真空触发开关控制器及特性研究
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摘要
开关元件是脉冲功率系统的核心元件之一,也是其主要技术瓶颈。真空触发开关作为能量的快速关合(释放)开关,是近年来非常有发展潜力的脉冲功率开关器件。本文以真空触发开关(TVS)的基本特性为主要研究对象,对其进行了理论分析与实验研究,设计和开发了场击穿型真空触发开关及其控制器。
论文首先从真空触发开关场致发射击穿机理的分析出发,通过数学建模,引入热力学运动方程,建立真空触发开关的真空放电阴极斑点热传导模型,用来描述和估算真空触发开关的时延特性。然后以初始等离子体的产生与扩展机理为重点,讨论了真空触发开关的时延特性,对于采用氢化钛作为涂敷材料的沿面击穿型和场击穿型真空触发开关,分别进行了具体的仿真计算与分析。研究表明,应用所建立的阴极斑点热传导模型对沿面击穿型真空触发开关进行时延计算结果和Lafferty及Farrall的经典实验数据相吻合,证明了计算模型的正确性。
为了验证所建立的场击穿型真空触发开关阴极斑点热传导模型的有效性,设计了场击穿型触发极结构,提出并研制出一种新型的触发源控制器。在新型触发源控制器的设计中,从基本高压脉冲发生回路和基本触发信号产生回路设计出发,采用陡化高压脉冲发生回路,利用三电极间隙产生陡化的高压触发脉冲来提高TVS的触发精度(触发精度在1μs之内),并采用光电隔离技术实现高低压的安全隔离,提高了触发电路的抗干扰能力。为了研究触发过程中的电弧特性,建立了一套LC试验主回路,以及电弧图像采集系统。
为了验证所设计的场击穿型真空触发开关和控制器的参数特性,对建立的实验回路进行了大量实验来研究其基本工作特性如触发可靠性、触发时延与分散性、主间隙的导通特性。结果表明,场击穿型真空触发开关时延计算结果的与实验得到的结果较为接近,证明了计算模型的正确性。对TVS电弧的图象特性进行了分析,通过直观观测TVS导通过程中电弧形态的变化,可为深入研究TVS触发过程提供新的实验手段。
The switch is the kernel component and the main technical obstruction of the pulsed power system (PPS). As an energy fast closing (releasing) switch, the TVS is considered as the most prospective switch in PPS. In this paper the fundamental characteristics of the TVS are theoretically and experimentally researched.
The field-breakdown mechanism in TVS was analyzed. Based on introducing the behavior of heat in solids, the heat conduction model was set up for describing the heating process of the spots on the cathode, which occur in the TVS when triggered. The models can be used for explaining the initial plasma's production and expansion mechanism and calculating the breakdown delay time on the improvement of the initial plasma produced by the trigger electrodes. For the TVS whose dielectric was coated with the TiH layer, the calculation using the heat conduction model was carried out. The calculation results confirm with Lafferty and Farrall's experimental data very well.
From the structure of the field-breakdown triggered vacuum switch (TVS) pole, a novel design for controlling the trigged vacuum switch is proposed. The field-breakdown triggered vacuum switch and its control system are constructed. Trigger a new source of the controller design, from the design of basic high-voltage pulses loop and basic trigger signal generating loop, steepened high voltage pulse generating loop is proposed in the novel controller of trigged source. In the TVS triggering circuit, a three-electrode-gap is used for providing steepened high voltage triggering pulse to improve the triggering precision (within 1 us). Then a main loop with LC and a system used to collect vacuum arc image are established.
A lot of research is used to study their basic working characteristics, such as the trigger reliability, the delay time and its scatter decrease with the different triggered power, the characteristic of the main gap communicated and the image of the TVS arc. The experimental results show that the field-breakdown triggered vacuum switch delay time is close to the calculation model. Through visual observation on the changes of the TVS arc the analysis of the TVS arc image is a new experiment method.
论文首先从真空触发开关场致发射击穿机理的分析出发,通过数学建模,引入热力学运动方程,建立真空触发开关的真空放电阴极斑点热传导模型,用来描述和估算真空触发开关的时延特性。然后以初始等离子体的产生与扩展机理为重点,讨论了真空触发开关的时延特性,对于采用氢化钛作为涂敷材料的沿面击穿型和场击穿型真空触发开关,分别进行了具体的仿真计算与分析。研究表明,应用所建立的阴极斑点热传导模型对沿面击穿型真空触发开关进行时延计算结果和Lafferty及Farrall的经典实验数据相吻合,证明了计算模型的正确性。
为了验证所建立的场击穿型真空触发开关阴极斑点热传导模型的有效性,设计了场击穿型触发极结构,提出并研制出一种新型的触发源控制器。在新型触发源控制器的设计中,从基本高压脉冲发生回路和基本触发信号产生回路设计出发,采用陡化高压脉冲发生回路,利用三电极间隙产生陡化的高压触发脉冲来提高TVS的触发精度(触发精度在1μs之内),并采用光电隔离技术实现高低压的安全隔离,提高了触发电路的抗干扰能力。为了研究触发过程中的电弧特性,建立了一套LC试验主回路,以及电弧图像采集系统。
为了验证所设计的场击穿型真空触发开关和控制器的参数特性,对建立的实验回路进行了大量实验来研究其基本工作特性如触发可靠性、触发时延与分散性、主间隙的导通特性。结果表明,场击穿型真空触发开关时延计算结果的与实验得到的结果较为接近,证明了计算模型的正确性。对TVS电弧的图象特性进行了分析,通过直观观测TVS导通过程中电弧形态的变化,可为深入研究TVS触发过程提供新的实验手段。
The switch is the kernel component and the main technical obstruction of the pulsed power system (PPS). As an energy fast closing (releasing) switch, the TVS is considered as the most prospective switch in PPS. In this paper the fundamental characteristics of the TVS are theoretically and experimentally researched.
The field-breakdown mechanism in TVS was analyzed. Based on introducing the behavior of heat in solids, the heat conduction model was set up for describing the heating process of the spots on the cathode, which occur in the TVS when triggered. The models can be used for explaining the initial plasma's production and expansion mechanism and calculating the breakdown delay time on the improvement of the initial plasma produced by the trigger electrodes. For the TVS whose dielectric was coated with the TiH layer, the calculation using the heat conduction model was carried out. The calculation results confirm with Lafferty and Farrall's experimental data very well.
From the structure of the field-breakdown triggered vacuum switch (TVS) pole, a novel design for controlling the trigged vacuum switch is proposed. The field-breakdown triggered vacuum switch and its control system are constructed. Trigger a new source of the controller design, from the design of basic high-voltage pulses loop and basic trigger signal generating loop, steepened high voltage pulse generating loop is proposed in the novel controller of trigged source. In the TVS triggering circuit, a three-electrode-gap is used for providing steepened high voltage triggering pulse to improve the triggering precision (within 1 us). Then a main loop with LC and a system used to collect vacuum arc image are established.
A lot of research is used to study their basic working characteristics, such as the trigger reliability, the delay time and its scatter decrease with the different triggered power, the characteristic of the main gap communicated and the image of the TVS arc. The experimental results show that the field-breakdown triggered vacuum switch delay time is close to the calculation model. Through visual observation on the changes of the TVS arc the analysis of the TVS arc image is a new experiment method.
引文
[1]刘锡三.高功率脉冲技术[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2005:3332338.(LiuXS.High pulsed power technology.Beijing:National Defense Industry Press,2005:3332338).
[2]曾正中.实用脉冲功率技术引论.西安:陕西科学技术出版社,2003:1-20.
[3]J.Mankowski,J.Dickens,M.Kristiansen.High voltage subnanoseconds breakdown[J].IEEE Trans.Plasma Science,1998,26,:874-881.
[4]I.R.MeNab.Developments in pulsed power technology[J].IEEE Trans.Magnetics,2001,37(1):357-378.
[5]N.P.Bublik,Yu.I.Isaenkov,G.D.Kuleshov,P.G.Makeev.Triggered switches for high repetition rate commutation of capacitive stores[J].IEEE Trans.Magnetics,2001,37(1):290-294.
[6]A.Harrower,S.J.MacGregor,F.A.Tuema.Design considerations for corona-stabilized repetitive switches[J].J.Phys.D:Appl.Phys.,1999,32:790-797.
[7]P J Gaidreau,J Casey,M A Kempkes,et al.SoLid-state high voltage pulse modulators for high power microwave applications[C].Proceedings of EPAC,Vienna,Austria,2000.
[8]张军,钟辉煌,杨汉武.高功率微波脉冲功率驱动源形容进展[J]高电压技术,2004,30(6):46-48.
[9]华中工学院,上海交通大学.高电压试验技术[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1983.
[10]王季梅.真空开关理论及其应用[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,1986.
[11]王季梅,苑舜.大容量真空开关理论及其产品开发[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2001.
[12]王季梅,吴维忠等.真空开关[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1983.
[13]岩原皓一.真空开关[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1981.
[14]J.M.Lafferty.Vacuum Arcs:Theory and Application[M].New York:John wiley &Sons,1980.
[15]魏荣华,吴汉基等.触发真空开关[J],高压电器,1983,6:50-56.
[16]尚文凯.真空触发间隙与马蹄型触头真空灭弧室特性研究[D].西安交通大学博士论文,1997.
[17]Vozdvijesky V.A.,et al.,Initial stage of discharge current growth in a triggered vacuum gap,Proc.14~(th)ISDEIV(Santa Fe,USA),1990,532-535.
[18]胡素华.四种真空触发间隙抖动时间的研究[J],高压电器,1994,3:24-27.
[19]R.L.Boxman.Triggered mechanisms in triggered vacuum gaps[J],IEEE T rans.on Electron Devices,1977,ED-24(2):122-128.
[20]何俊佳,邹积岩等。高性能大功率触发真空开关的研究[J],电工电能新技术,1997,(2)28-32.
[21]Y.Murai,et al.Statistical Property of the Breakdown of Vacuum Circuit Breaker and its Influence on the Surge Generation in Capacity and Reactive Current Interruption[J].IEEE Trans.On PAS,1979,98(1):232-238.
[22]H.Toya,N.Ueno,et al.Statistical property of breakdown between metal electrodes in vacuum[J].IEEE Trans.on Power Apparatus and System,1981,PAS-100(4):1932-1939.
[23]何俊佳.真空灭弧室动态绝缘的研究[D]:(博士学位论文).武汉:华中理工大学,1995.
[24]何俊佳,邹积岩等.真空灭弧室冲击电压作用下的击穿统计特性研究.中国电机工程学报.1996,16(5):312-314.
[25]Seo Kil-soo,Lee Tae-Ho.A High Power Vacuum Rotary arc Gap Closing Switch for Pulsed Power Application[A].Proceeding of X~(th)International Symposium on Dischargesand Electrical Insulation in Vacuum[C],July 1-5,Tours,France.2002:366-369.
[26]JIN Yun-sik.Noble Crowbar Circuit for Compact 50 ld Capacitor Bank[J].IEEE Trans.on Plasma Science,2004,32(2):525-530.
[27]JIN Yun-sik.Design and Performance of a 300kJ Pulsed Power Module for ETC Application[J].IEEE trans,on Mag-netics,2001.31(1):165-168.
[28]Wisken H G.A 540 kJ Modular Capacitive Pulsed Power Supply System for Basic Investigations on ETC-performance[J]IEEE Trans.on Magnetics,1999,35(1):394-397.
[29]Roger A Dougal,Gibson Morris.Low-loss High-repetition-rate Vacuum Switching[J].IEEE Trans.on Plasma Science,1991,19(5):976-988.
[30]Alfero F F.High-current Vacuum Switching Devices for Power Energy Storages[J].IEEE Trans.on Magnetics,1999,35(1):323-327.
[31]Hiroshi Arita,Kouji Suzuki,Yukio Kurosawa.Switching Characteristics of the Ttriggered Vacuum Gap for High-repetition-rate Pulse-power Source[J].IEEE Trans.on Plasma Science,1992,20(2):76-79.
[32]石晶.基于真空触发开关的故障电流限制器相关理论与实验研究[D].华中科技大学博士论文,2001.
[33]R Latham.High voltage vacuum insulation:the physical basis[M].London:Academic Press,1981.
[34]何俊佳,邹积岩等.触发真空开关中初始等离子体的产生和扩展[J],高压电器,1996,22(6):3-5.
[35]Lafferty J M.Triggered vacuum gaps[J].Proceedings of IEEE,1966,54(1):23-32.
[36]Latham R.High Voltage Vacuum Insulation:The Physical Basis[M].London:Academic Press,1981.
[37]Incropera F.P.,Dewitt D.P.Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer[M].Sth ed.,New Yord:John Wiley & Sons.2002.
[38]Carslaw H.S.,Jaeger J.C.Conduction of Heat in Solids[M].2nd ed.,New York:Oxford University Press,1959.
[39]G.M.Kassirov,B.M.Koval'chuk.An investigation of the time lag of the discharge anode spots [J].IEEE Trans.on PAS,1982,PAS-101(4):775-779.
[40]曹天宇,周鹏飞.光学零件制造工艺学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1981.1.
[41]何东健.数字图像处理[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2003.7.
[42]何孟兵,李劲,姚宗于.高功率脉冲放电间隙开关综述[J].高电压技术.2000,26(4):33-35.
[43]Farrall G A.Low voltage firing characteristics of a triggered vacuum gap.IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices,1966,13(4):432-438.
[44]Osmokrovic P,Arsic N,Lazarevic Z et al.Triggered vacuum and gas spark gaps.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1996,11(2):858-864.
[45]赵纯,邹积岩,廖敏夫等.一种多级重接式电磁发射系统的触发电路.电工电能新技术,2006,25(3):77-80.
[46]贺臣,何孟兵,李劲.高陡度场畸变开关触发系统的研制[J].强激光与粒子整,2002,14(4):617-620.
[47]华中工学院,上海交通大学.高电压试验技术.北京:水利电力出版社,1983.
[48]何俊佳,邹积岩.触发真空开关中初始等离子体的产生和扩展[J].高压电器,1996,22(6):325.
[49]吴远利,陈仕修,夏长征,刘庭,林晓宇.长间隙触发真空开关的实验研究[J].高电压技术.中国电机工程学会.2004.
[50]王季梅,马志瀛,郭文元.真空开关理论及其应用[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,1986,2,7,18.
[51]周正阳,赵纯,董华军,等.真空触发开关的触发能量和延时特性分析[J].真空,2007,44(1):58-61.
[2]曾正中.实用脉冲功率技术引论.西安:陕西科学技术出版社,2003:1-20.
[3]J.Mankowski,J.Dickens,M.Kristiansen.High voltage subnanoseconds breakdown[J].IEEE Trans.Plasma Science,1998,26,:874-881.
[4]I.R.MeNab.Developments in pulsed power technology[J].IEEE Trans.Magnetics,2001,37(1):357-378.
[5]N.P.Bublik,Yu.I.Isaenkov,G.D.Kuleshov,P.G.Makeev.Triggered switches for high repetition rate commutation of capacitive stores[J].IEEE Trans.Magnetics,2001,37(1):290-294.
[6]A.Harrower,S.J.MacGregor,F.A.Tuema.Design considerations for corona-stabilized repetitive switches[J].J.Phys.D:Appl.Phys.,1999,32:790-797.
[7]P J Gaidreau,J Casey,M A Kempkes,et al.SoLid-state high voltage pulse modulators for high power microwave applications[C].Proceedings of EPAC,Vienna,Austria,2000.
[8]张军,钟辉煌,杨汉武.高功率微波脉冲功率驱动源形容进展[J]高电压技术,2004,30(6):46-48.
[9]华中工学院,上海交通大学.高电压试验技术[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1983.
[10]王季梅.真空开关理论及其应用[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,1986.
[11]王季梅,苑舜.大容量真空开关理论及其产品开发[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2001.
[12]王季梅,吴维忠等.真空开关[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1983.
[13]岩原皓一.真空开关[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1981.
[14]J.M.Lafferty.Vacuum Arcs:Theory and Application[M].New York:John wiley &Sons,1980.
[15]魏荣华,吴汉基等.触发真空开关[J],高压电器,1983,6:50-56.
[16]尚文凯.真空触发间隙与马蹄型触头真空灭弧室特性研究[D].西安交通大学博士论文,1997.
[17]Vozdvijesky V.A.,et al.,Initial stage of discharge current growth in a triggered vacuum gap,Proc.14~(th)ISDEIV(Santa Fe,USA),1990,532-535.
[18]胡素华.四种真空触发间隙抖动时间的研究[J],高压电器,1994,3:24-27.
[19]R.L.Boxman.Triggered mechanisms in triggered vacuum gaps[J],IEEE T rans.on Electron Devices,1977,ED-24(2):122-128.
[20]何俊佳,邹积岩等。高性能大功率触发真空开关的研究[J],电工电能新技术,1997,(2)28-32.
[21]Y.Murai,et al.Statistical Property of the Breakdown of Vacuum Circuit Breaker and its Influence on the Surge Generation in Capacity and Reactive Current Interruption[J].IEEE Trans.On PAS,1979,98(1):232-238.
[22]H.Toya,N.Ueno,et al.Statistical property of breakdown between metal electrodes in vacuum[J].IEEE Trans.on Power Apparatus and System,1981,PAS-100(4):1932-1939.
[23]何俊佳.真空灭弧室动态绝缘的研究[D]:(博士学位论文).武汉:华中理工大学,1995.
[24]何俊佳,邹积岩等.真空灭弧室冲击电压作用下的击穿统计特性研究.中国电机工程学报.1996,16(5):312-314.
[25]Seo Kil-soo,Lee Tae-Ho.A High Power Vacuum Rotary arc Gap Closing Switch for Pulsed Power Application[A].Proceeding of X~(th)International Symposium on Dischargesand Electrical Insulation in Vacuum[C],July 1-5,Tours,France.2002:366-369.
[26]JIN Yun-sik.Noble Crowbar Circuit for Compact 50 ld Capacitor Bank[J].IEEE Trans.on Plasma Science,2004,32(2):525-530.
[27]JIN Yun-sik.Design and Performance of a 300kJ Pulsed Power Module for ETC Application[J].IEEE trans,on Mag-netics,2001.31(1):165-168.
[28]Wisken H G.A 540 kJ Modular Capacitive Pulsed Power Supply System for Basic Investigations on ETC-performance[J]IEEE Trans.on Magnetics,1999,35(1):394-397.
[29]Roger A Dougal,Gibson Morris.Low-loss High-repetition-rate Vacuum Switching[J].IEEE Trans.on Plasma Science,1991,19(5):976-988.
[30]Alfero F F.High-current Vacuum Switching Devices for Power Energy Storages[J].IEEE Trans.on Magnetics,1999,35(1):323-327.
[31]Hiroshi Arita,Kouji Suzuki,Yukio Kurosawa.Switching Characteristics of the Ttriggered Vacuum Gap for High-repetition-rate Pulse-power Source[J].IEEE Trans.on Plasma Science,1992,20(2):76-79.
[32]石晶.基于真空触发开关的故障电流限制器相关理论与实验研究[D].华中科技大学博士论文,2001.
[33]R Latham.High voltage vacuum insulation:the physical basis[M].London:Academic Press,1981.
[34]何俊佳,邹积岩等.触发真空开关中初始等离子体的产生和扩展[J],高压电器,1996,22(6):3-5.
[35]Lafferty J M.Triggered vacuum gaps[J].Proceedings of IEEE,1966,54(1):23-32.
[36]Latham R.High Voltage Vacuum Insulation:The Physical Basis[M].London:Academic Press,1981.
[37]Incropera F.P.,Dewitt D.P.Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer[M].Sth ed.,New Yord:John Wiley & Sons.2002.
[38]Carslaw H.S.,Jaeger J.C.Conduction of Heat in Solids[M].2nd ed.,New York:Oxford University Press,1959.
[39]G.M.Kassirov,B.M.Koval'chuk.An investigation of the time lag of the discharge anode spots [J].IEEE Trans.on PAS,1982,PAS-101(4):775-779.
[40]曹天宇,周鹏飞.光学零件制造工艺学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1981.1.
[41]何东健.数字图像处理[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2003.7.
[42]何孟兵,李劲,姚宗于.高功率脉冲放电间隙开关综述[J].高电压技术.2000,26(4):33-35.
[43]Farrall G A.Low voltage firing characteristics of a triggered vacuum gap.IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices,1966,13(4):432-438.
[44]Osmokrovic P,Arsic N,Lazarevic Z et al.Triggered vacuum and gas spark gaps.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1996,11(2):858-864.
[45]赵纯,邹积岩,廖敏夫等.一种多级重接式电磁发射系统的触发电路.电工电能新技术,2006,25(3):77-80.
[46]贺臣,何孟兵,李劲.高陡度场畸变开关触发系统的研制[J].强激光与粒子整,2002,14(4):617-620.
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