虚拟仪器在发动机试验中的运用研究
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摘要
在进行发动机生产和研究中，发动机试验是必不可少的一个环节。随着科学技术的发展，传统测试仪器的诸多缺点逐渐显示出来。计算机、电子技术的发展推动了虚拟仪器技术的发展，使测试仪器趋向了柔性化，有利于用户根据自己的需要组建适合自己的测试系统，而且在硬件不发生变化或变化很小的情况下，可实现测试系统的扩充、更改和升级，整个测试系统灵活方便，成本低，效率高。
本文介绍了虚拟仪器的概念、LabVIEW软件开发平台的组成及其在国内外汽车和发动机行业中的运用情况。根据实验室现有的试验设备和条件，利用虚拟技术作出了以下有关的尝试：
发动机试验自动监测和控制系统。该系统能实时监测有关温度和压力参数；能够进行速度特性试验、负荷特性试验、示功图采集、油管压力采集等；能够储存每次工况的数据，自动生成图形，产生报表，自动打印最终结果。此外，还能控制发动机的转速和油门开度。
首次尝试用LabVIEW进行油压和示功图的分析。分析喷油始点，喷油持续期等有关参数。光顺P-图，转换成P-V图，lnP-lnV图，并且计算与发动机有关的指示性能指标和有效性能指标，并尝试进行放热率的计算。
首次尝试用LabVIEW组建汽车消声器计算模型，模拟计算不同结构的消声器对应不同频率的消音量。
对于以上的每个系统，都进行了多次的试验验证，结果表明把虚拟技术运用到发动机的有关方面是切实可行的，是非常方便的。能够大大提高发动机测控系统开发效率，同时减低发动机测控系统开发的时间和成本，对现代发动机测试技术的发展起着极其重要的作用。
Engine experiments are a necessary step in engine-producing and engine-researching. With the development of science and technology, the disadvantages of traditional testing instruments have appeared. The development of computers and electronic technology promoted the advancement of virtual instruments. Now, testing instruments have been trending to be flexibile. Customers can build their own testing system according to their practical conditions. The testing system can be extended, amended and upgraded without changing the hardwares or only changing a little. The whole system is flexible, low wasting and high efficient.
In this paper the concept of virtual instruments, the composition of LabVIEW and how they have been applied in cars and engines in our country and in foreign countries were summaried. The researches made by the author using virtual instruments based on the existing equipments are as follows:
1. The monitoring and control system of engine testing was created. The system can monitor the real-time temperatures and pressures. Speed characteristic, load characteristic, indicated diagram and oil pressure can be acquired on the system. Besides, the datas of each work condition can be saved. The relative diagram and report can be created automatically. The result can be printed. Furthermore, the speed and the throttle of engine can be controlled on the system.
2. The oil pressure diagram and indicated diagram were analyzed with LabVIEW for the first time. Many parameters such as the injection starting time, the injection duration and so on were analyzed. The P- diagram was smoothed. Also, it can be transferred into P-V and lnP-lnV diagram. The indicated and effective parameters can be calculated according to the P- diagram. Furthermore, the heat release rate was computed using LabVIEW for the first time.
3. The car muffler module with LabVIEW was set up firstly. The
different mufflers can be simulated and how much the sound conresponding to the relative frequency has been eliminated can be got from the module.
All of the above modules have been tested many times. The result showed that connecting virtual instruments with engines is feasible and convenient. It can be concluded that virtual instrument has played an important role in the development of engine testing technology by both increasing the development efficiency and reducing the time and cost.
本文介绍了虚拟仪器的概念、LabVIEW软件开发平台的组成及其在国内外汽车和发动机行业中的运用情况。根据实验室现有的试验设备和条件，利用虚拟技术作出了以下有关的尝试：
发动机试验自动监测和控制系统。该系统能实时监测有关温度和压力参数；能够进行速度特性试验、负荷特性试验、示功图采集、油管压力采集等；能够储存每次工况的数据，自动生成图形，产生报表，自动打印最终结果。此外，还能控制发动机的转速和油门开度。
首次尝试用LabVIEW进行油压和示功图的分析。分析喷油始点，喷油持续期等有关参数。光顺P-图，转换成P-V图，lnP-lnV图，并且计算与发动机有关的指示性能指标和有效性能指标，并尝试进行放热率的计算。
首次尝试用LabVIEW组建汽车消声器计算模型，模拟计算不同结构的消声器对应不同频率的消音量。
对于以上的每个系统，都进行了多次的试验验证，结果表明把虚拟技术运用到发动机的有关方面是切实可行的，是非常方便的。能够大大提高发动机测控系统开发效率，同时减低发动机测控系统开发的时间和成本，对现代发动机测试技术的发展起着极其重要的作用。
Engine experiments are a necessary step in engine-producing and engine-researching. With the development of science and technology, the disadvantages of traditional testing instruments have appeared. The development of computers and electronic technology promoted the advancement of virtual instruments. Now, testing instruments have been trending to be flexibile. Customers can build their own testing system according to their practical conditions. The testing system can be extended, amended and upgraded without changing the hardwares or only changing a little. The whole system is flexible, low wasting and high efficient.
In this paper the concept of virtual instruments, the composition of LabVIEW and how they have been applied in cars and engines in our country and in foreign countries were summaried. The researches made by the author using virtual instruments based on the existing equipments are as follows:
1. The monitoring and control system of engine testing was created. The system can monitor the real-time temperatures and pressures. Speed characteristic, load characteristic, indicated diagram and oil pressure can be acquired on the system. Besides, the datas of each work condition can be saved. The relative diagram and report can be created automatically. The result can be printed. Furthermore, the speed and the throttle of engine can be controlled on the system.
2. The oil pressure diagram and indicated diagram were analyzed with LabVIEW for the first time. Many parameters such as the injection starting time, the injection duration and so on were analyzed. The P- diagram was smoothed. Also, it can be transferred into P-V and lnP-lnV diagram. The indicated and effective parameters can be calculated according to the P- diagram. Furthermore, the heat release rate was computed using LabVIEW for the first time.
3. The car muffler module with LabVIEW was set up firstly. The
different mufflers can be simulated and how much the sound conresponding to the relative frequency has been eliminated can be got from the module.
All of the above modules have been tested many times. The result showed that connecting virtual instruments with engines is feasible and convenient. It can be concluded that virtual instrument has played an important role in the development of engine testing technology by both increasing the development efficiency and reducing the time and cost.
引文
林正盛，浅谈虚拟仪器技术的演化与发展，微计算机信息，1997(4)，(5)
杨乐平，李海涛，肖相生，LABVIEW程序设计与应用，北京：电子工业出版社，2001
汪敏生译，LABVIEW基础教程，北京：电子工业出版社，2002
杨乐平，李海涛，赵勇等，LABVIEW高级程序设计，北京：清华大学出版社，2003
Josef C.Berger，Simulation and Optimization of Fuel Consumption and Emissions of the San Diego State University Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle，San Diego State University
Alden Cramer，Greg Beshouri，Continuous Monitoring of Internal－Combustion Engines Using LabVIEW，Advanced Engine Technologies Corporation
Sundaranm Raghuraman，Brant Bergdoll，Wei Tung，Engine Dynamometer Control System，V I Engineering，Inc
William Doggett，Measuring Internal Combustion Engine In-Cylinder Pressure with LabVIEW，Creative Technical Solutions，Inc
Alfred G.Collins，Engine Knock Analyzer，Raeburn Technology，Inc
Alseeandro De Grassi，Using LabVIEW to Acquire and Elaborate Fuel Spray Images，AEA S.r.l Inc
Andreas Heim，Testing Electrical Control Units with NI PXI and TestStand，Alfautomazione Inc
Shokichi Harashima，Hiroshi Takahashi，Honda Implements Integrated Road Simulator at Low Cost，Honda R&D Co.Ltd
Juan Ricardo Tomasino，Redesigning and Implementing an Engine Exhaust Simulator with National Instruments LabVIEW and PXI，E－JAZ Test and Measurement Inc
Bruce A.Ammons，Craig S.Mira，PC－Based Turbo Charger Engine Quality Verfication System，Datappli Inc
任自中，虚拟技术在内燃机试验研究中的应用，内燃机学报，2001(1)
谢旭良，基于Labview工作平台的内燃机振动和噪声信号处理系统：[硕士学位论文]，大连：大连理工大学，2000
李永刚，汽油发动机综合测试仪的虚拟设计：[硕士学位论文]，广州：华南农业大学，1999
刘建敏，乔新勇，张小明，基于人工神经网络的柴油机喷油量检测研究，内燃机工程，2002(2)
吴波，吴功平，杨叔子等，柴油机喷油压力波形的分析方法，郑州工学院学报，1991(1)
周龙保，内燃机学，北京：机械工业出版社，1999
何学良，李疏松，内燃机燃烧学，北京：机械工业出版社，1990
南京大学数学系计算数学专业，数值逼近方法，北京：科学出版社，1978
刘永长，内燃机热力过程模拟，北京：机械工业出版社，2001
黎志勤，黎苏，汽车排气系统噪声与消声器设计，北京：中国环境科学出版社，1991
八田桂三，浅沼强等，内燃机测试手册，北京：机械工业出版社，1979
王宏伟，刘清华，王哲，虚拟仪器技术在发动机测时系统的应用研究。柴油机，2001(3)
李永刚，洪添胜，罗锡文，虚拟仪器技术在发动机综合测试中的应用，农业工程学报，1999(4)
王宏伟，丁喆，虚拟技术在发动机测时系统的应用研究，机电工程，2001(4)
金振华，卢青春，聂圣方，汽车及发动机排放测试主计算机系统的开发，公路交通技术，2001(6)
吕汝宾，发动机示功图的测试和注意事项，内燃机技术，1997(1)
常汉宝，刘伯远，刘敏林，基于虚拟测试技术的柴油机燃烧分析系统，柴油机，2003(1)
杨秀忠，任正华，内燃机示功图的微机测试，西南石油学院学报，1991(5)
范荫，郭眆，发动机测试分析系统的研究与开发，内燃机工程，1993(4)
胡军军，阎小俊，周龙保，内燃机燃烧分析仪的开发与应用，2001(3)
Z.Ren，T.Campbell，J.Yang，Developments in computer-controlled IC engine experimental study，SAE 972918，1997
Emin Yilmaz，Instrumentation for Relative Cylinder Power Measurement on Internal Combustion Engines，University of Maryland Eastern Shore
Wei-Chin Chang，The Trade-off Effects of EGR and Hydrogen on Combustion Duration in NG Fuelled SI Engines，Future Power Systems Group
Bryan Nadeau，Automated Test System for Remanufactured Truck Transmissions，Life Cycle Engineering，Inc
Bob Stasonis，Automotive Functinal Test，GenRad，Inc
Dougals C.Eberle，Developing a Dual-Dynamometer Road Load Simulator for Heavy-Duty Tracked Vehicles，Southeast Research Institute
Developing a Low-Cost Engine Testing System Using LabVIEW and Fieldpoint，SCANIA Co.Ltd
Alexander U.Balakin，Diesel Engine Fuel-Injection Measurement System，ViTec Co.Ltd
Roy Krans，Inertia Reaearch Develops Cost-Effective LabVIEW Real-Time Engine Dynamometer Controller，Intetia Research LLC
Chuck Karam，PC－Based Simulation and Monitoring of Automotive Electronic Control Modules，EG&G Structural Kinematics
Charles V.Knight,Gary H.Mcdonald，Modernization of A Mechnical Engineering Laboratory Using Data Acquisition with LabVIEW， Tennessee University
杨乐平，李海涛，肖相生，LABVIEW程序设计与应用，北京：电子工业出版社，2001
汪敏生译，LABVIEW基础教程，北京：电子工业出版社，2002
杨乐平，李海涛，赵勇等，LABVIEW高级程序设计，北京：清华大学出版社，2003
Josef C.Berger，Simulation and Optimization of Fuel Consumption and Emissions of the San Diego State University Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle，San Diego State University
Alden Cramer，Greg Beshouri，Continuous Monitoring of Internal－Combustion Engines Using LabVIEW，Advanced Engine Technologies Corporation
Sundaranm Raghuraman，Brant Bergdoll，Wei Tung，Engine Dynamometer Control System，V I Engineering，Inc
William Doggett，Measuring Internal Combustion Engine In-Cylinder Pressure with LabVIEW，Creative Technical Solutions，Inc
Alfred G.Collins，Engine Knock Analyzer，Raeburn Technology，Inc
Alseeandro De Grassi，Using LabVIEW to Acquire and Elaborate Fuel Spray Images，AEA S.r.l Inc
Andreas Heim，Testing Electrical Control Units with NI PXI and TestStand，Alfautomazione Inc
Shokichi Harashima，Hiroshi Takahashi，Honda Implements Integrated Road Simulator at Low Cost，Honda R&D Co.Ltd
Juan Ricardo Tomasino，Redesigning and Implementing an Engine Exhaust Simulator with National Instruments LabVIEW and PXI，E－JAZ Test and Measurement Inc
Bruce A.Ammons，Craig S.Mira，PC－Based Turbo Charger Engine Quality Verfication System，Datappli Inc
任自中，虚拟技术在内燃机试验研究中的应用，内燃机学报，2001(1)
谢旭良，基于Labview工作平台的内燃机振动和噪声信号处理系统：[硕士学位论文]，大连：大连理工大学，2000
李永刚，汽油发动机综合测试仪的虚拟设计：[硕士学位论文]，广州：华南农业大学，1999
刘建敏，乔新勇，张小明，基于人工神经网络的柴油机喷油量检测研究，内燃机工程，2002(2)
吴波，吴功平，杨叔子等，柴油机喷油压力波形的分析方法，郑州工学院学报，1991(1)
周龙保，内燃机学，北京：机械工业出版社，1999
何学良，李疏松，内燃机燃烧学，北京：机械工业出版社，1990
南京大学数学系计算数学专业，数值逼近方法，北京：科学出版社，1978
刘永长，内燃机热力过程模拟，北京：机械工业出版社，2001
黎志勤，黎苏，汽车排气系统噪声与消声器设计，北京：中国环境科学出版社，1991
八田桂三，浅沼强等，内燃机测试手册，北京：机械工业出版社，1979
王宏伟，刘清华，王哲，虚拟仪器技术在发动机测时系统的应用研究。柴油机，2001(3)
李永刚，洪添胜，罗锡文，虚拟仪器技术在发动机综合测试中的应用，农业工程学报，1999(4)
王宏伟，丁喆，虚拟技术在发动机测时系统的应用研究，机电工程，2001(4)
金振华，卢青春，聂圣方，汽车及发动机排放测试主计算机系统的开发，公路交通技术，2001(6)
吕汝宾，发动机示功图的测试和注意事项，内燃机技术，1997(1)
常汉宝，刘伯远，刘敏林，基于虚拟测试技术的柴油机燃烧分析系统，柴油机，2003(1)
杨秀忠，任正华，内燃机示功图的微机测试，西南石油学院学报，1991(5)
范荫，郭眆，发动机测试分析系统的研究与开发，内燃机工程，1993(4)
胡军军，阎小俊，周龙保，内燃机燃烧分析仪的开发与应用，2001(3)
Z.Ren，T.Campbell，J.Yang，Developments in computer-controlled IC engine experimental study，SAE 972918，1997
Emin Yilmaz，Instrumentation for Relative Cylinder Power Measurement on Internal Combustion Engines，University of Maryland Eastern Shore
Wei-Chin Chang，The Trade-off Effects of EGR and Hydrogen on Combustion Duration in NG Fuelled SI Engines，Future Power Systems Group
Bryan Nadeau，Automated Test System for Remanufactured Truck Transmissions，Life Cycle Engineering，Inc
Bob Stasonis，Automotive Functinal Test，GenRad，Inc
Dougals C.Eberle，Developing a Dual-Dynamometer Road Load Simulator for Heavy-Duty Tracked Vehicles，Southeast Research Institute
Developing a Low-Cost Engine Testing System Using LabVIEW and Fieldpoint，SCANIA Co.Ltd
Alexander U.Balakin，Diesel Engine Fuel-Injection Measurement System，ViTec Co.Ltd
Roy Krans，Inertia Reaearch Develops Cost-Effective LabVIEW Real-Time Engine Dynamometer Controller，Intetia Research LLC
Chuck Karam，PC－Based Simulation and Monitoring of Automotive Electronic Control Modules，EG&G Structural Kinematics
Charles V.Knight,Gary H.Mcdonald，Modernization of A Mechnical Engineering Laboratory Using Data Acquisition with LabVIEW， Tennessee University