黑刺粉虱细蜂对黑刺粉虱虫体及其与茶树挥发物的行为和触角电生理反应
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摘要
黑刺粉虱细蜂(Amitus hesperidum Silvestri),隶属膜翅目(Hymenoptera),广腹细蜂科(Platygasteridae),又名刺粉虱黑蜂,是茶叶和柑桔重要害虫—黑刺粉虱幼虫期和蛹期的优势寄生蜂之一,自然控制作用强,应用潜力大。近年来,黑刺粉虱在一些茶区屡屡暴发成灾,为害损失严重,并且对化学杀虫剂易产生抗药性,因此,采用生物防治法如利用黑刺粉虱细蜂等寄生性天敌控制黑刺粉虱的研究亦成为新的热点。本文在对雅安茶区黑刺粉虱寄生蜂优势种调查的基础上,研究了黑刺粉虱细蜂对黑刺粉虱虫体及虫体-茶树复合体挥发物的行为和触角电理反应,为探索黑刺粉虱细蜂寄主定向定位机制,研究黑刺粉虱细蜂行为调控技术,更好地发挥对茶黑刺粉虱的控害效能奠定基础。主要结论如下：
1、雅安茶区黑刺粉虱的优势寄生蜂
在雅安市雨城区草坝镇和名山县中峰乡黑刺粉虱Aleurocanthus spiniferus Quaint寄生蜂调查中,共获黑刺粉虱寄生蜂3种,采用Simpson指数分析表明,黑刺粉虱细蜂Amitus hesperidum Silvestri是雅安茶区黑刺粉虱寄生蜂的优势种。
2、黑刺粉虱细蜂触角感器
采用扫描电镜观察了黑刺粉虱细蜂(Amitus hesperidum Silvestri)触角。结果表明,在雌雄蜂的触角上共存在着7种感觉器,分别为Bhom氏鬃毛、毛形感觉器、板形感觉器、腔锥形感器、柱形感觉器、栓锥形感觉器。Bohm氏鬃毛分布于柄节与头部间的节间膜上,毛形感器分布于各索节,而柱形感器分布于毛形感器之间。雌雄触角有性二型现象,主要表现在毛形感器数量差异明显,板形感器分布不同,栓锥形感器只在雌虫上发现。
3、黑刺粉虱细蜂对茶树和黑刺粉虱挥发物的行为反应
采用Y形嗅觉仪测定了黑刺粉虱细蜂对黑刺粉虱为害叶片、去除粉虱的受害叶片、粉虱虫体、健康叶片、机械损伤叶片,以及不同密度粉虱为害叶片、不同质量去虫受害叶片、不同数量粉虱虫体挥发物的行为反应。结果表明,黑刺粉虱细蜂对正常茶梢挥发物和机械损伤茶梢挥发物的趋性明显弱于对受黑刺粉虱危害后茶梢的挥发物,各类挥发物对粉虱细蜂引诱力大小表现为：虫害复合叶片>害虫取食叶片>害虫虫体>健康叶片>机械损伤叶片：对不同密度虫害复合体挥发物的反应中,细蜂对受害密度为100头/g的虫害复合体叶片挥发物有明显趋性,而50头、200头、400头、800头/g的虫害复合体挥发物对细蜂不具有明显引诱作用；以5种质量梯度的去虫受害叶片为味源进行生测,结果表明,细蜂对味源趋向率(Y)与受害叶片质量(X)之间存在显著二次多项式逐步回归关系；以5种数量梯度的粉虱虫体做味源时,只有当粉虱幼虫为到400头时,黑刺粉虱细蜂明显表现出对虫体挥发物的趋性,而随粉虱数量增加或减少,细蜂对虫体挥发物的趋向性降低。
4、黑刺粉虱细蜂对茶树挥发物以及黑刺粉虱虫体粗提物的触角电生理反应
触角电生理反应测定表明,黑刺粉虱细蜂雌雄蜂对五种茶稍挥发物粗提物的EAG反应与行为学反应较为一致。其中雌雄蜂对粉虱-害虫复合茶稍挥发物反应最强,其后依次为去虫受害茶稍、虫体正己烷漂洗物、机械损伤茶稍、健康茶稍。经配对T检验表明,黑刺粉虱细蜂雌、雄成虫对挥发物的EAG反应没有显著差异,但从数值看雌虫除对健康茶稍的EAG反应比雄虫弱外,其他均比雄虫强。
Amitus hesperidum Silvestri (Hymenoptera:Platygasteridae) is an effective parasitoid of Aleurocanthus spiniferus Quaint during its larva and pupae period which is a pest on tea and citrus. It is a gregarious parasitoid that have a big natural control functions and the application potentiality. In the past 10 years, Aleurocanthus spiniferus Quaint has resulted in big losses in tea production,and developing better management becomes high request, especially by using Amitus hesperidum Silvestri as an effective control agent. This research dealt with the following questions.Firstly, There are a investigation about parasitic bees in Yaan, The second, Behavioural and Electroantennogram (EAG) responses of Amitus hesperidum Silvestri at different developmental stages to extracts from pests and plant-host feeding complex. The experiments based on above two questions were designed for understanding and answering. The results are summarized as follows:
1、There are dominant species of parasitic bees on Aleurocanthus spiniferus in Ya'an.
There are total 3 kinds of parasitic bees on Aleurocanthus spiniferus Quaint which were found in the resources dominant species of parasitic bees on Aleurocanthus spiniferus Quaint in Caoba and Zhongfeng village in Ya'an City. The analysis found that Amitus hesperidum Silvestri is the dominant species of parasitic bees on Aleurocanthus spiniferus in Ya'an.
2、Antennal sensilla of Amitus hesperidum Silvestri observed
The antennae of Amitus hesperidum Silvestri were observed by means of electric scanning microscope. It was found that seven types of sensilla, including Bohm's bristles, Sensilla trichodea, sensilla placodea, Sensory pore, Sensilla coeleoconica, Sensilla cylindric and Sensilla styloconicum were found on the antenna of wasp. The shape of these sensilla and their distribution were described. There were obviously sex dimorphisms, including differences in the number of Sensilla trichodea and distribution of sensilla placodea, Moreover, Sensilla styloconicum were only found on female's antenna.
3、The response of Amitus hesperidum Silvestri adults to Different volatiles
The role of volatile cues from host plants and hosts in the host-selection behavior of parasitic wasps was investigated by Y-tube olfactomete. The results show that the response of parasitoid is trend to plant-host feeding complex. Attract action appear tensity as:plant-host feeding complex>Leaf feeding insects Larval parasites>intact tea shoots> me-chanically damaged shoots; the response of Amitus hesperidum Silvestri adults to Different plant-host feeding Complex, the parasitoid significantly trend to density of 100/g,while the volatiles from plants infested with 50、200、400、800 did not; The response of Amitus hesperidum Silvestri adults to Different Leaf feeding insects, There existed a Significant regressive relationship between the tendency (Y)and the weight of whitefly-damaged tea(X); The response of Amitus hesperidum Silvestri adults to Different Larval parasites,when the number of insect body is 400, the effect could be boosted up to a highest exent. However,the number of insect body contune to increased,the effect of whiteflies on Amitus hesperidum Silvestri is decrease.
4、The EAG responses of the male and female parasitoid to the different volatiles
EAG response of female and male adult to five different volatiles was tested by electrophsiology. The results were similar to that of behavior. The parasitoid had a strongest reaction to plant-host feeding complex, intact tea shoots.The paired T test showed that the EAG response of female and male were not significantly different, However, the response of female is stronger than males in addition to intact tea shoots.
1、雅安茶区黑刺粉虱的优势寄生蜂
在雅安市雨城区草坝镇和名山县中峰乡黑刺粉虱Aleurocanthus spiniferus Quaint寄生蜂调查中,共获黑刺粉虱寄生蜂3种,采用Simpson指数分析表明,黑刺粉虱细蜂Amitus hesperidum Silvestri是雅安茶区黑刺粉虱寄生蜂的优势种。
2、黑刺粉虱细蜂触角感器
采用扫描电镜观察了黑刺粉虱细蜂(Amitus hesperidum Silvestri)触角。结果表明,在雌雄蜂的触角上共存在着7种感觉器,分别为Bhom氏鬃毛、毛形感觉器、板形感觉器、腔锥形感器、柱形感觉器、栓锥形感觉器。Bohm氏鬃毛分布于柄节与头部间的节间膜上,毛形感器分布于各索节,而柱形感器分布于毛形感器之间。雌雄触角有性二型现象,主要表现在毛形感器数量差异明显,板形感器分布不同,栓锥形感器只在雌虫上发现。
3、黑刺粉虱细蜂对茶树和黑刺粉虱挥发物的行为反应
采用Y形嗅觉仪测定了黑刺粉虱细蜂对黑刺粉虱为害叶片、去除粉虱的受害叶片、粉虱虫体、健康叶片、机械损伤叶片,以及不同密度粉虱为害叶片、不同质量去虫受害叶片、不同数量粉虱虫体挥发物的行为反应。结果表明,黑刺粉虱细蜂对正常茶梢挥发物和机械损伤茶梢挥发物的趋性明显弱于对受黑刺粉虱危害后茶梢的挥发物,各类挥发物对粉虱细蜂引诱力大小表现为：虫害复合叶片>害虫取食叶片>害虫虫体>健康叶片>机械损伤叶片：对不同密度虫害复合体挥发物的反应中,细蜂对受害密度为100头/g的虫害复合体叶片挥发物有明显趋性,而50头、200头、400头、800头/g的虫害复合体挥发物对细蜂不具有明显引诱作用；以5种质量梯度的去虫受害叶片为味源进行生测,结果表明,细蜂对味源趋向率(Y)与受害叶片质量(X)之间存在显著二次多项式逐步回归关系；以5种数量梯度的粉虱虫体做味源时,只有当粉虱幼虫为到400头时,黑刺粉虱细蜂明显表现出对虫体挥发物的趋性,而随粉虱数量增加或减少,细蜂对虫体挥发物的趋向性降低。
4、黑刺粉虱细蜂对茶树挥发物以及黑刺粉虱虫体粗提物的触角电生理反应
触角电生理反应测定表明,黑刺粉虱细蜂雌雄蜂对五种茶稍挥发物粗提物的EAG反应与行为学反应较为一致。其中雌雄蜂对粉虱-害虫复合茶稍挥发物反应最强,其后依次为去虫受害茶稍、虫体正己烷漂洗物、机械损伤茶稍、健康茶稍。经配对T检验表明,黑刺粉虱细蜂雌、雄成虫对挥发物的EAG反应没有显著差异,但从数值看雌虫除对健康茶稍的EAG反应比雄虫弱外,其他均比雄虫强。
Amitus hesperidum Silvestri (Hymenoptera:Platygasteridae) is an effective parasitoid of Aleurocanthus spiniferus Quaint during its larva and pupae period which is a pest on tea and citrus. It is a gregarious parasitoid that have a big natural control functions and the application potentiality. In the past 10 years, Aleurocanthus spiniferus Quaint has resulted in big losses in tea production,and developing better management becomes high request, especially by using Amitus hesperidum Silvestri as an effective control agent. This research dealt with the following questions.Firstly, There are a investigation about parasitic bees in Yaan, The second, Behavioural and Electroantennogram (EAG) responses of Amitus hesperidum Silvestri at different developmental stages to extracts from pests and plant-host feeding complex. The experiments based on above two questions were designed for understanding and answering. The results are summarized as follows:
1、There are dominant species of parasitic bees on Aleurocanthus spiniferus in Ya'an.
There are total 3 kinds of parasitic bees on Aleurocanthus spiniferus Quaint which were found in the resources dominant species of parasitic bees on Aleurocanthus spiniferus Quaint in Caoba and Zhongfeng village in Ya'an City. The analysis found that Amitus hesperidum Silvestri is the dominant species of parasitic bees on Aleurocanthus spiniferus in Ya'an.
2、Antennal sensilla of Amitus hesperidum Silvestri observed
The antennae of Amitus hesperidum Silvestri were observed by means of electric scanning microscope. It was found that seven types of sensilla, including Bohm's bristles, Sensilla trichodea, sensilla placodea, Sensory pore, Sensilla coeleoconica, Sensilla cylindric and Sensilla styloconicum were found on the antenna of wasp. The shape of these sensilla and their distribution were described. There were obviously sex dimorphisms, including differences in the number of Sensilla trichodea and distribution of sensilla placodea, Moreover, Sensilla styloconicum were only found on female's antenna.
3、The response of Amitus hesperidum Silvestri adults to Different volatiles
The role of volatile cues from host plants and hosts in the host-selection behavior of parasitic wasps was investigated by Y-tube olfactomete. The results show that the response of parasitoid is trend to plant-host feeding complex. Attract action appear tensity as:plant-host feeding complex>Leaf feeding insects Larval parasites>intact tea shoots> me-chanically damaged shoots; the response of Amitus hesperidum Silvestri adults to Different plant-host feeding Complex, the parasitoid significantly trend to density of 100/g,while the volatiles from plants infested with 50、200、400、800 did not; The response of Amitus hesperidum Silvestri adults to Different Leaf feeding insects, There existed a Significant regressive relationship between the tendency (Y)and the weight of whitefly-damaged tea(X); The response of Amitus hesperidum Silvestri adults to Different Larval parasites,when the number of insect body is 400, the effect could be boosted up to a highest exent. However,the number of insect body contune to increased,the effect of whiteflies on Amitus hesperidum Silvestri is decrease.
4、The EAG responses of the male and female parasitoid to the different volatiles
EAG response of female and male adult to five different volatiles was tested by electrophsiology. The results were similar to that of behavior. The parasitoid had a strongest reaction to plant-host feeding complex, intact tea shoots.The paired T test showed that the EAG response of female and male were not significantly different, However, the response of female is stronger than males in addition to intact tea shoots.
引文
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