海上风力机系统流体动力性能数值模拟与试验研究
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摘要
在全球的范围内，开发与利用风能正在以迅猛的速度增长。相对于陆地风能资源，海上风具有更加稳定强劲等优势，因此风电产业正在逐步向海上迈进。但是，海上风力机系统处于复杂海洋环境中，致使其流体动力性能不同于常规的陆地风力机和海洋采油平台。对于海上风力机系统在随机风浪载荷作用下的叶轮气动力性能、基础结构的水动力性能以及运动响应规律等流体动力学问题，至今仍然没有一套系统有效的分析方法。
因此，本文以海上风力机为背景，基于叶轮空气动力学、海洋工程水动力学和系统耦合理论，应用数值模拟与试验研究相结合的方法，分析海上风力机系统的流体动力性能特点，形成海上风力机系统在流体动力作用下的载荷及响应预报方法。这对于全面深入掌握海上风力机的流体动力学性能和规律，开发可靠高效的海上风力机提了供理论方法和分析技术，具有重要的理论和实际意义。
在空气动力性能研究方面，基于正常湍流模型（NTM）描述了正常风况下的风湍流特性，再结合叶元体动量理论（BEMT）和叶片攻角修正方法，开发了水平轴风力机叶轮空气动力性能的数值计算程序，该程序可用于模拟叶片升阻力系数、叶轮轴向风载荷和转矩等气动性能参数。利用此程序，以一个1.5MW水平轴海上风力机为算例，获得了实际风场中正常风况的湍流风速及其作用下的叶轮空气动力性能的变化规律。
在水动力性能研究方面，提出了针对于不同基础形式的水动力分析方法，并将这两种方法分别应用到单桩式和半潜式两种海上风力机的水动力性能数值模拟中。针对于单桩基式海上风力机，基于Stokes非线性波浪理论与Morison方程相结合的方法，建立数值模拟程序，研究了某1.5MW海上风力机算例的单桩基础波浪载荷时历，分析得出了单桩基础在非线性波浪作用下的受力特点；针对半潜式海上风力机，基于大型浮体在波浪中运动的三维势流理论，在频域中建立某5MW半潜式海上风力机的水动力数值模型，分析得到了半潜式海上风力机的水动力性能参数，整体运动响应、机舱加速度响应及其短期预报的变化规律，使用统计分析方法预报了三种典型短期海况中的运动响应水平和超越概率。
在系统耦合研究方面，基于时域中浮体和系泊系统之间耦合运动的分析理论，探索了半潜式海上风力机——平台——锚泊系统耦合运动的求解方法，并将此方法应用到一5MW半潜式海上风力机系泊系统算例中。分别从时域统计和频谱分析两个角度，研究了风浪联合作用的四种典型工况下半潜式海上风力机系统的运动和锚链线张力的响应变化特点。分析了耦合作用对半潜式海上风力机系统运动性能以及系泊系统受力的影响。结合前文得出的水平轴风力机叶轮轴向风载荷变化规律，特别探讨了低频风载荷与低频系泊力之间的关系。基本掌握了半潜式海上风力机系泊系统不同于陆地风力机和常规海洋采油平台的特殊的运动和受力规律。
在水动力学试验研究方面，设计了5MW半潜式海上风力机系泊系统的试验模型，建立了海上风力机系统水动力学试验系统，给出了海上风力机系泊系统水动力性能的试验方案，掌握了海上风力机水动力性能试验方法。试验中，分析了垂荡板对于海上风力机系统运动性能的改善作用，研究了定常风对于海上风力机系统运动的显著影响，探索了风浪联作用的随机海况下海上风力机系统运动响应规律。此外，使用试验测得的垂荡阻尼对于半潜式海上风力机系泊系统耦合运动的数值模型进行了修正，提高了数值模拟方法的可靠性和有效性。
本文的研究成果，对于我国研发具有自主知识产权的单桩式和半潜式海上风力机概念，全面掌握和深入探究海上风力机系统的流体动力性能特点，形成海上风力机流体动力载荷及响应的预报方法和试验技术手段，促进我国海上风能开发与利用均具有十分重要的意义。
The use of wind power worldwide is in a period of rapid growth. As wind is steadier andstronger over sea than on land, the wind industry has recently stepped to offshore areas.However, the hydrodynamic performance of OWT (offshore wind turbines) is different fromonshore WT (wind turbine) and offshore O&G (oil and gas) platform because of thecomplicated environment. There is no effective method and tool for OWT aerodynamicperformance, hydrodynamic characteristics and motion response etc.
So, based on the background of OWT, the theories of aerodynamics, hydrodynamics andcoupled motion were used, numerical simulation and model test were integrated and appliedto the analysis of aerodynamic and hydrodynamic performance of OWT system, theprediction methods of aerodynamic and hydrodynamic loads and responses for OWT werebuilt. This work has theoretical and practical significance to deeply grasp the characteristicsand laws of the aerodynamic and hydrodynamic of OWT, and to provide theoretical methodsand design techniques for developing reliable and efficient offshore wind power devices.
In the research of aerodynamics for OWT, the wind turbulence characteristics undernormal wind condition were described by the NTM (normal turbulence model). And theprogram for aerodynamic of rotor with horizontal axis based on BEMT (blade elements andmomentum theory) with blade attack correction was developed. Aerodynamic characteristics,including lift and drag coefficients of blade, axial wind force and torsion of rotor, wereachieved using this program. The characteristics of turbulent wind speed and aerodynamicperformances of a1.5MW OWT under normal wind condition were analyzed by the program.
In the research of hydrodynamics for OWT, the methods for different foundation typeswere proposed and applied to simulate hydrodynamic performances of OWTs with monopileand floating foundation. The characteristics and time histories of wave load on the monopileof a1.5MW OWT were studied based on the method combined with the Stokes nonlinearwave theory and Morison equation. Based on3D potential theory for large volume structuresin frequency domain, the hydrodynamic model was established for a5MW semi-submersibleFOWT(floating offshore wind turbine), hydrodynamic characteristics was analyzed, globalmotion response and nacelle acceleration were predicted, motion response level andprobability of FOWT in three typical short sea states were investigated by statistics method.
In the research of system coupled characteristics, based on the coupled motion theory offloating structure and mooring system in time domain, a method to solve rotor-floater-linescoupled motion of FOWT was developed and applied to a5MW semi-submersible FOWTsystem. The responses of motions and mooring line tensions under four representative loadcases were investigated. The coupling effect on motion performance and mooring linetensions were studied. Interaction of mooring force and wind load in low frequency wasespecially considered. Comparing to onshore WT and offshore O&G platform, characteristicsof global response and tensions for FOWT mooring system were understood finally.
A model test system of a5MW semi-submersible FOWT mooring system has beendesigned and manufactured as well as a test platform of hydrodynamic characteristics. Thetest scheme and test methods for the hydrodynamic performance were presented and thenmodel experiments were carried out. In the model test, the beneficial effect of heave plates onmotion of FOWT was analyzed, the evident influence of constant wind on motion was studied,the characteristics of motion and tensions for FOWT mooring system under load casescombined wind and wave were achieved. Furthermore, the coupled numerical model ofFOWT mooring system was modified by heave damping measured in the test, so reliabilityand validity of numerical simulation method were enhanced.
Conclusions of this thesis could lead to a more comprehensive understanding ofaerodynamic and hydrodynamic characteristics for OWT, obtaining of prediction methodsand test means for aerodynamic and hydrodynamic loads and responses for OWT, greatcontribution to the development and utilization of offshore wind energy in China.
因此，本文以海上风力机为背景，基于叶轮空气动力学、海洋工程水动力学和系统耦合理论，应用数值模拟与试验研究相结合的方法，分析海上风力机系统的流体动力性能特点，形成海上风力机系统在流体动力作用下的载荷及响应预报方法。这对于全面深入掌握海上风力机的流体动力学性能和规律，开发可靠高效的海上风力机提了供理论方法和分析技术，具有重要的理论和实际意义。
在空气动力性能研究方面，基于正常湍流模型（NTM）描述了正常风况下的风湍流特性，再结合叶元体动量理论（BEMT）和叶片攻角修正方法，开发了水平轴风力机叶轮空气动力性能的数值计算程序，该程序可用于模拟叶片升阻力系数、叶轮轴向风载荷和转矩等气动性能参数。利用此程序，以一个1.5MW水平轴海上风力机为算例，获得了实际风场中正常风况的湍流风速及其作用下的叶轮空气动力性能的变化规律。
在水动力性能研究方面，提出了针对于不同基础形式的水动力分析方法，并将这两种方法分别应用到单桩式和半潜式两种海上风力机的水动力性能数值模拟中。针对于单桩基式海上风力机，基于Stokes非线性波浪理论与Morison方程相结合的方法，建立数值模拟程序，研究了某1.5MW海上风力机算例的单桩基础波浪载荷时历，分析得出了单桩基础在非线性波浪作用下的受力特点；针对半潜式海上风力机，基于大型浮体在波浪中运动的三维势流理论，在频域中建立某5MW半潜式海上风力机的水动力数值模型，分析得到了半潜式海上风力机的水动力性能参数，整体运动响应、机舱加速度响应及其短期预报的变化规律，使用统计分析方法预报了三种典型短期海况中的运动响应水平和超越概率。
在系统耦合研究方面，基于时域中浮体和系泊系统之间耦合运动的分析理论，探索了半潜式海上风力机——平台——锚泊系统耦合运动的求解方法，并将此方法应用到一5MW半潜式海上风力机系泊系统算例中。分别从时域统计和频谱分析两个角度，研究了风浪联合作用的四种典型工况下半潜式海上风力机系统的运动和锚链线张力的响应变化特点。分析了耦合作用对半潜式海上风力机系统运动性能以及系泊系统受力的影响。结合前文得出的水平轴风力机叶轮轴向风载荷变化规律，特别探讨了低频风载荷与低频系泊力之间的关系。基本掌握了半潜式海上风力机系泊系统不同于陆地风力机和常规海洋采油平台的特殊的运动和受力规律。
在水动力学试验研究方面，设计了5MW半潜式海上风力机系泊系统的试验模型，建立了海上风力机系统水动力学试验系统，给出了海上风力机系泊系统水动力性能的试验方案，掌握了海上风力机水动力性能试验方法。试验中，分析了垂荡板对于海上风力机系统运动性能的改善作用，研究了定常风对于海上风力机系统运动的显著影响，探索了风浪联作用的随机海况下海上风力机系统运动响应规律。此外，使用试验测得的垂荡阻尼对于半潜式海上风力机系泊系统耦合运动的数值模型进行了修正，提高了数值模拟方法的可靠性和有效性。
本文的研究成果，对于我国研发具有自主知识产权的单桩式和半潜式海上风力机概念，全面掌握和深入探究海上风力机系统的流体动力性能特点，形成海上风力机流体动力载荷及响应的预报方法和试验技术手段，促进我国海上风能开发与利用均具有十分重要的意义。
The use of wind power worldwide is in a period of rapid growth. As wind is steadier andstronger over sea than on land, the wind industry has recently stepped to offshore areas.However, the hydrodynamic performance of OWT (offshore wind turbines) is different fromonshore WT (wind turbine) and offshore O&G (oil and gas) platform because of thecomplicated environment. There is no effective method and tool for OWT aerodynamicperformance, hydrodynamic characteristics and motion response etc.
So, based on the background of OWT, the theories of aerodynamics, hydrodynamics andcoupled motion were used, numerical simulation and model test were integrated and appliedto the analysis of aerodynamic and hydrodynamic performance of OWT system, theprediction methods of aerodynamic and hydrodynamic loads and responses for OWT werebuilt. This work has theoretical and practical significance to deeply grasp the characteristicsand laws of the aerodynamic and hydrodynamic of OWT, and to provide theoretical methodsand design techniques for developing reliable and efficient offshore wind power devices.
In the research of aerodynamics for OWT, the wind turbulence characteristics undernormal wind condition were described by the NTM (normal turbulence model). And theprogram for aerodynamic of rotor with horizontal axis based on BEMT (blade elements andmomentum theory) with blade attack correction was developed. Aerodynamic characteristics,including lift and drag coefficients of blade, axial wind force and torsion of rotor, wereachieved using this program. The characteristics of turbulent wind speed and aerodynamicperformances of a1.5MW OWT under normal wind condition were analyzed by the program.
In the research of hydrodynamics for OWT, the methods for different foundation typeswere proposed and applied to simulate hydrodynamic performances of OWTs with monopileand floating foundation. The characteristics and time histories of wave load on the monopileof a1.5MW OWT were studied based on the method combined with the Stokes nonlinearwave theory and Morison equation. Based on3D potential theory for large volume structuresin frequency domain, the hydrodynamic model was established for a5MW semi-submersibleFOWT(floating offshore wind turbine), hydrodynamic characteristics was analyzed, globalmotion response and nacelle acceleration were predicted, motion response level andprobability of FOWT in three typical short sea states were investigated by statistics method.
In the research of system coupled characteristics, based on the coupled motion theory offloating structure and mooring system in time domain, a method to solve rotor-floater-linescoupled motion of FOWT was developed and applied to a5MW semi-submersible FOWTsystem. The responses of motions and mooring line tensions under four representative loadcases were investigated. The coupling effect on motion performance and mooring linetensions were studied. Interaction of mooring force and wind load in low frequency wasespecially considered. Comparing to onshore WT and offshore O&G platform, characteristicsof global response and tensions for FOWT mooring system were understood finally.
A model test system of a5MW semi-submersible FOWT mooring system has beendesigned and manufactured as well as a test platform of hydrodynamic characteristics. Thetest scheme and test methods for the hydrodynamic performance were presented and thenmodel experiments were carried out. In the model test, the beneficial effect of heave plates onmotion of FOWT was analyzed, the evident influence of constant wind on motion was studied,the characteristics of motion and tensions for FOWT mooring system under load casescombined wind and wave were achieved. Furthermore, the coupled numerical model ofFOWT mooring system was modified by heave damping measured in the test, so reliabilityand validity of numerical simulation method were enhanced.
Conclusions of this thesis could lead to a more comprehensive understanding ofaerodynamic and hydrodynamic characteristics for OWT, obtaining of prediction methodsand test means for aerodynamic and hydrodynamic loads and responses for OWT, greatcontribution to the development and utilization of offshore wind energy in China.
引文
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