船舶轴系校中质量的试验研究
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摘要
近年来随着船舶的大型化、高速化的发展,轴系刚性与船体柔性之间的矛盾增大,使得船舶轴系校中变得更为复杂,轴系校中的理论研究和实际测量研究都显得格外重要。因此,很有必要将理论分析计算和实际测试测量结合起来,对轴系校中进行系统深入地研究。
作者在参考国内外大量文献资料及学习船舶轴系校中计算方法的基础上,充分利用ANSYS计算软件和先进的测试测量技术,进行了船舶轴系校中计算、校中工艺方法,以及船舶轴系变形的测试研究。
本论文以实验室搭建的船舶轴系试验台为研究对象,通过对船舶轴系直线校中状态下的变形测试测量、轴功率的测试,以及轴承负荷的测试研究,实现了船舶轴系校中质量的评价。本文主要作了以下几方面的工作：
首先利用有限元分析ANSYS软件,进行船舶轴系直线校中计算,得到轴系各个轴承上的负荷计算值、以及各个轴段内的一些力学参量的分布情况和数值,对船舶轴系状态有了清晰的量化描述。
在理论计算的基础上,应用应变测试技术,对轴系的动力参数进行了实际的测量,实现了轴系变形的无线采集测量。轴系的变形包括扭转变形和弯曲变形两个方面,都是通过利用应变片和无线传感器构成的采集网络来完成变形的测量；以扭矩的测量为基础,对轴系的轴功率进行了实际的测量,发现在轴系的稳定运转过程中扭矩变化规律,功率的增加部分都用来提高转速。
最后,应用负荷传感器,通过改进的顶举法,对船舶轴系直线校中状态下的各个轴承附近的实际负荷进行了测量,并与船舶轴系直线校中计算的轴承理论负荷值进行了比较,可以进一步评价船舶轴系校中的质量。
Over recent years, with the ship's large and high-speed development, the problems between rigid shaft and increasing flexibility of the hull increase, the shaft alignment has become more complex. On the shaft alignment of theoretical and practical measurement, studies are particularly important, so, it is necessary to combine theoretical analysis and practical measurements carried out up to the shaft alignment system.
Based on references of a large number of papers and learning of regular shafting alignment methods, full use of existing matured computing software and advanced measurement techniques,the experimental study on shafting alignment is conducted in depth research.
Based on the shaft testing platform built by laboratory, paper has the research carried out as follows:
First of all, by the finite element analysis, using finite element analysis ANSYS software to calculate the shaft in a straight line school, gets the loads on bearings under line state and also some of the mechanical parameters of distribution and value in various shaft segments, has a clear understanding of the situation in line shafting alignment.
Secondly, in the theoretical calculation based on the dynamic parameters of the shaft for the actual measurements, through application of strain test technology and wireless sensor acquisition system, the shaft torque and bending moments are measured. Based on torque measurement, the shaft power is tested. Through the actual measurement of the shaft power, finding out that the stability of the shaft during operation, the shaft torque in all operating conditions do not change and the basic power of the increase are used to increase speed of shaft.
Finally, under the straight shafting alignment state, the practical loads on the bearings when the bearings are replaced by Jack (including intermediate and stern tail bearings) are measured with jack and load sensor using improved jack-up method. Comparison with theoretical results, which are calculated in the software when the jack is regarded as a real support in the shafting alignment. So the result can evaluate the quality on the shafting alignment.
作者在参考国内外大量文献资料及学习船舶轴系校中计算方法的基础上,充分利用ANSYS计算软件和先进的测试测量技术,进行了船舶轴系校中计算、校中工艺方法,以及船舶轴系变形的测试研究。
本论文以实验室搭建的船舶轴系试验台为研究对象,通过对船舶轴系直线校中状态下的变形测试测量、轴功率的测试,以及轴承负荷的测试研究,实现了船舶轴系校中质量的评价。本文主要作了以下几方面的工作：
首先利用有限元分析ANSYS软件,进行船舶轴系直线校中计算,得到轴系各个轴承上的负荷计算值、以及各个轴段内的一些力学参量的分布情况和数值,对船舶轴系状态有了清晰的量化描述。
在理论计算的基础上,应用应变测试技术,对轴系的动力参数进行了实际的测量,实现了轴系变形的无线采集测量。轴系的变形包括扭转变形和弯曲变形两个方面,都是通过利用应变片和无线传感器构成的采集网络来完成变形的测量；以扭矩的测量为基础,对轴系的轴功率进行了实际的测量,发现在轴系的稳定运转过程中扭矩变化规律,功率的增加部分都用来提高转速。
最后,应用负荷传感器,通过改进的顶举法,对船舶轴系直线校中状态下的各个轴承附近的实际负荷进行了测量,并与船舶轴系直线校中计算的轴承理论负荷值进行了比较,可以进一步评价船舶轴系校中的质量。
Over recent years, with the ship's large and high-speed development, the problems between rigid shaft and increasing flexibility of the hull increase, the shaft alignment has become more complex. On the shaft alignment of theoretical and practical measurement, studies are particularly important, so, it is necessary to combine theoretical analysis and practical measurements carried out up to the shaft alignment system.
Based on references of a large number of papers and learning of regular shafting alignment methods, full use of existing matured computing software and advanced measurement techniques,the experimental study on shafting alignment is conducted in depth research.
Based on the shaft testing platform built by laboratory, paper has the research carried out as follows:
First of all, by the finite element analysis, using finite element analysis ANSYS software to calculate the shaft in a straight line school, gets the loads on bearings under line state and also some of the mechanical parameters of distribution and value in various shaft segments, has a clear understanding of the situation in line shafting alignment.
Secondly, in the theoretical calculation based on the dynamic parameters of the shaft for the actual measurements, through application of strain test technology and wireless sensor acquisition system, the shaft torque and bending moments are measured. Based on torque measurement, the shaft power is tested. Through the actual measurement of the shaft power, finding out that the stability of the shaft during operation, the shaft torque in all operating conditions do not change and the basic power of the increase are used to increase speed of shaft.
Finally, under the straight shafting alignment state, the practical loads on the bearings when the bearings are replaced by Jack (including intermediate and stern tail bearings) are measured with jack and load sensor using improved jack-up method. Comparison with theoretical results, which are calculated in the software when the jack is regarded as a real support in the shafting alignment. So the result can evaluate the quality on the shafting alignment.
引文
[1]ICMES(International Cooperation on Marine Engineering Systems)-TC6. Nomenclature in Ship.Propulsion-Shaft Alignment,1982,10.
[2]周继良、邹鸿钧.船舶轴系校中原理及其应用.北京：人民交通出版社,1985.
[3]Lei Shi, Dongxin Xue, Xi geng Song. Research on shafting alignment considering ship hull deformations. Marine Structures,2010,23 (1):103-114.
[4]周瑞平,徐立华等.船舶推进轴系校中若干技术问题研究.船舶工程,2004(6)：48-52.
[5]Sverko, Davor. Investigation on hull deflection and its influence on propulsion shaft alignment.2005 SNAME Maritime Technology Conference and Expo and Ship Production Symposium. Houston, TX, United States,2005.
[6]Murawski, Lech. Shaft line alignment analysis taking ship construction flexibility and deformations into consideration. Marine Structures,2005,18(1)62-84.
[7]耿厚才.船舶轴系动态校中技术研究.(博士后出站论文).上海：上海交通大学,2003.
[8]周瑞平.超大型船舶推进轴系校中理论研究.(博士学位论文).武汉：武汉理工大学,2005.
[9]温玉奎57300DWT散货船轴系校中研究(硕士论文)大连：大连海事大学,2007.
[10]张敬国.轮机工程测试技术.华中理工大学出版社,1999.
[11]杨俊锋.基于虚拟仪器的动态扭矩实验测试系统的研究.燕山大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[12]余永华,朱继军,杨建国.船舶轴系轴功率测试仪的研制.中国修船,2006,19(6)：8-10.
[13]李孟然,任焕琴.在线动态扭矩测试仪的研制.洛阳工学院学报,1998,19(1)：29-32.
[14]V. Lemarquand, GLemarquand. Magnetic Differential Torque Sensor. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1995,31 (6):3188 - 3190.
[15]刘宝华.红外扭矩测试仪的研制.仪器仪表学报,1999,20(3)：318-320.
[16]刘立庄,戴启军,周秦武.基于红外传输的扭矩测试系统.自动化仪表,2001,22(2)：17-19.
[17]AsadM. Madni, et al.A Differential Capacitive Torque Sensor with Optimal Kinematic Linearity. IEEE Sensors Journal,2007,7(5):800-807.
[18]Jeremy M. Hammond, Ryszard M. Lec. A Non-contact Piezoelectric Torque Sensor. IEEE Intenational Frequency Control Symposium,1998:715-723.
[19]Kunio Miyashita, et al. Non-contact Torque Sensor. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1990,26(5):1560-1562.
[20]D.Son, S.J.Lim, C. S. Kim. Non-contact Torque Sensor Using the Difference of Maximum Induction of Amorphous Cores. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 1992,28(5):2205-2207.
[21]裴艳阳.应变电测技术应用在材料应力测试中的实例.大众科技,2008,(10)：117-119.
[22]何国钦.轴系轴承负荷的测量分析与调整.机电技术,2008,(3)：70-72.
[23]M. N.Keshava Rao, M. V. Dharaneepathy, S. Gomathinayagam, K. Ramaraju, P. K. Chakravorty, PK. Mishra. Computer-Aided Alignment of Ship Propulsion Shafts by Srain-Gage Methods, Marine Technology, Vol.28, No.2,1991.
[24]Bruce Cowper, Al Dacosta, Stephen Bobyn. Shaft Alignment Using Strain GagesrCase Studies, Marine Technology, Vol.36, No.2,1999.
[25]周生国,李世义.机械工程测试技术.北京：国防工业出版社,2005.
[26]狄长安等.工程测试技术.北京：清华大学出版社,2008.
[27]董冬,哥德峰.电阻应变计灵敏系数与横向效应系数测定.试验技术与试验机,2005,45(1，2) ：21-27.
[28]耿皓,李建华.应力应变电测技术中影响测量误差的主要因素分析.物流科技,2005,28(5)：99-100.
[29]梁立凯.电阻应变片测量中温度误差的补偿方法.呼伦贝尔学院院报,2001,9(1)：68-69.
[30]薛晓光.大型船舶轴系轴功率测试：(硕士学位论文).大连：大连理工大学,2003.
[31]吴宝元,许德章.应变式传感器桥路供电方式的研究.自动化仪表,2006,27(1)：9-13.
[32]孔德仁,朱蕴璞,狄长安.工程测试与信号处理.北京：国防工业出版社,2003.
[33]Berg propulsion system shaft analysis berg order NO.5473 report[Z]. NO.2007-1375 det norske veritas.
[34]吴杰长,陈国钧,庞之洋。舰船推进轴系轴承最优定位研究.造船技术,1996,5：23-26.
[35]Mourelatos Z, Papalambros P. A Mathematical Model for Optimal Strength and Alignment of a Marine Shafting System. Journal of Ship Research.1985,29(3):212.
[36]全国船舶标准化委员会.船舶推进轴系校中.全国船舶标准化委员会指导技术文件,cb*／z338-84.
[37]陈之炎.船舶推进轴系振动.上海：上海交通大学出版社,1987.
[38]American Bureau of Shipping. Guidance notes on propulsion shafting alignment. Houston:American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of Legislature of the State of New York 1862,2006.
[39]孙培廷.船舶柴油机.大连：大连海事大学出版社,2002.
[40]张洪信.有限元基础理论与ANSYS应用.第1版.北京：机械工业出版社,2006.
[41]王宏志.船舶轴系合理校中计算的研究.(硕士学位论文).大连：大连海事大学,1995.
[42]张雷顺,王俊林.弹性力学及有限单元法.北京：黄河水利出版社,2005.
[43]邢静忠.ANSYS应用实例与分析.北京：科学出版社,2006.
[44]刘相新,孟宪颐.ANSYS基础与应用教程.北京：科学出版社,2006.
[45]王新敏.ANSYS工程结构数值分析.北京：人民交通出版社,2007.
[46]朱启荣,杨国标.基于电阻应变计的扭矩测量系统设计.实验技术与管理,2009,26(3)：58-59.
[47]张鹏,薄少军.基于虚拟仪器技术的应变信号的采集和存储.科技经济市场,2008,(7)：22-23.
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[58]Cong Hong. A Research on the Design and Application of Sensors in the Condition Monitoring of Hydrodynamic Lubricating Bearings. Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an,1996.
[59]董立敏等.如何正确利用顶举法测量中间轴承实际负荷.中国修船,2004,(2)34-35.
[60]于洪亮,黄连忠.船舶动力装置.大连：大连海事大学出版社,2006.12.
[2]周继良、邹鸿钧.船舶轴系校中原理及其应用.北京：人民交通出版社,1985.
[3]Lei Shi, Dongxin Xue, Xi geng Song. Research on shafting alignment considering ship hull deformations. Marine Structures,2010,23 (1):103-114.
[4]周瑞平,徐立华等.船舶推进轴系校中若干技术问题研究.船舶工程,2004(6)：48-52.
[5]Sverko, Davor. Investigation on hull deflection and its influence on propulsion shaft alignment.2005 SNAME Maritime Technology Conference and Expo and Ship Production Symposium. Houston, TX, United States,2005.
[6]Murawski, Lech. Shaft line alignment analysis taking ship construction flexibility and deformations into consideration. Marine Structures,2005,18(1)62-84.
[7]耿厚才.船舶轴系动态校中技术研究.(博士后出站论文).上海：上海交通大学,2003.
[8]周瑞平.超大型船舶推进轴系校中理论研究.(博士学位论文).武汉：武汉理工大学,2005.
[9]温玉奎57300DWT散货船轴系校中研究(硕士论文)大连：大连海事大学,2007.
[10]张敬国.轮机工程测试技术.华中理工大学出版社,1999.
[11]杨俊锋.基于虚拟仪器的动态扭矩实验测试系统的研究.燕山大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[12]余永华,朱继军,杨建国.船舶轴系轴功率测试仪的研制.中国修船,2006,19(6)：8-10.
[13]李孟然,任焕琴.在线动态扭矩测试仪的研制.洛阳工学院学报,1998,19(1)：29-32.
[14]V. Lemarquand, GLemarquand. Magnetic Differential Torque Sensor. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1995,31 (6):3188 - 3190.
[15]刘宝华.红外扭矩测试仪的研制.仪器仪表学报,1999,20(3)：318-320.
[16]刘立庄,戴启军,周秦武.基于红外传输的扭矩测试系统.自动化仪表,2001,22(2)：17-19.
[17]AsadM. Madni, et al.A Differential Capacitive Torque Sensor with Optimal Kinematic Linearity. IEEE Sensors Journal,2007,7(5):800-807.
[18]Jeremy M. Hammond, Ryszard M. Lec. A Non-contact Piezoelectric Torque Sensor. IEEE Intenational Frequency Control Symposium,1998:715-723.
[19]Kunio Miyashita, et al. Non-contact Torque Sensor. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1990,26(5):1560-1562.
[20]D.Son, S.J.Lim, C. S. Kim. Non-contact Torque Sensor Using the Difference of Maximum Induction of Amorphous Cores. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 1992,28(5):2205-2207.
[21]裴艳阳.应变电测技术应用在材料应力测试中的实例.大众科技,2008,(10)：117-119.
[22]何国钦.轴系轴承负荷的测量分析与调整.机电技术,2008,(3)：70-72.
[23]M. N.Keshava Rao, M. V. Dharaneepathy, S. Gomathinayagam, K. Ramaraju, P. K. Chakravorty, PK. Mishra. Computer-Aided Alignment of Ship Propulsion Shafts by Srain-Gage Methods, Marine Technology, Vol.28, No.2,1991.
[24]Bruce Cowper, Al Dacosta, Stephen Bobyn. Shaft Alignment Using Strain GagesrCase Studies, Marine Technology, Vol.36, No.2,1999.
[25]周生国,李世义.机械工程测试技术.北京：国防工业出版社,2005.
[26]狄长安等.工程测试技术.北京：清华大学出版社,2008.
[27]董冬,哥德峰.电阻应变计灵敏系数与横向效应系数测定.试验技术与试验机,2005,45(1，2) ：21-27.
[28]耿皓,李建华.应力应变电测技术中影响测量误差的主要因素分析.物流科技,2005,28(5)：99-100.
[29]梁立凯.电阻应变片测量中温度误差的补偿方法.呼伦贝尔学院院报,2001,9(1)：68-69.
[30]薛晓光.大型船舶轴系轴功率测试：(硕士学位论文).大连：大连理工大学,2003.
[31]吴宝元,许德章.应变式传感器桥路供电方式的研究.自动化仪表,2006,27(1)：9-13.
[32]孔德仁,朱蕴璞,狄长安.工程测试与信号处理.北京：国防工业出版社,2003.
[33]Berg propulsion system shaft analysis berg order NO.5473 report[Z]. NO.2007-1375 det norske veritas.
[34]吴杰长,陈国钧,庞之洋。舰船推进轴系轴承最优定位研究.造船技术,1996,5：23-26.
[35]Mourelatos Z, Papalambros P. A Mathematical Model for Optimal Strength and Alignment of a Marine Shafting System. Journal of Ship Research.1985,29(3):212.
[36]全国船舶标准化委员会.船舶推进轴系校中.全国船舶标准化委员会指导技术文件,cb*／z338-84.
[37]陈之炎.船舶推进轴系振动.上海：上海交通大学出版社,1987.
[38]American Bureau of Shipping. Guidance notes on propulsion shafting alignment. Houston:American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of Legislature of the State of New York 1862,2006.
[39]孙培廷.船舶柴油机.大连：大连海事大学出版社,2002.
[40]张洪信.有限元基础理论与ANSYS应用.第1版.北京：机械工业出版社,2006.
[41]王宏志.船舶轴系合理校中计算的研究.(硕士学位论文).大连：大连海事大学,1995.
[42]张雷顺,王俊林.弹性力学及有限单元法.北京：黄河水利出版社,2005.
[43]邢静忠.ANSYS应用实例与分析.北京：科学出版社,2006.
[44]刘相新,孟宪颐.ANSYS基础与应用教程.北京：科学出版社,2006.
[45]王新敏.ANSYS工程结构数值分析.北京：人民交通出版社,2007.
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