晓燕，姜海燕．提高多普勒天气雷达晴空探测能力的一种方法．应用气象学报．Vol-11，No．3，August 2000：257-263
19 Pravas R.Mahapatra, Dusan S.Zmic. "Practical Algorithms for Meam Velocity Estimation in Pulse Doppler Weather Radars Using a small Number of Samples". IEEE Trans. On Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Vol.GE-21,No.4,Octoober 1983:491-501
20 D.S.Zrnic. "Spectrum width estimates for weather echoes". IEEE Trans. Aerospace and Electronic Systems. Vol.AES-15,No.5. Sept.1979:613-619
21 José M.B.Dias and José M.N.Leitao. "Nonparametric estimation of mean Doppler and spectral width". IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing. vol.GE-38,No.1,Jan. 2000:271-282.
22 D.S.Zrnic. "Spectrum moment estimates from correlated pulse pairs". IEEE Trans. Aerospace and Electronic Systems. vol.AES-13. No.4. July 1977. pp.344-354.
23 Ronald F.Woodman. "Spectral moment estimation in MST radars". Radio Science. Vol-20,No 6,November-December 1985:1185-1195
24 D.Sirmans,B.Bumgamer. "Numerical comparison of five mean frequency estimators". Journal of Applied Meteorology. Vol-14. Sept.1975:991-1003.
25 陶建义．多普勒气象雷达信息处理．空载雷达．1995年第2期：52-60
26 王令．多普勒天气雷达及其应用．江西气象科技．第22卷第1期．1999年2月：28-32
27 杨扬．张建云，戚建国，岳智慧．雷达测雨及其在水文中应用的回顾与展望．水科学进展．第11卷第1期．2000年3月：92-98
28 袁立功，汤达章．赵明．相关法从常规天气雷达信号中获取多普勒谱宽的模拟实验．南京气象学院学报．第15卷第1期．1992年3月：102-109
29 洪一，孙实泽，吴晓丽，阮信畅．脉冲多普勒气象雷达信号处理的参数讨论．现代电子．1996年第4期：17-26
30 高志球，肖艳娇，袁立功，张建伟．天气多普勒雷达回波信号处理的模拟实验．遥感技术与应用．第13卷第2期．1998年12月：43-49
31 王德奇．气象回波的谱矩量估计．空载雷达．1991年第2期：14-21
32 张音，于文震．GLC-12型X波段全相参双线偏振脉冲多普勒天气雷达技术．现代雷达．2001年4月第2期：14-17
33 胡明宝，张培昌，汤达章．用最大熵法进行多普勒天气雷达资料谱分析的模拟试验．气象科学．1993年3月．第13卷第1期：74-82
34 Edward S.Chomoboy. "Optimal Mean Velocity Estimation dor Doppler Weather Radars". IEEE Transaction On Geoscience And Remote Sensing.Vol-31,No.3,May 1993:575-586
35 HuLin Liu. "A New Quadrature Sampling and Processing Approach". IEEE Transaction On Aerosapace And Electronic Systems. Vol-25,No.5,September 1989:733-747
36 R.L.Mitchell. "Creating Complex Signal Samples From a band_Limited Real Signal". IEEE Transaction On Aerosapace And Electronic Systems.. Vol-25,No.3,May 1989:425-42
37 Charles M.Reder. "A Simple Method for Sampling In-Phase and Quadrature Components". IEEE Transaction On Aerosapace And Electronic Systems.. Vol-20,No.6,November 1984:821-824
38 F.E.Churchill. G.W.OGAR, B.J.Thompson. "The Correction of I and Q Errors in a Coherent Processor". IEEE Transaction On Aerosapace And Electronic Systems. Vol. 17,No. 1,January 1981:131-137
39 Matsuo Sekine. "On Weibull-Distributed Weather Clutter". IEEE Transaction On Aerosapace And Electronic Systems. Vol. 15,No.6,November 1979:824-828
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