建筑环境空气过滤微细颗粒物技术的试验研究
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摘要
近年来,为了改善人们的生活环境,空调广泛地应用于人们的日常生活,随着生活方式和工作形态的改变,人们越来越重视室内空气品质问题。为此国家相继出台了有关标准,对公共场所的环境空气质量进行了规定。特别是《采暖通风与空气调节设计规范》(GB50019—2003)和《室内环境质量标准》(GB/T 18883-2002)等都对室内空气中的各类空气污染物提出了限值要求,其中可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))的日平均值允许浓度要求小于0.15mg/m~3。这意味着空调系统正在由舒适性空调向舒适性净化空调转变,而用于PM_(10)的净化技术研究还比较有限。
本文对全国的大气环境中空气质量情况以及对上海和深圳的污染指数、污染物浓度变化情况、首要污染物进行了调查统计。采用GRIMM型气溶胶(粉尘)监测仪对上海市区办公楼室外和室内空气中的颗粒物PM_X(PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM_(1.0))的浓度分布情况进行了实地测试,并对PM_X中各粒径尺度进行了分析,可以发现PM_(10)中PM_(2.5)占总质量的60%左右。因此,研究过滤材料对PM_X特别是细颗粒物PM_(2.5)、甚至PM_(1.0)的净化效果是很有必要。
为了解目前空调中常用的过滤材料和过滤器的过滤性能,设计了用于测试过滤材料性能的实验装置和测试过滤器过滤性能的实验装置。采用GRIMM型气溶胶(粉尘)监测仪等仪器进行测试,研究对PM_X的过滤特性状况以及对PM_(10)的分级过滤效率,对在舒适性净化空调中滤料的选用提出了建议。
通过实验,测试了驻极体滤料对可吸入颗粒物PM_(10)的分级过滤特性,比较了驻极体滤料做成过滤器以后过滤特性的变化情况。进一步对比了驻极体滤料与常用空气过滤材料分级过滤效率的不同。运用室内PM_X含尘浓度稳态计算式,对比驻极体过滤器和现有过滤器应用在办公室内空调系统中对PM_(10)的过滤效果。
通过实验,从微粒尺度、过滤速度、纤维直径、克重对影响过滤材料过滤性能的因素进行了分析。对合理配置舒适性净化空调系统中的过滤器以及在舒适性净化空调中过滤材料和过滤器在最佳风速下运行效果提出了建议。
本研究从实验角度着重研究了过滤材料及过滤器的性能,其结果对解决当前量大面广的建筑环境空气中可吸入颗粒物浓度控制问题、提高建筑环境空气质量具有指导作用和现实意义。
The purpose of HVAC system is to create not only proper thermal conditions but also good indoor air quality in an occupied zone. One of the major air pollution sources is Particulate matter (PM). PM is a mixture of particles that can adversely effect human health. PM is usually divided up into different classes based on size. In general, the smallest particles pose the highest human health risks. To ensure the air quality in public places, many national codes (GB50019-2003, GB/T18883-2002, etc) have been developed and require that the average value of particles in the indoor air per day should be equal to or less than 0.15mg/m~3. This requirement suggests that the application of air conditioning system is switching from comfort-oriented to comfort& purification-oriented, which brings new challenges and opportunities to the control of particles in civil air conditioning systems.A direct and feasible way to remove the particle contaminants is to use filtration devices. However, the air conditioning systems in normal Chinese buildings nowdays only have filter with low efficiency or there is no filter at all. How to design and choose the proper filtration devices is still not well understood.Many studies were therefore carried out, and the following results and conclusions can be drawn from them:The pollution situation in China is studied and existed measurement data such as pollution index, contamination concentration and main pollution source in Shanghai and Shenzhen is collected and analyzed. The particle concentration in both indoor and outdoor air of some public place in shanghai is measured. The sampling items include PM_10, PM_2.5, PM_1.0. Measurement results shows that about 60% of total weight of PM_10 is PM2.5 which means filter efficiency for particle below PM2.5 could be highly interested.Two new test apparatus are developed to test different filter materials and filter. Grade filtering efficiency and resistance are measured with different air speed. The influence of particle size, fiber diameter, density of fiber and filter airspeed are also analyzed.
According to above tests, electrets filter is recommend for the application in interior building environment.A steady-state model of indoor particle concentration is presented to compare the capability of different filter device.
本文对全国的大气环境中空气质量情况以及对上海和深圳的污染指数、污染物浓度变化情况、首要污染物进行了调查统计。采用GRIMM型气溶胶(粉尘)监测仪对上海市区办公楼室外和室内空气中的颗粒物PM_X(PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM_(1.0))的浓度分布情况进行了实地测试,并对PM_X中各粒径尺度进行了分析,可以发现PM_(10)中PM_(2.5)占总质量的60%左右。因此,研究过滤材料对PM_X特别是细颗粒物PM_(2.5)、甚至PM_(1.0)的净化效果是很有必要。
为了解目前空调中常用的过滤材料和过滤器的过滤性能,设计了用于测试过滤材料性能的实验装置和测试过滤器过滤性能的实验装置。采用GRIMM型气溶胶(粉尘)监测仪等仪器进行测试,研究对PM_X的过滤特性状况以及对PM_(10)的分级过滤效率,对在舒适性净化空调中滤料的选用提出了建议。
通过实验,测试了驻极体滤料对可吸入颗粒物PM_(10)的分级过滤特性,比较了驻极体滤料做成过滤器以后过滤特性的变化情况。进一步对比了驻极体滤料与常用空气过滤材料分级过滤效率的不同。运用室内PM_X含尘浓度稳态计算式,对比驻极体过滤器和现有过滤器应用在办公室内空调系统中对PM_(10)的过滤效果。
通过实验,从微粒尺度、过滤速度、纤维直径、克重对影响过滤材料过滤性能的因素进行了分析。对合理配置舒适性净化空调系统中的过滤器以及在舒适性净化空调中过滤材料和过滤器在最佳风速下运行效果提出了建议。
本研究从实验角度着重研究了过滤材料及过滤器的性能,其结果对解决当前量大面广的建筑环境空气中可吸入颗粒物浓度控制问题、提高建筑环境空气质量具有指导作用和现实意义。
The purpose of HVAC system is to create not only proper thermal conditions but also good indoor air quality in an occupied zone. One of the major air pollution sources is Particulate matter (PM). PM is a mixture of particles that can adversely effect human health. PM is usually divided up into different classes based on size. In general, the smallest particles pose the highest human health risks. To ensure the air quality in public places, many national codes (GB50019-2003, GB/T18883-2002, etc) have been developed and require that the average value of particles in the indoor air per day should be equal to or less than 0.15mg/m~3. This requirement suggests that the application of air conditioning system is switching from comfort-oriented to comfort& purification-oriented, which brings new challenges and opportunities to the control of particles in civil air conditioning systems.A direct and feasible way to remove the particle contaminants is to use filtration devices. However, the air conditioning systems in normal Chinese buildings nowdays only have filter with low efficiency or there is no filter at all. How to design and choose the proper filtration devices is still not well understood.Many studies were therefore carried out, and the following results and conclusions can be drawn from them:The pollution situation in China is studied and existed measurement data such as pollution index, contamination concentration and main pollution source in Shanghai and Shenzhen is collected and analyzed. The particle concentration in both indoor and outdoor air of some public place in shanghai is measured. The sampling items include PM_10, PM_2.5, PM_1.0. Measurement results shows that about 60% of total weight of PM_10 is PM2.5 which means filter efficiency for particle below PM2.5 could be highly interested.Two new test apparatus are developed to test different filter materials and filter. Grade filtering efficiency and resistance are measured with different air speed. The influence of particle size, fiber diameter, density of fiber and filter airspeed are also analyzed.
According to above tests, electrets filter is recommend for the application in interior building environment.A steady-state model of indoor particle concentration is presented to compare the capability of different filter device.
引文
[1] 美国联邦环保局 http://www.epa.gov
[2] 朱晖,过滤材料对PM_(10)的过滤性能研究,[硕士研究生论文],上海:东华大学,2004
[3] 虞霞,民用空调系统中控制颗粒物浓度用纤维过滤器的测试及应用研究,[硕士研究生论文],上海,东华大学,2004
[4] 廖正元、黄春彦,可吸入颗粒物及其危害,化学教育,2004年第四期,1～2
[5] 戴海夏等,大气PM2.5的健康影响,国外医学卫生学分册,2001年第28卷第5期,299～303
[6] 刘来红、王世宏,空气过滤器的发展及其应用,过滤与分离杂志,2000年第10卷第四期,8～9,18
[7] Peter P. Tsai,、柯勤飞,过滤材料全球技术发展趋势,第二届中国国际过滤材料研讨会论文集,267～272
[8] 蔡杰,空气过滤器应用问题,第五届中国国际(北京)洁净技术学术论坛论文,449～461
[9] 许钟麟,空气洁净技术原理,科学出版社,2003年,121～130
[10] ASHRAE Handbook. 1983 Equipment. Chapter 10 Air Cleaners. 10.1～10.12
[11] ASHRAE Handbook. 1992 Equipment. Chapter 7 Air Cleaners. 7.6.25～7.6.38
[12] ASHRAE Systems and Equipment Handbook, Air Cleaners Paniculate Contaminants,1996,24.2～24.10
[13] 蔡杰,空气过滤ABC,中国建筑工业出版社,2002年,49～50
[14] 夏钟福,驻极体,北京:科学出版社,2001年,13～15
[15] 魏学孟、叶海,带静电过滤器与驻极体,通风除尘,1998年第四期,1～4
[16] 谢小军,黄翔,驻极体空气过滤材料静电驻极方法初探,通风除尘,1998年第四期,1～4
[17] 黄翔、顾群、吴生,聚合物驻极体空气过滤材料(器)在空调中的应用,洁净与空调技术,2003年第四期,38～42
[18] Eurovent 4/9: 'Method of testing air filters used in general ventilation for determination of fractional efficiency' , 1992
[19] ASHRAE Standard 52.2:'Method of testing ventilation air cleaning devices for removal efficiency by particle sizes', 1999
[20] 韩华、徐文华、范存养,舒适性空调系统的颗粒污染物控制,第五届海峡两岸制冷空调技术交流会,167～171
[21] 徐文华,舒适性空调空气过滤器效率计算方法,暖通空凋,2001(3):42～47
[22] 倪波,设有过滤器的空调系统新风量的计算,中国纺织大学学报,1995年第21卷第四期,79～85
[23] 中国环境监测总站主办,中国环境检测 http://www.cnemc.cn
[24] 上海市环境保护局,上海环境 http://www.sepb.gov.cn
[25] 中华人民共和国国家技术监督局,GB 12218-89,一般通风用空气过滤器性能实验方法,北京:国家标准局,1990-09-01
[26] 中华人民共和国国家技术监督局,GB/T 14295-93,空气过滤器,北京:国家标准局,1999-09-01
[27] 沈晋明,空气过滤器标准及其应用,2001年全国室内空气净化工程及技术发展研讨会,5～10
[28] 沈晋明,《ASHRAE52.2-1999》标准及对空气过滤器行业的影响,第十一界中国国际 过滤材料研讨会
[29] 许钟麟、沈晋明,管式空气过滤器及其应用,第五届海峡两岸制冷空调技术交流会,164～166
[30] 刘沛、刘俊杰、朱能,用大气尘计径计数效率测试通风过滤器的研究,洁净与空调技术,2003年第2期,17～19
[31] JIS B 9908-1991, Air Filter Units for Ventilation,日本规格协会,2001
[32] 韩华,公共民用建筑室内空气中颗粒物质的控制,[硕士学位论文],上海;同济大学,1999年
[33] Peter P. Tsai, Heidi Schrecuder-Gibson, Phillip Gibson. Journal of Electrostatics, 2003.54:333～341
[34] 林忠平、范存养,折褶形无隔板亚高效空气过滤器的优化设计,全国暖通空调制冷 1994年学术年会资料集
[35] Friedlander, S. K., Theory of aerosol filtration, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1958, 50,1161～1164
[36] Dorman, R. G., In High Efficiency Air Filtration ,Buterworth, London, 1964
[37] A.C.Payatakes, Model of Aerosol Particle Deposition in Fibrous Media with Dendrite-Like Patem. Application to Pure Interception during Period of Unhindered Growth, Filtration & Separation. 1976, 13,602-608
[38] Can We Trust Air Filter? Air Filter Testing, Filtration & Separation .March 2000,16～22
[39] Shapiro,M., An analytical model for aerosol filtration by nonuniform filter media, J. Aerosol Sci., 1966,27,263～280
[40] Monson, D.R.A Filter Pressure Loss Model for Uniform Filter, In Aerosols, edited by Liu, Pui, and Fissan. Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc., 1984,551～554
[41] 叶海、魏学孟,过滤器结构形式对过滤性能的影响,通风除尘,1998(2): 10～13
[42] Air Cleaning And Filtration, Types of Air Filters, HVAC Principles And Applications Manual, 2000,18.4～18.9
[43] R. Maus and H. Umhauer, Collection Efficiencies of Coarse and Fine Dust Filter Media for Airborne Biological Particles, J. Aerosol SCI, 1997,28(3):401～405
[44] Gustavsson J. New Developments in Air Filter Test Methods and Classification-Filtration and Separation. 1996,33(2), 155～160
[45] Valentini. Negatively charged polymeric electrets articles and filters with increases oily mist resistance, United States Patent 6,768～799
[46] 沈雪芬,空气过滤器在改善室内空气品质中的应用:(硕士论文),上海;同济大学,2000
[47] 荣伟东,张国权.静电纤维过滤影响因素的分析:工业安全与防尘,1997(8):5～7
[2] 朱晖,过滤材料对PM_(10)的过滤性能研究,[硕士研究生论文],上海:东华大学,2004
[3] 虞霞,民用空调系统中控制颗粒物浓度用纤维过滤器的测试及应用研究,[硕士研究生论文],上海,东华大学,2004
[4] 廖正元、黄春彦,可吸入颗粒物及其危害,化学教育,2004年第四期,1～2
[5] 戴海夏等,大气PM2.5的健康影响,国外医学卫生学分册,2001年第28卷第5期,299～303
[6] 刘来红、王世宏,空气过滤器的发展及其应用,过滤与分离杂志,2000年第10卷第四期,8～9,18
[7] Peter P. Tsai,、柯勤飞,过滤材料全球技术发展趋势,第二届中国国际过滤材料研讨会论文集,267～272
[8] 蔡杰,空气过滤器应用问题,第五届中国国际(北京)洁净技术学术论坛论文,449～461
[9] 许钟麟,空气洁净技术原理,科学出版社,2003年,121～130
[10] ASHRAE Handbook. 1983 Equipment. Chapter 10 Air Cleaners. 10.1～10.12
[11] ASHRAE Handbook. 1992 Equipment. Chapter 7 Air Cleaners. 7.6.25～7.6.38
[12] ASHRAE Systems and Equipment Handbook, Air Cleaners Paniculate Contaminants,1996,24.2～24.10
[13] 蔡杰,空气过滤ABC,中国建筑工业出版社,2002年,49～50
[14] 夏钟福,驻极体,北京:科学出版社,2001年,13～15
[15] 魏学孟、叶海,带静电过滤器与驻极体,通风除尘,1998年第四期,1～4
[16] 谢小军,黄翔,驻极体空气过滤材料静电驻极方法初探,通风除尘,1998年第四期,1～4
[17] 黄翔、顾群、吴生,聚合物驻极体空气过滤材料(器)在空调中的应用,洁净与空调技术,2003年第四期,38～42
[18] Eurovent 4/9: 'Method of testing air filters used in general ventilation for determination of fractional efficiency' , 1992
[19] ASHRAE Standard 52.2:'Method of testing ventilation air cleaning devices for removal efficiency by particle sizes', 1999
[20] 韩华、徐文华、范存养,舒适性空调系统的颗粒污染物控制,第五届海峡两岸制冷空调技术交流会,167～171
[21] 徐文华,舒适性空调空气过滤器效率计算方法,暖通空凋,2001(3):42～47
[22] 倪波,设有过滤器的空调系统新风量的计算,中国纺织大学学报,1995年第21卷第四期,79～85
[23] 中国环境监测总站主办,中国环境检测 http://www.cnemc.cn
[24] 上海市环境保护局,上海环境 http://www.sepb.gov.cn
[25] 中华人民共和国国家技术监督局,GB 12218-89,一般通风用空气过滤器性能实验方法,北京:国家标准局,1990-09-01
[26] 中华人民共和国国家技术监督局,GB/T 14295-93,空气过滤器,北京:国家标准局,1999-09-01
[27] 沈晋明,空气过滤器标准及其应用,2001年全国室内空气净化工程及技术发展研讨会,5～10
[28] 沈晋明,《ASHRAE52.2-1999》标准及对空气过滤器行业的影响,第十一界中国国际 过滤材料研讨会
[29] 许钟麟、沈晋明,管式空气过滤器及其应用,第五届海峡两岸制冷空调技术交流会,164～166
[30] 刘沛、刘俊杰、朱能,用大气尘计径计数效率测试通风过滤器的研究,洁净与空调技术,2003年第2期,17～19
[31] JIS B 9908-1991, Air Filter Units for Ventilation,日本规格协会,2001
[32] 韩华,公共民用建筑室内空气中颗粒物质的控制,[硕士学位论文],上海;同济大学,1999年
[33] Peter P. Tsai, Heidi Schrecuder-Gibson, Phillip Gibson. Journal of Electrostatics, 2003.54:333～341
[34] 林忠平、范存养,折褶形无隔板亚高效空气过滤器的优化设计,全国暖通空调制冷 1994年学术年会资料集
[35] Friedlander, S. K., Theory of aerosol filtration, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1958, 50,1161～1164
[36] Dorman, R. G., In High Efficiency Air Filtration ,Buterworth, London, 1964
[37] A.C.Payatakes, Model of Aerosol Particle Deposition in Fibrous Media with Dendrite-Like Patem. Application to Pure Interception during Period of Unhindered Growth, Filtration & Separation. 1976, 13,602-608
[38] Can We Trust Air Filter? Air Filter Testing, Filtration & Separation .March 2000,16～22
[39] Shapiro,M., An analytical model for aerosol filtration by nonuniform filter media, J. Aerosol Sci., 1966,27,263～280
[40] Monson, D.R.A Filter Pressure Loss Model for Uniform Filter, In Aerosols, edited by Liu, Pui, and Fissan. Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc., 1984,551～554
[41] 叶海、魏学孟,过滤器结构形式对过滤性能的影响,通风除尘,1998(2): 10～13
[42] Air Cleaning And Filtration, Types of Air Filters, HVAC Principles And Applications Manual, 2000,18.4～18.9
[43] R. Maus and H. Umhauer, Collection Efficiencies of Coarse and Fine Dust Filter Media for Airborne Biological Particles, J. Aerosol SCI, 1997,28(3):401～405
[44] Gustavsson J. New Developments in Air Filter Test Methods and Classification-Filtration and Separation. 1996,33(2), 155～160
[45] Valentini. Negatively charged polymeric electrets articles and filters with increases oily mist resistance, United States Patent 6,768～799
[46] 沈雪芬,空气过滤器在改善室内空气品质中的应用:(硕士论文),上海;同济大学,2000
[47] 荣伟东,张国权.静电纤维过滤影响因素的分析:工业安全与防尘,1997(8):5～7