高中信息技术教师专业知识研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
随着我国课程改革和信息化教育的推进,特别是2000年“全国中小学信息技术教育工作会议”召开,以及2003年《普通高中技术课程课程标准(实验》(信息技术)的颁布,我国高中信息技术教育进入了一个崭新的高速发展阶段。高中信息技术教师作为高中阶段信息技术教育的实施者和推动者,其专业知识水平不仅直接影响着高中信息技术教育的质量,还间接影响着我国国民信息素养的养成以及我国基础教育信息化的推进。然而,目前我国对高中信息技术教师专业知识的研究还处于起步阶段,对其专业知识水平状况、专业知识来源以及其影响因素均未进行详细系统研究。因此,需对高中信息技术教师专业知识进行进一步深入研究。
     本文基于教师专业知识理论,以及我国中学信息技术课程实施现状,构建了高中信息技术教师专业知识框架。依据此框架,采用问卷调查、观察访谈等定量研究和定性研究相结合的方法,对东北地区的403名在职高中信息技术教师和174名师范生的专业知识状况和专业知识来源的进行全面调查,试图全面系统地了解我国高中信息技术教师专业知识状况、专业知识来源以及影响其专业知识发展的因素。主要研究结论如下:
     1.高中信息技术教师的专业知识总体水平不高。不管是在职教师还是师范生的大部分专业知识的得分率都低于60%,处于不及格水平,未达到《普通高中技术课程标准(实验)》的要求。从运用信息技术教师专业知识评价体系评价的结果来看,绝大部分教师专业知识综合得分在0.3-0.6之间,其中62%的教师低于0.5,87%的教师低于0.6;具体来看,信息技术教师的学科课程知识水平相对较好,其次是一般教育教学知识,再次是学科教学知识,最低的是信息技术学科知识。另外,教师之间专业知识水平存在明显差异。教龄、教师级别、教师所在学校级别是影响教师专业知识水平的重要因素。信息技术教师的专业知识水平随着教龄的增长而增长;骨干教师的专业知识水平明显高于非骨干教师;省重点高中的教师的专业知识水平也明显高于一般高中的教师;且这种差异在学科教学知识上体现最为明显。
     2.根据信息技术教师专业知识结构特点,信息技术教师可分为低分非均衡型、低分均衡型、高分非均衡型和高分均衡型教师,其中高分均衡型的教师大多是骨干教师,低分非均衡型的教师以中老年教师居多,高分非均衡型的教师以年轻教师居多。
     3.利用统计分析和logistic回归分析对在职高中信息技术教师的专业知识来源研究得出:自身教学经验和反思、与同事日常交流是其专业知识重要来源;教学观摩活动是比较重要的来源,而在职培训和学历补偿教育的作用对专业知识的提高作用不明显。从师范生专业知识来源研究得出:教育见习与实习、教法课是其专业知识的重要来源,而教育类课程、微格教学的作用不明显。同样利用统计分析和logistic回归分析对师范生的专业知识来源研究得出:教育见习实习、教法课是其专业知识的重要来源,而教育类课程、微格教学的作用不明显。
Along with the curriculum reform and the information education forward, especiallywith the National Work Meeting of Middle and Primary School’s Information TechnologyEducation”(2000) held, and The Ordinary High School Technology Curriculum Standard(experiment (Information Technology)"(2003) issued, information technology education inhigh school has entered a new high-speed developing stage. As high school informationtechnology education and the facilitator, high school information technology teachers’professional knowledge level not only affects the quality of the information technologyeducation of high school directly, but also impact on the cultivation of China's nationalinformation literacy and the informatization of Chinese foundational education indirectly.However, current researches on high school information technology teachers' professionalknowledge is still at its beginning stage; the professional knowledge level status, professionalknowledge sources and the influence factors are not carefully examined. Therefore, furtherresearches on high school information technology teachers' professional knowledge arerequired.
     This paper, based on the theory of teachers' professional knowledge in China and thecurrent implementing status of information technology curriculum in middle schools,constructs the framework of high school information technology teachers' professionalknowledge According to this framework, the professional knowledge status and professionalknowledge of the source of403high school information technology teachers in-service and174students of pre-service from the northeast part of China were surveyedcomprehensively, through the combining of the quantitative and qualitative method of thequestionnaire investigation, observation, visiting and so on. In doing so, we try tosystematically understand Chinese high school information technology teachers’ professionalknowledge status, professional knowledge sources and their affecting factors. Main researchconclusions are as follows:
     1. High school information technology teachers' professional knowledge level overall isnot high. Whether the points of in-service teacher or students' most professional knowledge isbelow60%, which is a failing level according to the requirements of “The Ordinary HighSchool Technology Curriculum Standard (experiment)".The analytic hierarchy process (ahp)results of the in-service information technology teachers' professional knowledge shows thatthe total score of most of them is between0.3-0.6,62%of them is less than0.5,87%ofthem is less than0.6; when it comes to professional knowledge type, discipline curriculumknowledge level is relatively higher, followed by general education teaching knowledge, thenis teaching knowledge, and the last is the information technology subject knowledge. Surveys on in-service information technology teacher's professional knowledge level also show thedifferences at the professional knowledge levels. The professional knowledge level growthswith the teaching age; Backbone teachers’ professional knowledge level is significantlyhigher than the non-backbone teachers’; Provincial key high school teachers' professionalknowledge level is significantly higher than the average high school teachers’; besides, thisdifference in teaching knowledge is the most obvious.
     2. According to characteristics of in-service teachers knowledge structure, theinformation technology teachers can be divided into three categories: balanced, experiencedand branched, of which the most balanced type teachers are the backbone teachers, themajority of the experienced one are the middle aged teachers; and; and the majority ofbranched one are the young teachers.
     3. According to the surveys on the of the in-service high school information technologyteachers’ professional knowledge sources are various, the statistical analysis and logisticregression analysis shows that: teaching experience and reflection, observing, as well as thecolleagues daily communication are the most important sources of their professionalknowledge; while in-service training and degree education’s enhancing effect is not obvious.According to survey on the students' professional knowledge sources, statistical analysis andlogistic regression analysis shows that: education apprentice and the practice, teachingmethods class are the most important sources of their professional knowledge and educationalcourses, micro teaching effect is not obvious.
引文
①林刚.信息技术教师专业化研究[D].[硕士学位论文].南昌:江西师范大学传播学院,2004.
    ①东北师范大学信息技术教育研究所.[Z].[内部资料].长春,2009,22‐25.
    ②教育部普通高中新课程信息技术教科书使用情况调研课题组.[Z].[内部资料].长春,2011,15‐16.
    ③张伟平,毛慧娟.中小学信息技术教师现状及对策分析[J].湘潭师范学院学报(自然科学版),2008,30(4):207-209.
    ④申继亮,李琼.从中小学教师的知识状况看师范教育的课程改革[J].课程·教材·教法,2001(11):49‐52.
    ①董玉琦.信息技术课程导论[M].长春:东北师范大学出版社,2001.172-173.
    ①成中英.知识与价值——和谐、真理与正义的探索[M].中国台北:联经公司,1986.3-7.
    ②Russell B. Theory of Knowledge: The1913Manuscript(Edited by E. R. Eames)[M]. London: Routledge,1992.45-50.
    ③Dewey J, Bently A F. Knowing and the Known. Boston[M]: The Bacon Press,1949.78-79.
    ④鲍宗豪.论无知:一个新的认识领域[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1991.134.
    ①石中英.知识转型与教育改革[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2001.13.
    ②刘清华.教师知识的模型建构研究[D].[硕士论文]重庆:西南大学,2004.
    ③余文森.个体知识与公共知识[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2010.6-7.
    ④Southerland S.A., Sinatra G.M, Matthews M.R.. Belief,knowledge,and Science Education[J]. EducationalPsychology Review,2001,13(4):325-351.
    ⑤Alexander P.A., Dochy F.J. Conceptions of knowledge and beliefs: A comparison across varying cultural andeducational communities[J], American Educational Research Journal,.1995,32(2):413-442.
    ⑥同③
    ⑦Fan L.H. The development of teacher’s pedagogical knowledge[D].[Unpublished doctoral dissertation]University of Chicago,1998.
    ①Anderson J.R.The architecture of cognition. Cambridge[D],[MA]: Harvard University Press,1983.
    ①石中英.知识转型与教育改革[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2001.63-65.
    ②黄荣怀.郑兰琴.隐性知识论[M].长沙:湖南大学出版社,2007.5-6.
    ①石中英.知识转型与教育改革[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2001.96-97.
    ②石中英.知识转型与教育改革[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2001.80-83.
    ①Berliner,D.C.The development of expertise in pedagogy. Washington,D.C: American Association of Colleges forTeacher Education[R],1988.
    ②Monroe P.et al. A cyclopedia of education[M]. NY: Macmillan,1913.622-623
    ①Elbaz,F.L. Teaching thinking: a study of practical knowledge[M]. London: Croom Helm,1983.128-131.
    ②Shulman,L.Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the new reform[J]. Harvard EducationalReview,.1987,57:1-22.
    ③Reynolds,M.C. Knowledge base for the beginning teacher. Oxford[M]. New York:Published for the AmericanAssociation of Colleges for teacher Education by Pergamon Press,1989.316.
    ④R.J.斯腾伯格,J.A.霍瓦斯.高民,张春莉译.邵瑞珍校.专家型教师教学的原型观[J].华东师范大学学报(教科版),1997(1),27-37.
    ①李琼.教师专业发展的知识基础[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2009.28-29.
    ②Dewey J.The child and the curriculum. In J.A. Boydston (ed.), John Dewey: The Middle Works,1899-1924,Volume2:1902-1903. Carbondale, IL[R]: South Illinois University Press,1902.286.
    ③叶澜.新世纪教师专业素养培养初探[J].教育研究与实验,1998(1):35-38.
    ①林崇德,申继亮,辛涛.教师素质的构成及其培养途径[J].中国教育学刊,1996(6):16-22.
    ②陈向明.实践性知识:教师专业发展的知识基础[J].北大评论,2003(1):104-112
    ③万文涛.论专业化教师的知识结构[J].教育研究,2004(9):17-19.
    ④刘清华.教师知识的模型建构研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004.68-69.
    ⑤简红珠.教师知识的不同诠释与研究方法[J].课程与教学季刊,2002(5):36.
    ⑥唐玉光.教师专业发展与教师教育[M].合肥:安徽教育出版社,2008.1-3.
    ⑦刘清华.教师知识的模型建构研究[D].重庆:西南师范大学教育科学研究所,2004.
    ⑧马云鹏,赵冬晨,韩继伟等.中学教师专业知识状况调查研究[J].东北师大学报(哲学社会科学版),2008(6):57-64.
    ①申继亮,李琼.小学数学教师的教学专长:对教师职业知识特点的研究[J].教育研究,2001(7):61-65.
    ②汪敏.中学语文教师专业素养现状分析及对策探讨[J].内蒙古师范大学学报(教育科学版),2004(12):56-58.
    ③王秀香,都晓娟,全海英,等.对辽宁省中学体育教师专业素质现状的调查与分析[J].辽宁师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005(3):372-374.
    ④杨朝晖.北京中学历史教师专业素质现状及分析[J].学科教育,2002(10):45-49.
    ⑤黄晓,胡炳元.浙江省中学物理教师专业素养调查与探析[J].教师教育研究,2007(5):45-50.
    ⑥赵丽波.长春市城区重点高中英语教师专业素质调查研究[D]长春:东北师范大学,2006.
    ①周成海.客观主义—主观主义连续观点下的教师教育范式:理论基础与结构特征[D].长春:东北师范大学,2007.
    ②同①
    ①Banks F,Barlex D,Jarvinen E M,et al.DEPTH-Developing professional thinking for technology teachers: Aninternational study[J].International Journal of Technology and Design Education,2004,14(2):141-157.
    ②ACM K-12Task Force Curriculum Committee.A Model Curriculum for K-12Computer Science—Final Reportof the ACM K-12Task Force Curriculum Committee[EB/OL].http://csta.acm.org/,2012-01-03.
    ①王吉庆主编.信息技术课程与教学论[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社.2008.7.96-97
    ②董玉琦主编.信息技术课程与教学[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2009.6.171-172
    ①张义兵.信息技术教师素养:结构与形成[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003.8.75-76
    ②刘美凤,马晓玲,王蓉,李璐.中小学信息技术教师能力素质结构研究[J].中国电化教育.2011(3):12-16.
    ①邹燕.山东省城镇高中信息技术教师能力素质现状与发展对策研究[D].[硕士学位论文].济南:山东师范大学教育学院,2006.
    ②项道东.欠发达地区中学信息技术教师专业素质现状调查研究–以浙江永嘉为例[D].[硕士学位论文].金华:浙江师范大学教师教育学院,2009.
    ③廖媛媛.中学信息技术教师的专业发展研究[D].[硕士学位论文].乌鲁木齐:新疆师范大学教育学院,2007.
    ④郭广民.信息技术教师信息素养的现状与提升策略研究[D].[硕士学位论文].北京:首都师范大学教育学院,2007.
    ①林刚.信息技术教师专业化研究[D].[硕士学位论文].南昌:江西师范大学教育学院,2004.
    ②贾积有,汪琼.教师信息素养影响的定量分析—以北京市中小学信息技术教师信息素养调查为例[J].电化教育研究,2008(8):14-16.
    ③林万新.信息技术教师专业发展的现状、问题与对策[J].电化教育研究,2010(3):7-9.
    ④包政委,董玉琦.义务教育阶段信息技术教师专业发展状况调查研究[J].中国电化教育,2010(7):1-4.
    ⑤钱松龄.高中信息技术教师专业发展现状—基于教师访谈的分析[J].中国电化教育,2010(8):6-9.
    ⑥祝智庭.新编信息技术教学论[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社.2008.6.218-220.
    ①詹青龙.信息技术教师培训:理论与应用[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2009.5.50-56
    ①衷克定.高校信息技术课程教师知识结构的分析研究[J].高等理科教育,2009(2):44-47.
    ①林万新.信息技术教师专业发展的现状、问题与对策[J].电化教育研究,2010(3):7-9.
    ②林凤英.高中电脑教师学科基本知识之研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].国立台湾师范大学咨询教育研究所,1997.
    ①舒尔曼.“知识与教学:新改革的基础”.奥恩斯等著,于强主译,当代课程问题[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2004.171.
    ②Grossman P.L.The making of a teacher knowledge and teacher education[J]. Teacher College Press,1990(3):9-10.
    ③徐碧美.追求卓越——教师专业发展案例研究[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003.69-71.
    ④范良火.教师教学知识发展研究[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2003.156-157.
    ①Book,C.,Byers, J.&Freeman D. Student expectations and teacher education tradition with which we can andcannot live[J].Journal of Teacher Education,1983,36(1):9-13
    ②Grossman P L. A study in Contrast: Source of Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Secondary EnglishTeachers[J]. Journal of Teacher Education,1988,40(5):24—31.
    ③Lange, J. D.&Burroughs, L. S. G. Professional uncertainty and professional growth [R]. ERIC DocumentReproduction Service,1994(1):376.
    ④Scholz, J. M. Professional development for mid-level mathematics [R]. Paper presented at the Annual Meetingof American Education of Research Association, San Francisco: CA,1995.
    ⑤范良火.教师教学知识发展研究[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2003.30-42.
    ⑥范良火.教师教学知识发展研究[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2003.211.
    ⑦Lianghuo FAN, Christina CHEONG Ngan Peng. How Mathematics Teachers Develop Their PedagogicalKnowledge: A Study of Six Secondary Schools in Singapore[D]. AERA2005Annual Meeting. April10-15, Montreal,Canada.
    ①刘清华.教师知识的模型建构研究[D].[博士学位论文].重庆:西南师范大学教育科学研究所,2004.
    ②吴卫东,彭文波,郑丹丹.小学教师教学知识现状及其影响因素的调查研究[J].教师教育研究,2005(4):59—64.
    ③董涛,董桂玉.教师教学知识发展途径调查分析[J].当代教育科学,2006(11):36-37.
    ④张秋明,徐平国.对教师教学知识来源的调查[J].上海教育科研,2005(11):22-24.
    ⑤卢信瑜.我国小学教师教学知识发展调查与研究[D]硕士学位论文:福建师范大学,2005.
    ①张奠宙.教师教学知识发展研究[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2003.6‐7.
    ②Tamir,P.1988.Subject matter and related pedagogical knowledge in teacher education.Teachingand Teacher Education,4(2),99-110.
    ①Shulman,J.1989.Blue freeways:Traveling the alternate route with big-city teachertrainees.Journal of Teacher Education,40(5),2-8.
    ①马云鹏,赵冬晨,韩继伟等.中学教师专业知识状况调查研究[J].东北师大学报(哲学社会科学版),2008(6):57-64.
    ①陈向明.质的研究方法与社会科学研究[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2000.1.11‐12
    ①Gearhart, M. Mathematics knowledge for teaching: Questions about constructs. Measurement: InterdisciplinaryResearch&Perspective.2007(2-3):173-180.
    ①Downing S. M. Twelve Steps for Effective Test Development. In S. M. Downing&T. M. Halydyna (Eds.).Handbook of test development. Mahwah[M]. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.2004.3–26.
    ②Robert L. Linn. The standards for educational and psychological testing: Guidance in test development. In S. M.Downing&T. M. Halydyna (Eds.). Handbook of test developmen[M]t. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence ErlbaumAssociates.2004,27–38.
    ③Shulman, L.S. Knowledge and Teaching: Foundations of the New Reform[M]. Harvard Educational Review,1987,57(1):1-22.
    ①Grossman, P. L.. Teachers’ knowledge. In L. W. Anderson (Ed.). International encyclopedia of teaching andteacher education(2nd ed.). Kidlington[M].Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science Ltd,1995.20-24.
    ②Borko, H.&Putnam, R.. Learning to teach. In D. C. Berliner&R. C. Calfee (Eds). Handbook of educationalpsychology[M]. New York: Macmillan,1996.673-708.
    ③林崇德,申继亮,辛涛.教师素质的构成及其培养途径[J].中小学教师培训,1998(1):10-14.
    ①Tatto M. T., Schwill J., Senk S., Ingvarson L., ec tal. Teacher Education and Development Study in Mathematics(TEDS-M): Policy, practice, and readiness to teach primary and secondary mathematics[M]. Conceptual framework.East Lansing, MI: Teacher Education and Development International Study Center, College of Education, MichiganState University.2008.42.
    ①Lawshe, C. H.A Quantitative Approach to Content Validity [J].Personnel Psychology,1975,28(4):563‐575.
    ①金瑜.心理测量[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2001,323.
    ②Suen, H.K.,&McClellan, S..命题原理与技术[EB/OL].
    ①范良火.教师教学知识发展研究[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2003.66‐67
    ①陈向明质的研究方法与社会科学研究[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2001.151‐152.
    ②陈向明质的研究方法与社会科学研究[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2001.152‐153.
    ①陈向明质的研究方法与社会科学研究[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2001.137‐138.
    ①魏薇,王红艳,路书红.教育研究方法[M].济南:山东人民出版社.2012.1.82‐83.
    ③陈向明质的研究方法与社会科学研究[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2001.171‐172.
    ①陈向明质的研究方法与社会科学研究[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2001.269-270.
    ①徐碧美.追求卓越:教师专业发展案例研究[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003.60‐61
    ②琳达哈蒙德.有力的教育教育[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2009.72‐73
    ①石中英.知识转型与教育改革[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2001:11‐12.
    ②Schwab,J.J.Education and the structure of disciplines.In I. Westbury&N.J.Wilkof(Eds.),Science,curriculum,andliberal education.Chicago[J]: Chicago University of Chicago Press,1978:229-272.
    ③李琼.教师专业发展的知识基础[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2009.34‐35.
    ①Grossman,P.L.,Wilson,S.M.,&Shulman,L.S.Teachers of substance:subject matter Knowledge forteaching.Knowledge bases for the beginning teacher[M].Oxford,England:Pergamon Press.1989.ix-xii.
    ②Ball,D.L.Teaching for understanding:what do teachers need to know about the subject matter?.InM.Kenndy(Ed.)Teaching academic subjects to divers learners[M].NewYork:Teachers CollegePress.1991.63-83.
    ①Bullough Jr,R.V.Pedagogical content konwledge circa1907and1987: A study in the history of anidea[J].Teaching and Teacher Education,2001.17.665-666
    ②Buchmann,M.The priority of knowledge and understanding in teaching.In L.G.Katz&J.D.Raths(Eds.),Advancesin teacher education Norwood,NJ:Ablex,1984.29-50.
    ③李琼.教师专业发展的知识基础—教学专长研究[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2009.36‐39.
    ①李琼.教师专业发展的知识基础—教学专长研究[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2009.36‐39.
    ②Ball.D.L.,Lubienski,S.,and Mewborn,D.Reasearch on teaching mathematics: The unsolved problem of teacher’smathematical knowledge. In V. Richardson(Ed.),Handbook of reasearch on teaching(4thed.),NewYork:Macmillan,2001.433-455.
    ①Cocran,K.F.,Deruiter,J.A&King,R.A.Pedagogical content konwing:an integrative model for teacherpreparation[J],Journal of Teacher Education,1993(44).263‐272.
    ②Marks,R..Pedagogical content knowledge: Form a mathematical case to a modified conception[J].Journal ofTeacher Education,1990(41):3‐11.
    ③Grossman,P.L..The making of teacher:Teacher knowledge and teacher education[M].New York:TeachersColledge Press.1990.4‐8.
    ①李琼.教师专业发展的知识基础—教学专长研究[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2009.43‐45.
    ②Turner‐Bisset,R..The knowledge bases of the expert teacher[J].British Education Research Journal,1999(25):39‐54.
    ①李琼.教师专业发展的知识基础—教学专长研究[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2009.43‐46.
    ①Fenstermacher,G..The Knower and the known: the nature of knowledge in research on teaching[J].Review ofResearch in Education,1994(20):3‐56.
    ①Grossman,P.L..The making of teacher:Teacher knowledge and teacher education[M].New York:TeachersCollege Press.1990.55‐57.
    ②Thompson,A.G.,&Thompson,P.W..Taking about rates conceptually,part2:Number concepts.InGennema,E.,Carpenter,T.P.,&Lamon,S.J.(Eds.),Integrating research teaching and learning mathematics.New York: StateUniversity of New York Press.1996.51‐71.
    ①National Commission on Teaching and America’s Future. What Matters Most: Teaching for America’sFuture[M]. New York: National Commission on Teaching and America’s Future.1996.5.
    ②Holmes Group. Tomorrow’s Teachers. East Lansing[M]. MI: The Holmes Group,1986.Holmes Group. Tomorrow’s Schools. East Lansing[M]. MI: The Holmes Group,1990.Holmes Group.. Tomorrow’s Schools of Education. East Lansing[M]. MI: The Holmes Group,1995.
    ①范良火.教师教学知识发展研究[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2003.5.208‐212.
    ①Schmidt W., Tatto M. T., Bankov K., Blomeke S, et al. The preparation gap: Teacher education for middle schoolmathematics in six countries[M]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.2007.
    ①转引自董玉琦,包政委.义务教育阶段信息技术教师专业发展状况调查研究[J].中国电化教育,2010(7):1‐4.
    ①许云昭.师范教育面临边缘化[N].长沙:长沙晚报,2006.1.25.
    ①王艳玲.教师教育课程论[M]上海:华东师范大学出版社,2011.132‐133.
    ①王艳玲.教师教育课程论[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2011.132‐133.
    ②麦克扬.谢维和,王晓阳译.未来的课程[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2003.7.
    ③同②
    ④王艳玲.教师教育课程论[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2011.134‐135.
    ⑤王艳玲.教师教育课程论[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2011.132‐135.
    ①王艳玲.教师教育课程论[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2011.132‐135.
    ②叶澜,白益民.教师角色与教师发展新探[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2001.294‐295.
    ③李政涛.教师发展的理想与现实[J].北京:中小学管理,2004(10):4‐5.
    [1]鲍宗豪.论无知:一个新的认识领域[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1991.
    [2]陈峰津.布鲁纳教育思想基础研究[M].台湾:商务印书馆,1982.
    [3]陈向明质的研究方法与社会科学研究[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2001.
    [4]陈向明.实践性知识:教师专业发展的知识基础[J].北大评论,2003(1):104-112.
    [5]陈至立.抓住机遇,加快发展,在中小学大力普及信息技术教育-在全国中小学信息技术教育工作会议上的报告[EB/OL]. http://www.eol.cn/20030210/3077094.shtml.201--01-27.
    [6]成中英.知识与价值——和谐、真理与正义的探索[M].中国台北:联经公司,1986.3-7.
    [7]董涛,董桂玉.教师教学知识发展途径调查分析[J].当代教育科学,2006(11):36-37.
    [8]董玉琦,包政委.义务教育阶段信息技术教师专业发展状况调查研究[J].中国电化教育,2010(7):1-4.
    [9]董玉琦,解月光,孙启林.信息技术教育国际比较研究[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2005.8.
    [10]董玉琦.信息技术课程研究:体系化、方法论与发展方向[J].中国电化教育,2007(3):8-12.
    [11]董玉琦.信息技术课程导论[M].长春:东北师范大学出版社,2001.172-173.
    [12]董玉琦主编.信息技术课程与教学[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2009.
    [13]董喆.利用统计软件SPSS进行试卷质量分析[J].中国科技信息,20092009(15):100-102.
    [14]杜晓利.教育研究重心的转移—以《哈弗教育评论》为例[M].上海:上海世纪出版集团.2007.
    [15]段晓林,王国华,张惠博.学生对教师之学科教学知觉问卷之发展[J].科学教育学刊1998,6(2):129-147.
    [16]段晓林.科学教师的学习与成长[M].台湾:彰化师范大学出版社,2009.
    [17]范良火.教师教学知识发展研究[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2003.
    [18]方菲菲,卢正芝.教师专业发展研究的新焦点:学科教学知识及启示[J].当代教育科学,2008(5):31-33.
    [19]冯善斌.新课程理念下教师专业发展的知识结构[J].河北教育,2006,2(3):3-5.
    [20]冯茁,曲铁华.从PCK到PCKg:教师专业发展的新转向[J].外国教育研究,2006(12):58-63.
    [21]郭广民.信息技术教师信息素养的现状与提升策略研究[D].[硕士学位论文].北京:首都师范大学教育学院,2007.
    [22]郭义章,段晓琳.国中初任理化教师思考与呈现其学科教学知识之个案研究[J].科学教育(彰化师大),1998(8):53-69.
    [23]何彩霞.对化学教师学科知识结构的测评与思考[J].化学教育,2001(5):22-25.
    [24]何晓群.多元统计分析[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.
    [25]胡斌.学科教学知识视野中的高职“双师型”教师队伍建设[J].河南职业技术师范学院学报(职业教育版),2008(1):33-34.
    [26]胡青,刘小强.分离还是融合:教师教育专业化中形式与实质的矛盾—兼谈学科教学知识与当前我国的教师教育改革[J].江西社会科学,2005(11):188-192.
    [27]黄荣怀.郑兰琴.隐性知识论[M].长沙:湖南大学出版社,2007.5-6.
    [28]黄诗雯.运用Shulman教学推理模式发展国小数学教师PCK历程之行动研究.[EB/OL].http://teaching.cycu.edu.tw/periodical_2009.html.2010-9-10.
    [29]黄晓,胡炳元.浙江省中学物理教师专业素养调查与探析[J].教师教育研究,2007(5):45-50.
    [30]贾积有,汪琼.教师信息素养影响的定量分析—以北京市中小学信息技术教师信息素养调查为例[J].电化教育研究,2008(8):14-16.
    [31]简红珠.教师知识的不同诠释与研究方法[J].课程与教学季刊,2002(5):36.
    [32]姜春霄,林刚.信息技术教师专业知识和能力结构刍议[J].中小学电教,2006(2):11-13.
    [33]缴洪勋.我国高校信息技术教育专业(方向)建设现状调查及发展策略研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].长春:东北师范大学课程与教学系,2008.
    [34]教育部师范司.教师专业化的理论与实践(修订版)[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003.54-55.
    [35]景敏.基于学校的数学教师数学教学内容知识发展策略研究[D].[博士学位论文].上海:华东师范大学,2006.
    [36]李坤.初中物理教学学科教学知识的个案研究[D].[硕士学位论文].北京:首都师范大学,2009.
    [37]李美凤,李艺.TPCK:整合技术的教师专业知识新框架[J].黑龙江高教研究,2008(4):74-77.
    [38]李琼.小学数学教师的学科知识、教学内容知识及其课堂教学的关系[D].[博士论文].香港:香港中文大学,2004.
    [39]李琼,倪玉菁,萧宁波.小学数学教师的学科教学知识:表现特点及其关系的研究[J].教育学报,2006(4):58-64.
    [40]李琼.教师专业发展的知识基础—教学专长研究[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2009.
    [41]李晓伟,李艳霞,刘霞.关于高校“概论”课教师学科教学知识的理论新探[J].求实,2009:231-232.
    [42]李艺,朱彩兰,董玉琦.普通高中信息技术课程标准及其研制概述[J].中国电化教育,2003(7):13-17.
    [43]李艺.信息技术教学研究与案例[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
    [44]李政涛.教师发展的理想与现实[J].北京:中小学管理,2004(10):4-5.
    [45]廖元锡.PCK-使教学最有效的知识[J].教师教育研究,2005(6):39-42..
    [46]廖媛媛.中学信息技术教师的专业发展研究[D].[硕士学位论文].乌鲁木齐:新疆师范大学教育学院,2007.
    [47]林崇德,申继亮,辛涛.教师素质的构成及其培养途径[J].中国教育学刊,1996(6):16-22.
    [48]林崇德,申继亮,辛涛.教师素质的构成及其培养途径[J].中小学教师培训,1998(1):10-14.
    [49]林凤英.高中电脑教师学科基本知识之研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].国立台湾师范大学咨询教育研究所,1997.
    [50]林刚,刘友林.从中小学信息技术教师的现状看信息技术教师专业化的必要性[J].中小学电教,2005(3):14-16.
    [51]林刚.信息技术教师专业化研究[D].[硕士学位论文].南昌:江西师范大学教育学院,2004.
    [52]林美淑.国中自然科教师学科教学知识成长之行动研究[D]:[硕士论文].彰化:国立彰化师范大学数理教育研究所,2005.
    [53]林万新.信息技术教师专业发展的现状、问题与对策[J].电化教育研究,2010(3):7-9.
    [54]琳达哈蒙德.有力的教育教育[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2009.72-73.
    [55]刘兰.新课程背景下地理教师知识结构及发展问题研究[D]:[博士学位论文].上海:华东师范大学,2006.
    [56]刘丽玲,郭重吉.国中资深理化教师教学表征之个案研究[J].科学教育,2000(11):23-27.
    [57]刘美凤,马晓玲,王蓉,李璐.中小学信息技术教师能力素质结构研究[J].中国电化教育.2011(3):12-16.
    [58]刘清华.教师知识的模型建构研究[D].[博士学位论文].重庆:西南师范大学教育科学研究所,2004.
    [59]刘清华.学科教学知识的发展之源[J].天中学刊,2005(1):131-133.
    [60]卢信瑜.我国小学教师教学知识发展调查与研究[D]硕士学位论文:福建师范大学,2005.
    [61]陆永来,王珏.信息技术教师专业发展中的知识困顿[J].现代教育技术,2005,15(6):73-76.
    [62]罗昂.教师专业发展学校与小学教师学科教学知识的构建[J].教师教育研究,2007(8):65-66.
    [63]罗润生,杨云苏.教师知识种类和结构研究综述[J].井冈山师范学院学报(哲学社会科学),2001,22(4):75-78.
    [64]马云鹏,吕立杰.近现代课程研究范式的演变及其启示[J].教育研究.2002(9):55-60..
    [65]马云鹏,赵冬晨,韩继伟等.中学教师专业知识状况调查研究[J].东北师大学报(哲学社会科学版),2008(6):57-64.
    [66]麦克扬.谢维和,王晓阳译.未来的课程[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2003.
    [67]潘玉进.教育与心理统计——SPSS应用[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2006.
    [68]彭元玲.论FLT的学科教学知识[J].外语界,2007(4):14-16.
    [69]钱梦龙.钱梦龙与导读艺术[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2006.77-78.
    [70]钱松龄.高中信息技术教师专业发展现状—基于教师访谈的分析[J].中国电化教育,2010(8):6-9.
    [71]阮成武.主体性教师学[M].合肥:安徽大学出版社,2005.
    [72]上海市青浦实验研究所.小学数学新手和专家教师PCK比较的个案研究[J].上海教育研究,2007(10):47-50..
    [73]申继亮,李琼.从中小学教师的知识状况看师范教育的课程改革[J].课程·教材·教法,2001(11):49-52.
    [74]申继亮,李琼.小学数学教师的教学专长:对教师职业知识特点的研究[J].教育研究,2001(7):61-65.
    [75]沈钢.教育统计与Excel[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2004.
    [76]沈应兄.改革培训方式,提高中小学信息技术教师培训效果[J].教育技术导刊,2007(3):41-42.
    [77]石中英.知识转型与教育改革[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2001.
    [78]史宁中.中学教师培养质量:标准、现状与对策[M].长春:东北师范大学出版社,2008.
    [79]史平.中国高校英语教师发展中的学科教学知识研究[D].[硕士学位论文].山东:曲阜师范学院,2007.
    [80]舒尔曼.“知识与教学:新改革的基础”.奥恩斯等著,于强主译,当代课程问题[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2004.171.
    [81]斯腾伯格.R.J,霍瓦斯.J.A.高民,张春莉译.邵瑞珍校.专家型教师教学的原型观[J].华东师范大学学报(教科版),1997(1):27-37.
    [82]孙可平.理科教师培养的新视角:教学内容知识[J].全球教育展望,2008,37(5):65-69.
    [83]孙敏芝.实习教师学科教学知识之探讨:教学设计与教学实务[J].教育研究与发展2006,2(2):15-40.
    [84]孙晓芳.信息技术教师本体性知识研究[D].[硕士学位论文].金华:浙江师范大学教育技术系,2006.
    [85]孙自挥,高晓芙,黄亚宁.我国PCK研究取向的审视[J].大学研究与评价,2009(2):44-47.
    [86]孙自挥,高晓芙,杨静林,朱海英.PCK知识与英语教师的专业发展——基于四川地区中学英语教师教育/培训师资队伍的考察[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2008(12)::149-151.
    [87]唐玉光.教师专业发展与教师教育[M].合肥:安徽教育出版社,2008.1-3.
    [88]万文涛.论专业化教师的知识结构[J].教育研究,2004(9):17-19.
    [89]汪敏.中学语文教师专业素养现状分析及对策探讨[J].内蒙古师范大学学报(教育科学版),2004(12):56-58.
    [90]王国华,段晓林,张惠博.国中学生对科学教师学科教学之知觉[J].科学教育学刊,1998(12):1-20.
    [91]王吉庆主编.信息技术课程与教学论[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社.2008.96-97.
    [92]王守恒,姚运标编著.课程改革与教师专业发展[M].合肥:安徽教育出版社,2007.
    [93]王秀香,都晓娟,全海英,等.对辽宁省中学体育教师专业素质现状的调查与分析[J].辽宁师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005(3):372-374.
    [94]王艳玲.教师教育课程论[M]上海:华东师范大学出版社,2011.132-133.
    [95]王卓,杨建云.教师专业素质内涵新诠释[J].教育科学,2004(5):51-53.
    [96]威廉维尔斯曼,袁振国译.教育研究方法导论[M].北京:教育科学出版社,1997.
    [97]魏宁.从文献分析的角度看我国信息技术教育的发展[J].信息技术教育,2007,(1):13-17.
    [98]魏薇,王红艳,路书红.教育研究方法[M].济南:山东人民出版社.2012.82-83.
    [99]吴碧莲.信息技术教师实践性知识的叙事研究[D].[硕士学位论文].江西师范大学,2006.
    [100]吴伦敦.教师专业发展导论[M].武汉:华中师范大学出版社,2005.
    [101]吴明隆.SPSS统计应用实务[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2000.
    [102]吴卫东,彭文波,郑丹丹.小学教师教学知识现状及其影响因素的调查研究[J].教师教育研究,2005(4):59-64.
    [103]项道东.欠发达地区中学信息技术教师专业素质现状调查研究–以浙江永嘉为例[D].[硕士学位论文].金华:浙江师范大学教师教育学院,2009.
    [104]谢甫佩,洪振方.国小学学童对自然科教师学科教学之知觉调查研究[J].科学教育研究与发展,2004(12):1-16.
    [105]谢秀月,郭重吉.国小自然教师科学教学实践知识与科学教学表征之个案研究[J].科学教育学刊,2002(12):147-163.
    [106]辛涛,申继亮,林崇德.从教师的知识结构看师范教育的改革[J].高等师范教育研究,1999(6):12~17.
    [107]徐碧美.追求卓越——教师专业发展案例研究[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003.69-71.
    [108]徐章韬,龚建荣.学科知识和学科教学知识在课堂教学中的有机融合[J].教育学报,2007(6):34-39.
    [109]许云昭.师范教育面临边缘化[N].长沙:长沙晚报,2006.25.
    [110]薛博.中小学信息技术教师的专业发展:一项质的个案研究[D].[硕士学位论文].长春:东北师范大学,2004.
    [111]杨彩霞.教师学科教学知识:本质、特征与结构[J].教育科学.2006,22(1):60-63.
    [112]杨朝晖.北京中学历史教师专业素质现状及分析[J].学科教育,2002(10):45-49.
    [113]杨薇,郭玉英.PCK对美国科学教师教育的影响及启示[J].当代教师教育,2008,1(3):6-13.
    [114]杨跃.困惑与超越:知识观的嬗变与教育观的转换[J].江苏大学学报(高教研究版),2002,24(1):4-8.
    [115]叶澜,白益民.教师角色与教师发展新探[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2001.294-295.
    [116]叶澜.新世纪教师专业素养培养初探[J].教育研究与实验,1998(1):35-38.
    [117]应国良,袁维新.论教师的学科教学知识及其建构[J].教育发展研究,2006,10(19):40-42.
    [118]余文森.个体知识与公共知识[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2010.6-7.
    [119]郁振华.从表达问题看默会知识[J].哲学研究,2003,(5):51-57.
    [120]袁铮.教师的学科教学知识对教学任务设计的影响:小学数学教师的个案研究[D].[硕士学位论文].上海:华东师范大学,2009.
    [121]岳定权.教师学科教学知识形成研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].四川:四川师范大学,2008.
    [122]曾春燕.《教师教学知识发展研究》的读书报告[EB/OL]. http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_50eb5cd70100ctwp.html,2010-3-24.
    [123]詹青龙.信息技术教师培训:理论与应用[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2009.5.50-56.
    [124]张奠宙.教师教学知识发展研究[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2003.6-7.
    [125]张静仪,戴翠华.国小学童感知自然教师PCK量表之效化研究[J].国立台北师范学院学报,2003,16(2):187-212
    [126]张秋明,徐平国.对教师教学知识来源的调查[J].上海教育科研,2005(11):22-24.
    [127]张世忠,管世应,谢幸芬.大学生知觉新进教师PCK之个案研究[J].2009(5):1-20.
    [128]张伟平,毛慧娟.中小学信息技术教师现状及对策分析[J].湘潭师范学院学报(自然科学版),2008,30(4):207-209.
    [129]张义兵.信息技术教师素养:结构与形成[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003.75-76.
    [130]赵丽波.长春市城区重点高中英语教师专业素质调查研究[D]长春:东北师范大学,2006.
    [131]中华人民共和国教育部.教育部关于大力推进师范生实习支教工作的意见
    [EB/OL]:http://www.moe.edu.cn.2007-07-05,2012-03-01.
    [132]中华人民共和国教育部.普通高中技术课程标准(实验)[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003.
    [133]衷克定.高校信息技术课程教师知识结构的分析研究[J].高等理科教育,2009(2):44-47.
    [134]周成海.客观主义—主观主义连续观点下的教师教育范式:理论基础与结构特征[D].[博士论文].长春:东北师范大学,2007.
    [135]朱晓民,陶本一.西方学科教学知识研究的两种路径[J].外国中小学教育,2006(3):29-33..
    [136]朱益明.教师培训的教育学研究[D].[博士论文]上海:上海师范大学,2004.
    [137]祝智庭.新编信息技术教学论[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社.2008.218-220.
    [138]邹燕.山东省城镇高中信息技术教师能力素质现状与发展对策研究[D].[硕士学位论文].济南:山东师范大学教育学院,2006.
    [139]佐藤学著[日],钟启泉译.课程与教师[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2003.
    [140] ACM K-12Task Force Curriculum Committee.A Model Curriculum for K-12ComputerScience—Final Report of the ACM K-12Task Force Curriculum Committee[EB/OL].http://csta.acm.org/2012-01-03.
    [141] Alexander P.A., Dochy F.J. Conceptions of knowledge and beliefs: A comparison acrossvarying cultural and educational communities[J], American Educational Research Journal,.1995,32(2):413-442.
    [142] Anderson J.R.The architecture of cognition. Cambridge[D],[MA]: Harvard UniversityPress,1983.
    [143] Ball D L. Teaching for understanding: what do teachers need to know about the subjectmatter?.In M.Kenndy(Ed.)Teaching academic subjects to divers learners[M].NewYork:TeachersCollege Press.1991.63-83.
    [144] Ball D L, Lubienski S, Mewborn D. Reasearch on teaching mathematics: The unsolvedproblem of teacher’s mathematical knowledge. In V. Richardson(Ed.),Handbook of reasearch onteaching(4th ed.)[M].New York:Macmillan,2001.433-455.
    [145] Banks F,Barlex D,Jarvinen E M,et al.DEPTH-Developing professional thinking fortechnology teachers: An international study[J].International Journal of Technology and DesignEducation,2004,14(2):141-157.
    [146] Barlex D. Nuffield D&T Teachers’ Guide[M]. London.:Longman,1995.331.
    [147] Berliner,D.C.The development of expertise in pedagogy[R]. Washington,D.C: AmericanAssociation of Colleges for Teacher Education,1988.
    [148] Book,C.,Byers, J.&Freeman D. Student expectations and teacher education tradition withwhich we can and cannot live[J].Journal of Teacher Education,1983,36(1):9-13.
    [149] Borko H, Putnam R.Learning to teach.In D.C.Berliner&R.C.Calfee(Eds).Handbook ofeducational psychology[M]. New York:Macmillan,1996,673-708.
    [150] Bromme R. Beyond subject matter: A psychological topology of teachers’professionalknowledge Didactics of mathematics as a scientific discipline[M].Dordrecht: Kluwer AcademicPublishers,1994.73-88.
    [151] Buchmann M. The priority of knowledge and understanding in teaching. InL.G.Katz&J.D.Raths(Eds.), Advances in teacher education Norwood,NJ:Ablex,1984.29-50.
    [152] Bullough Jr,R.V.Pedagogical content konwledge circa1907and1987: A study in the historyof an idea[J].Teaching and Teacher Education,2001,17:665-666
    [153] Cocran,K.F.,Deruiter,J.A&King,R.A.Pedagogical content konwing:an integrative model forteacher preparation[J],Journal of Teacher Education,1993(44).263-272.
    [154] Dewey J, Bently A F. Knowing and the Known. Boston[M]: The Bacon Press,1949.78-79.
    [155] Dewey J.The child and the curriculum. In J.A. Boydston (ed.), John Dewey: The MiddleWorks,1899-1924, Volume2:1902-1903. Carbondale, IL[R]: South Illinois University Press,1902.286.
    [156] DNED.Learning to teach in the Knowledge Society Final Report,2005[[EB/OL].http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1126210664195/1636971-1126210694253/Learning_Teach_Knowledge_Society.pdf,2010-9-20.
    [157] Downing S. M. Twelve Steps for Effective Test Development. In S. M. Downing&T. M.Halydyna (Eds.). Handbook of test development. Mahwah[M]. New Jersey: Lawrence ErlbaumAssociates.2004.3–26.
    [158] Elbaz,F.L.Teaching thinking: a study of practical knowledge[M]. London: CroomHelm,1983.128-131.
    [159] Erickson, F ‘Qualitative Methods in Research on Teaching’ in M. C. Wittrock(ed.), Handbookof Research on Teaching (3rd ed.)[R], New York:Macmillan Library Reference,1986.23-78.
    [160] Fan L.H. The development of teacher’s pedagogical knowledge[D].[Unpublished doctoraldissertation] Chicago:University of Chicago,1998.
    [161] Fennerma E.,Franke M. Teachers’Knowledge and Its Impact.In D.A.Grouws(Ed.), Handbookof research on mathematics teaching and learning[M]. New York:Macmillan,1992.147-164.
    [162] Fenstermacher,G..The Knower and the known: the nature of knowledge in research onteaching[J].Review of Research in Education,1994(20):3-56.
    [163] Furlong, J,Maynard T. Mentoring Student Teachers[M]. London: Routledge,1995.456-460.
    [164] Gearhart, M. Mathematics knowledge for teaching: Questions about constructs[J].Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research&Perspective.2007(2-3):173-180.
    [165] Grossman P L. A study in Contrast: Source of Pedagogical Content Knowledge for SecondaryEnglish Teachers[J]. Journal of Teacher Education,1988,40(5):24-31.
    [166] Grossman, P. L.. Teachers’ knowledge. In L. W. Anderson (Ed.). International encyclopedia ofteaching and teacher education(2nd ed.). Kidlington[M].Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science Ltd,1995.20-24.
    [167] Grossman,P.L.,Wilson,S.M.,&Shulman,L.S.Teachers of substance:subject matter Knowledgefor teaching. Knowledge bases for the beginning teacher[M]. Oxford, England: PergamonPress.1989.ix-xii.
    [168] Grossman,P.L..The making of teacher: Teacher knowledge and teacher education[M].NewYork: Teachers Colledge Press.1990.4-8.
    [169] Holmes Group. Tomorrow’s Schools. East Lansing[M]. MI: The Holmes Group,1990.
    [170] Holmes Group. Tomorrow’s Teachers. East Lansing[M]. MI: The Holmes Group,1986.
    [171] Holmes Group.. Tomorrow’s Schools of Education. East Lansing[M]. MI: The Holmes Group,1995.
    [172] Lange, J. D.&Burroughs, L. S. G. Professional uncertainty and professional growth [R].ERIC Document Reproduction Service,1994(1):376.
    [173] Leinhardt G,Smith D. A Expertise in mathematics in instruction: Subject matterknowledge[J].Journal of Educational Psychology,1985,77(3):246-271.
    [174] Lianghuo FAN, Christina CHEONG Ngan Peng. How Mathematics Teachers Develop TheirPedagogical Knowledge: A Study of Six Secondary Schools in Singapore[D]. AERA2005AnnualMeeting. April10-15, Montreal, Canada.
    [175] Marks,R..Pedagogical content knowledge: Form a mathematical case to a modifiedconception[J].Journal of Teacher Education,1990(41):3-11.
    [176] Monroe P.et al. A cyclopedia of education[M]. NY: Macmillan,1913.622-623
    [177] National Commission on Teaching and America’s Future. What Matters Most: Teaching forAmerica’s Future[M]. New York: National Commission on Teaching and America’s Future.1996.5.
    [178] Reynold M C. Konwledge base for the beginning teacher[M].New York:Pergamon,1989.86-92.
    [179] Reynolds,M.C.Knowledge base for the beginning teacher[M].Oxford. New York: Publishedfor the American Association of Colleges for teacher Education by Pergamon Press,1989.316.
    [180] Robert L. Linn. The standards for educational and psychological testing: Guidance in testdevelopment. In S. M. Downing&T. M. Halydyna (Eds.). Handbook of test development[M].Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.2004,27–38.
    [181] Rohaan,E.J.,Taconis, R,&Jochems, W.M.G. Measuring teachers’ pedagogical contentknowledge in primary technology education[J]. Research in Science and TechnologicalEducation,.2009,27(3):327-338.
    [182] Russell B. Theory of Knowledge: The1913Manuscript(Edited by E. R. Eames)[M]. London:Routledge,1992.45-50.
    [183] Schmidt W., Tatto M. T., Bankov K., Blomeke S, et al. The preparation gap: Teacher educationfor middle school mathematics in six countries[M]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.2007.
    [184] Scholz, J. M. Professional development for mid-level mathematics [R]. Paper presented at theAnnual Meeting of American Education of Research Association, San Francisco: CA,1995.
    [185] Schwab,J.J.Education and the structure of disciplines.In I. Westbury&N.J.Wilkof(Eds.),Science,curriculum,and liberal education[M]. Chicago:Chicago University of Chicago Press,1978:229-272.
    [186] Shulman L.Those Who Understand Konwledge Growth in Teaching[J].EducationalReasearch,1986.15(2):4-14.
    [187] Shulman, L.S. Knowledge and Teaching: Foundations of the New Reform[J]. HarvardEducational Review,1987,57(1):1-22.
    [188] Shulman,J.Blue freeways:Traveling the alternate route with big-city teachertrainees[J].Journal of Teacher Education,1989,40(5):2-8.
    [189] Southerland S.A., Sinatra G.M, Matthews M.R.. Belief,knowledge,and Science Education[J].Educational Psychology Review,2001,13(4):325-351.
    [190] Suen,H.K.,&McClellan,S.命题原理与技术[EB/OL]. http://suen.ed.psu.edu/~hsuen/pubs/item%20construction. Pdf.2012-01-05
    [191] Tamir,P.Subject matter and related pedagogical knowledge in teacher education[J]. Teachingand Teacher Education,1988,4(2):99-110.
    [192] Tatto M. T., Schwill J., Senk S., Ingvarson L., et al. Teacher Education and DevelopmentStudy in Mathematics (TEDS-M): Policy, practice, and readiness to teach primary and secondarymathematics[M]. Conceptual framework. East Lansing, MI: Teacher Education and DevelopmentInternational Study Center, College of Education, Michigan State University.2008.42.
    [193] The New Educational Imperative: Improving High School Computer Science EducationInternational Edition[R]. The Computer Science Teachers Association Curriculum Improvement TaskForce.2008.9.
    [194] Thompson,A.G.,&Thompson,P.W. Taking about rates conceptually, part2:Number concepts.InGennema, E., Carpenter, T.P.,&Lamon,S.J.(Eds.),Integrating research teaching and learningmathematics[M].New York: State University of New York Press.1996.51-71.
    [195] Turner-Bisset,R..The knowledge bases of the expert teacher[J].British Education ResearchJournal,1999(25):39-54.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700