微网失步解列保护的研究
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摘要
基于可再生能源的分布式发电系统是解决世界能源短缺和环境污染的重要途径,也是促进电力工业变革的契机。为协调大电网与分布式电源间的矛盾,充分发掘分布式能源为电网和用户所带来的价值和效益等,微网作为可再生能源并网发电规模化应用的有效途径得到了世界各国的高度重视。
微网中分布式电源的存在,使电网从单向供电的模式向大量使用受端分布式发电设备的多源多向模式转变。微网作为一个集电源与负荷一体的系统,有两种运行方式:并网运行和孤网运行。如何在这两种运行方式下切换,即何时并网、何时解列,就成了微网能否稳定运行、减少扰动的一个关键问题。本文研究了微网解列的条件和判定。在大电网中,失步解列是防止电网崩溃的最后一道防线,误解列造成的影响和损失都很大,因此一定要保证失步判别的可靠性;但在微电网中,失步解列是微网解列的重要组成部分,除此之外,很多其他情况也需要解列微网,例如外部故障和非计划孤岛运行等。系统失步解列和微网失步解列在解列影响上的巨大区别,导致了其在要求上的差异,这也使得传统失步解列方案在微网失步解列中不能完全适用,微网失步解列中更注重快速动作,而系统失步解列更注重可靠性。
本文分析了失步和振荡情况下测量阻抗、功率、阻抗角、视在阻抗角、U cos(?)等电气量的变化特征,研究了各种判定方式在微网失步解列判别中的适用性。在此基础上,本文利用模糊数学理论,综合考虑了电压、频率、视在阻抗角、U cos(?)的幅值及其变化率特征,提出了微网的综合失步解列方案,并利用仿真数据对其进行了验证。
Distributed generation based on renewable energy can relieve the shortage of energy and environmental pollution problems all over the world, consequently promote the power industry. But there are also some cooperant problems between large power grids and distributed generators. To exert the effect and benefit of distributed generator, and simplify the connection of distributed generator, micro-grid operation appeared and be highlighted for special attention.
The existence of generators in micro-grid power systems makes the power flow changed from unidirectional to multidirectional. As a whole system of power source and load, micro grid has two operation modes: connection and islanding. To reduce the disturbance of large power system and maintain the stability of micro-grid, how and when to switch micro grid operation between connection and islanding becomes a key issue. This paper is about the out-of-step disconnection of micro-network. The out-of-step disconnection is the last ditch to prevent power system breakdown in traditional large power system, so it must operate based on out-of-step sure, or there would be a lot of load lost for misoperation. But the influence of misoperation of micro-grid is not as important as that in large power system. Out-of step is only one of the disconnection conditions of micro-grid. The requirement different of out-of-step operation between HV power system and micro-grid makes the traditional out-of-step judgment methods not entirely suitable in micro-grid.
This paper analyzes some parameters’characteristic and variation when swing or out-of-step occurs, and their applicability in micro-grid out-of-step disconnection. These parameters contain impedance, P and Q, impedance angle, power angle and U cos(?). Based on these analyses, this paper gives an out-of-step algorithm using fuzzy logic. This algorithm combines voltage, frequency, power angle and their changing rate, and algorithm tests show that this new algorithm is more time saving and reliable.
微网中分布式电源的存在,使电网从单向供电的模式向大量使用受端分布式发电设备的多源多向模式转变。微网作为一个集电源与负荷一体的系统,有两种运行方式:并网运行和孤网运行。如何在这两种运行方式下切换,即何时并网、何时解列,就成了微网能否稳定运行、减少扰动的一个关键问题。本文研究了微网解列的条件和判定。在大电网中,失步解列是防止电网崩溃的最后一道防线,误解列造成的影响和损失都很大,因此一定要保证失步判别的可靠性;但在微电网中,失步解列是微网解列的重要组成部分,除此之外,很多其他情况也需要解列微网,例如外部故障和非计划孤岛运行等。系统失步解列和微网失步解列在解列影响上的巨大区别,导致了其在要求上的差异,这也使得传统失步解列方案在微网失步解列中不能完全适用,微网失步解列中更注重快速动作,而系统失步解列更注重可靠性。
本文分析了失步和振荡情况下测量阻抗、功率、阻抗角、视在阻抗角、U cos(?)等电气量的变化特征,研究了各种判定方式在微网失步解列判别中的适用性。在此基础上,本文利用模糊数学理论,综合考虑了电压、频率、视在阻抗角、U cos(?)的幅值及其变化率特征,提出了微网的综合失步解列方案,并利用仿真数据对其进行了验证。
Distributed generation based on renewable energy can relieve the shortage of energy and environmental pollution problems all over the world, consequently promote the power industry. But there are also some cooperant problems between large power grids and distributed generators. To exert the effect and benefit of distributed generator, and simplify the connection of distributed generator, micro-grid operation appeared and be highlighted for special attention.
The existence of generators in micro-grid power systems makes the power flow changed from unidirectional to multidirectional. As a whole system of power source and load, micro grid has two operation modes: connection and islanding. To reduce the disturbance of large power system and maintain the stability of micro-grid, how and when to switch micro grid operation between connection and islanding becomes a key issue. This paper is about the out-of-step disconnection of micro-network. The out-of-step disconnection is the last ditch to prevent power system breakdown in traditional large power system, so it must operate based on out-of-step sure, or there would be a lot of load lost for misoperation. But the influence of misoperation of micro-grid is not as important as that in large power system. Out-of step is only one of the disconnection conditions of micro-grid. The requirement different of out-of-step operation between HV power system and micro-grid makes the traditional out-of-step judgment methods not entirely suitable in micro-grid.
This paper analyzes some parameters’characteristic and variation when swing or out-of-step occurs, and their applicability in micro-grid out-of-step disconnection. These parameters contain impedance, P and Q, impedance angle, power angle and U cos(?). Based on these analyses, this paper gives an out-of-step algorithm using fuzzy logic. This algorithm combines voltage, frequency, power angle and their changing rate, and algorithm tests show that this new algorithm is more time saving and reliable.
引文
[1]陈庆前,尹项根,侯慧等,从2008年雪灾分析电力系统的结构缺陷,中国电力,2008,41(12):1～5
[2]林伟芳,孙华东,汤涌等,巴西“11·10”大停电事故分析及启示,电力系统自动化,2010,07:1~5
[3] IEEE P1547/D08,Draft Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electrical Power System,IEEE SCC21,2001
[4]牛冲宣,微电网的孤岛检测与孤岛划分:[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2008.6
[5]中华人民共和国国家经济贸易委员会,DL755-2001,电力系统安全稳定导则,2001
[6]全国量度继电器和保护设备标准化技术委员会,GB/T 14285-2006,继电保护和安全自动装置技术规程,2006
[7]吴先梅,蔺善荣,同步发电机的振荡和失步的原因及其处理,东北水利水电,2003,21(09):47～54
[8]何仰赞,温增银,电力系统分析(下册),武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2002.3:152～158
[9]李建设,苏寅生,周剑,地区电网低频振荡问题及其治理措施,广东电力,2010,01:5～9
[10] ]Malmedal K,Sen P K,Nelson J P,Application of Out-of-Step Relaying for Small Generators in Distributed Generation,Rural Electric Power Conference, 2004
[11]王阳,安徽电网发生一次罕见的系统事故—从失步拉入同步的分析,华东电力,1987,08:11~15
[12]李斌,于绚,薄志谦等,含分布式电源的闭环配电网保护方案(英文),电力系统自动化,2010,07: 79~84
[13] Mason C R,The Art and Science of Protective Relaying,New York :Wiley ,1956:155~160
[14]沈国荣,阻抗循序判别式失步继电器的研究,电力系统自动化,1984,03:48～52
[15] Berdy J,Application of Out-of-Step Blocking and Tripping Relays, GER-3180,GE power management
[16]王维俭编著,电气主设备继电保护原理与应用,北京:中国电力出版社,1996.l:290~324
[17]许正亚编著,输电线路新型距离保护,北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002.1
[18]李天华,王伟,李德胜等,基于P-Q-?变化规律检测失步振荡临界特征点的方法,电力系统自动化,2009,(06):40~43
[19]高鹏,王建全,周文平等,基于无功功率捕捉失步解列断面的理论研究,电力系统自动化,2005,05:15～20
[20]海涛,陈丽敏,骆武宁等,电网振荡时有功功率变化量的研究,自动化技术与应用,2007,02:93～94
[21]张保会,张毅刚,刘海涛,基于本地量的振荡解列装置原理研究,中国电机工程学报,2001,12:68～73
[22]袁季修编著,防御大停电的广域保护和紧急控制,2007
[23]上海海兰电气有限公司,YPZ-1系列安全稳定控制装置技术说明书,V1.0
[24]沈国荣,邓绍龙,区分振荡与短路的新原理,电力系统自动化,1990,01:7～12
[25]隋凤海,李钢,王善祥等,余弦电压元件的特性及其应用,电力系统自动化,1997,(05):29～31
[26]邓华,高鹏,王建全,关于振荡角的振荡中心电压和Ucosφ的变化特征,电力系统及其自动化学报,2007,19(1):68～73
[27]宗洪良,任祖怡,郑玉平等,基于UcosΦ的失步解列装置,电力系统自动化,2003,(19):52～55
[28]全国电压电流等级和频率标准化技术委员会,GB/T 15945-2008,电能质量电力系统频率偏差,2008
[29]水利电力部,全国供用电规则,北京:中国工业出版社,1983
[30]全国电压电流等级和频率标准化技术委员会,GB/T 12325-2008,电能质量供电电压偏差,2008
[31]李士勇编著,工程模糊数学及应用,哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2004
[32]王平洋,胡兆光编著,模糊数学在电力系统中的应用,北京:中国电力出版社,1999
[33]李安定著,太阳能光伏发电系统工程,北京:北京工业大学出版社,2001.12,176～180
[34]王志群,朱守真,周双喜,逆变型分布式电源控制系统的设计,电力系统自动化,2004,(24):61～66
[35]丁书文,黄训诚,胡起宙编著,变电站综合自动化原理及应用,北京:中国电力出版社,2002:146.
[36]李旭光,微电网的建模、仿真及运行特性分析:[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2009
[37]李锶,电力系统计算坐标系的变换研究,湖南理工学院学报(自然科学版),2004,17(4):90~92
[2]林伟芳,孙华东,汤涌等,巴西“11·10”大停电事故分析及启示,电力系统自动化,2010,07:1~5
[3] IEEE P1547/D08,Draft Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electrical Power System,IEEE SCC21,2001
[4]牛冲宣,微电网的孤岛检测与孤岛划分:[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2008.6
[5]中华人民共和国国家经济贸易委员会,DL755-2001,电力系统安全稳定导则,2001
[6]全国量度继电器和保护设备标准化技术委员会,GB/T 14285-2006,继电保护和安全自动装置技术规程,2006
[7]吴先梅,蔺善荣,同步发电机的振荡和失步的原因及其处理,东北水利水电,2003,21(09):47～54
[8]何仰赞,温增银,电力系统分析(下册),武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2002.3:152～158
[9]李建设,苏寅生,周剑,地区电网低频振荡问题及其治理措施,广东电力,2010,01:5～9
[10] ]Malmedal K,Sen P K,Nelson J P,Application of Out-of-Step Relaying for Small Generators in Distributed Generation,Rural Electric Power Conference, 2004
[11]王阳,安徽电网发生一次罕见的系统事故—从失步拉入同步的分析,华东电力,1987,08:11~15
[12]李斌,于绚,薄志谦等,含分布式电源的闭环配电网保护方案(英文),电力系统自动化,2010,07: 79~84
[13] Mason C R,The Art and Science of Protective Relaying,New York :Wiley ,1956:155~160
[14]沈国荣,阻抗循序判别式失步继电器的研究,电力系统自动化,1984,03:48～52
[15] Berdy J,Application of Out-of-Step Blocking and Tripping Relays, GER-3180,GE power management
[16]王维俭编著,电气主设备继电保护原理与应用,北京:中国电力出版社,1996.l:290~324
[17]许正亚编著,输电线路新型距离保护,北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002.1
[18]李天华,王伟,李德胜等,基于P-Q-?变化规律检测失步振荡临界特征点的方法,电力系统自动化,2009,(06):40~43
[19]高鹏,王建全,周文平等,基于无功功率捕捉失步解列断面的理论研究,电力系统自动化,2005,05:15～20
[20]海涛,陈丽敏,骆武宁等,电网振荡时有功功率变化量的研究,自动化技术与应用,2007,02:93～94
[21]张保会,张毅刚,刘海涛,基于本地量的振荡解列装置原理研究,中国电机工程学报,2001,12:68～73
[22]袁季修编著,防御大停电的广域保护和紧急控制,2007
[23]上海海兰电气有限公司,YPZ-1系列安全稳定控制装置技术说明书,V1.0
[24]沈国荣,邓绍龙,区分振荡与短路的新原理,电力系统自动化,1990,01:7～12
[25]隋凤海,李钢,王善祥等,余弦电压元件的特性及其应用,电力系统自动化,1997,(05):29～31
[26]邓华,高鹏,王建全,关于振荡角的振荡中心电压和Ucosφ的变化特征,电力系统及其自动化学报,2007,19(1):68～73
[27]宗洪良,任祖怡,郑玉平等,基于UcosΦ的失步解列装置,电力系统自动化,2003,(19):52～55
[28]全国电压电流等级和频率标准化技术委员会,GB/T 15945-2008,电能质量电力系统频率偏差,2008
[29]水利电力部,全国供用电规则,北京:中国工业出版社,1983
[30]全国电压电流等级和频率标准化技术委员会,GB/T 12325-2008,电能质量供电电压偏差,2008
[31]李士勇编著,工程模糊数学及应用,哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2004
[32]王平洋,胡兆光编著,模糊数学在电力系统中的应用,北京:中国电力出版社,1999
[33]李安定著,太阳能光伏发电系统工程,北京:北京工业大学出版社,2001.12,176～180
[34]王志群,朱守真,周双喜,逆变型分布式电源控制系统的设计,电力系统自动化,2004,(24):61～66
[35]丁书文,黄训诚,胡起宙编著,变电站综合自动化原理及应用,北京:中国电力出版社,2002:146.
[36]李旭光,微电网的建模、仿真及运行特性分析:[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2009
[37]李锶,电力系统计算坐标系的变换研究,湖南理工学院学报(自然科学版),2004,17(4):90~92