双酚A对男性生殖功能的影响及机制探讨
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摘要
环境雌激素双酚A（Bisphenol A，BPA）是一种重要的化工原料，其广泛的应用范围导致了无处不在的暴露。BPA具有弱雌激素样作用和强抗雄激素样作用，可对雄性生殖系统产生影响。然而关于BPA雄性生殖毒性的人群研究和相关机制研究的报道极为有限。本研究通过人群研究探讨BPA对男性的生殖毒性，通过动物实验研究进一步探索可能的机制，为明确BPA的雄性生殖毒性及其机理提供科学依据。
目的
采用人群研究和动物实验研究相结合的方法，探讨BPA暴露对男性生殖功能的影响，并进一步探索可能的机制，为BPA对生殖功能的作用及其机制的研究提供新的思路。
1．通过分析BPA对男性精子质量、血清性激素水平以及性功能之间的关系，探讨BPA对男性的生殖毒性；
2．探讨BPA对雄性大鼠生殖系统及精子质量的影响，以及对主要激素睾酮（T）与卵泡刺激素（FSH）的影响；
3．通过研究BPA对激素受体AR、FSHR和信号通路相关基因Src、ERK1/2、CREB的影响，初步探讨BPA在精子发生过程中可能的分子机制。
方法
人群研究：收集543名研究对象，采用结构式问卷调查研究对象一般人口学特征、既往病史及用药史、生活方式、性生活史、BPA暴露史等。采集研究对象尿液、精液、血液，应用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测尿液中BPA水平；计算机辅助精子分析系统检测精子数量、活动力和存活率，改良巴氏染色法检测精子形态学；放射免疫法(RIA)检测血清卵泡刺激素（FSH）、泌乳素（PRL）、睾酮（T）、雌二醇（E2）水平，酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清抑制素B (INB)、游离睾酮（FT）、性激素结合球蛋白（SHBG）和雄烯二酮（AD）水平。应用SPSS16.0软件建立数据库并运用t检验、χ~2检验、趋势χ~2检验、pearson相关分析、spearman秩相关分析、多元线性回归分析等检验方法进行统计分析。
动物实验：雄性Wistar大鼠（200±20g）28只按体重随机分为4组，每天固定时间灌胃染毒，染毒剂量分别为BPA0、50、100、200mg/（kg.d），连续4周后处死大鼠，采集生殖系统脏器、血清及一侧附睾尾精子。计算机辅助分析检测大鼠精子密度、活力、存活率，改良巴氏染色法检测精子畸形率；放射免疫法检测血清T、FSH水平。采用Real-time PCR和Western-blot法分别检测大鼠睾丸中AR、FSHR、Src、ERK1/2、CREB基因mRNA和蛋白表达水平。采用SPSS16.0建立数据库并运用单因素方差分析、Dunnet-t检验进行统计分析。
结果
人群研究
1．尿液中BPA浓度升高与精子密度低下、精子总数低下、精子活动力低下、精子存活率低下之间存在剂量效应关系；在调整可疑混杂因素后，尿液中BPA浓度与精子密度、总数、活动力、存活率之间存在负相关关系。
2．尿液BPA浓度升高与FT, AD, SHBG, PRL, FSH水平异常之间存在剂量效应关系。在调整可疑混杂因素后，尿液BPA浓度与AD、FSH水平之间存在负相关关系，与SHBG、PRL、E2水平之间存在正相关关系。
3．尿液中BPA浓度升高与男性性欲冲动程度、受刺激勃起能力、完成性交能力、射精强度、性生活满意度降低，以及勃起困难程度和射精困难程度升高之间存在剂量效应关系；在调整可疑混杂因素后，尿液中BPA浓度与各表现指标之间存在相关关系。
动物实验
1．各染毒组体重增长量和染毒后体重之间存在差异，高剂量组体重增长量显著低于对照组；各染毒组大鼠精囊、前列腺、睾丸、附睾等性腺器官的脏器系数存在显著性差异，与对照组相比，中、高剂量组睾丸、精囊腺、前列腺脏器系数明显降低，高剂量组附睾脏器系数也明显降低。
2．各染毒组间精子质量存在显著性差异；与对照组相比，中、高剂量组精子活力和存活率显著降低；高剂量组精子密度也显著降低。
3．各染毒组间性激素T和FSH水平存在显著性差异；与对照组相比BPA中、高剂量组血清T水平明显降低，而高剂量组FSH水平明显升高；各染毒组间AR、FSHR mRNA和蛋白表达平均存在显著性差异；BPA中、高剂量组大鼠睾丸组织中AR、FSHR mRNA和蛋白水平均显著低于对照组。
4．未发现各染毒组间Src mRNA和蛋白以及蛋白磷酸化表达之间存在显著性差异；未发现各染毒组间ERK1/2mRNA和蛋白表达之间存在显著性差异,但ERK1/2蛋白磷酸化表达存在显著性差异，BPA中、高剂量组ERK1/2蛋白磷酸化水平显著低于对照组；未发现各染毒组间CREB mRNA和蛋白表达之间存在显著性差异,但CREB蛋白磷酸化表达存在显著性差异，BPA高剂量组CREB蛋白磷酸化水平显著低于对照组。
结论
1．尿液BPA水平升高与男性精子质量下降、性激素水平异常、性功能下降相关；
2．高剂量BPA染毒对雄性Wistar大鼠有明显的生殖毒性，导致性腺器官受损，精子质量下降、激素水平改变；
3．BPA可导致大鼠睾丸组织中ERK1/2、CREB蛋白磷酸化水平降低，提示BPA可能通过对ERK1/2、CREB通路的抑制而影响生殖功能，但未发现Src与这一通路的上游调控有关。
Bisphenol A(BPA), the environmental estrogen, is an important chemical rawmaterial. Because of its widespread presence, humans exposure to BPA is thought tobe ubiquitous. BPA exhibits both weak estrogenic and strong antiandrogenic effects.BPA has been reported to affect the male reproductive system. However, studies ofthe BPA effect on human male reproductive system and related mechanisms are verylimited. In the present study, we investigated the adverse impacts BPA on human malereproduction, identified the male reproductive toxic effects on wistar rats, exploredthe potential mechanism, provided the epidemiology evidence and scientific evidenceon reproductive toxicity of BPA.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the adverse impacts BPA on male reproduction, explore thepotential mechanism, provide the new idea of BPA male reproductive toxicity andmechanism.
1.To investigate the effects of BPA on human male reproduction, including theeffects on semen quality, serum sex hormones levels and sexual function.
2.To evaluate the toxic effects of BPA on reproduction of male wistar rats,including the effects on the reproductive system, semen quality and the primary malesex hormones testosterone (T) and follicle stimulating hormone(FSH).
3.To explore the possible mechanism in BPA effect on male reproduction byinvestigating the impacts of BPA on androgen receptor(AR), follicle stimulatinghormone receptor(FSHR), and signaling pathway related genes including Src,ERK1/2and CREB.
METHODS
Epidemiological study:543male workers were involved in the present study. Allworkers were investigated with the same structured questionnaire. The questionnaireincluded general demographic characteristics, history of disease and medication history, general lifestyle habits, sexual life history．The urine, semen and peripheralblood samples from all of the objects were collected. The levels of urine BPA weremeasured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The semenqualities were analyzed by the Computer Assisted Sperm Anyalysis (CASA) system,while the sperm morphology were examined by Papanicolaou staining. Serum folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL), total testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2)were measured by radioimmunoassay. Free testosterone (FT), Inhibin B (INB),Sexhormone binding globulin (SHBG) and androstenedione (AD) were measured byenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data analysis was performed usingSPSS version16.0. The main statistical methods included t-test,chi-square test, trendchi-square test, Pearson correlation analysis,Spearman rank correlation analysis,multiple linear regression analysis.
Animal experimental study: Male Wistar rats (200±20g) were randomly dividedinto four groups according to body weight. Rats of each group were administratedBPA by gavage at fixed times every day for4weeks, at the dose of0,50,100and200mg/kg body weight, respectively. The reproductive organs and serum samples, spermspecimens from left epididymis were collected after all rats were executed.killed．Morphological changes of rats reproductive organs were observed under lightmicroscope after HE staining, Sperm counts, sperm motility and sperm vitality wereanalyzed by CASA system, sperm malformation rate were examined by Papanicolaoustaining. Serum total testosterone(T) and follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Real-time PCR and westernblot methods were applied to detect AR、FSHR、Src、ERK1/2、CREB gene and proteinexpression levels in rats testis. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version16.0.The main statistical methods included ANOVA, Dunnet-t test and chi-square test.
RESULTS
Epidemiological study
1.Dose-response associations were observed between urine BPA concentrationand sperm concentration, sperm count, sperm total vitality, sperm motility. After adjustment for potential confounders using linear regression, increasing urine BPAconcentration was statistically associated with decreased spermconcentration,decreased total sperm count, decreased sperm vitality and decreasedsperm motility.
2. Dose-response associations were observed between urine BPA concentrationand FT, AD, SHBG, PRL, FSH levels. After adjustment for potential confoundersusing linear regression, increasing urine BPA concentration was statisticallyassociated with decreased FT, AD, FSH level and increased SHBG, PRL, E2level.
3. Dose-response associations were observed between urine BPA concentrationand all domains of decreased male sexual function. After adjustment for potentialconfounders using linear regression, increasing urine BPA concentration wasstatistically associated with decreased male sexual function in all domains.
Animal experimental study
1. Significantly differences were observed in body weight gains and bodyweight after BPA treatment in different groups. The body weight gains in200mg/kggroup was significantly lower than that in control group. Significantly differenceswere observed in organ indexes of seminal vesicle, prostate, testis and epididymisamong all groups. The testis index, seminal vesicle index and prostate index in100mg/kg group or200mg/kg group were significantly lower than those in controlgroup. In200mg/kg group, the epididymis index was also lower than that in controlgroup.
2. There were significantly differences in sperm concentration, sperm motility,sperm vitality and sperm malformation rate among all groups. The sperm motility andsperm vitality were significantly higher in100mg/kg or200mg/kg groups than thosein control group. The sperm concentration was significantly higher in200mg/kggroup than that in control group.
3. There were significantly differences in serum T and FSH levels among allgroups. Compared with control group, the serum T level was significantly decreasedin100mg/kg or200mg/kg groups; while the FSH level was significantly increased in200mg/kg group. There were significantly differences in AR mRNA and protein expression levels among all groups. Compared with control group, the AR mRNAand protein expression levels were significantly decreased in100mg/kg or200mg/kggroups. There were significantly differences in FSHR mRNA and protein expressionlevels among all groups. Compared with control group, the FSHR mRNA and proteinexpression levels were significantly decreased in200mg/kg group.
4. No differences were observed in Src mRNA, Src and phosphorylated Srcprotein expression levels among all groups. There were no differences in ERK1/2mRNA and protein expression levels among all groups. But there were significantlydifference in phosphorylated ERK1/2protein expression levels among all groups.Compared with control group, the phosphorylated ERK1/2protein expression levelswere significantly decreased in100mg/kg and200mg/kg groups. There were nodifferences in CREB mRNA and protein expression levels among all groups. Butthere were significantly differences in phosphorylated CREB protein expressionlevels among all groups. Compared with control group, the phosphorylated CREBprotein expression levels were significantly decreased in200mg/kg group.
CONCLUSIONS
1.Increasing of urine BPA concentration has adverse impacts to malereproduction, may result in male lower semen quality, abnormal sex hormones levelsand reduced sexual function.
2.Higher doses of BPA have obviously reproductive toxic effects includingdamage male reproductive organs, decrease semen quality and change the level of sexhormones on male wistar rats,
3.BPA decreased the protein phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2and CREB. BPAmay have adverse effects on male reproduction via ERK1/2and CREB signalingpathway. But Src may not act as an upstream regulatory gene.
目的
采用人群研究和动物实验研究相结合的方法，探讨BPA暴露对男性生殖功能的影响，并进一步探索可能的机制，为BPA对生殖功能的作用及其机制的研究提供新的思路。
1．通过分析BPA对男性精子质量、血清性激素水平以及性功能之间的关系，探讨BPA对男性的生殖毒性；
2．探讨BPA对雄性大鼠生殖系统及精子质量的影响，以及对主要激素睾酮（T）与卵泡刺激素（FSH）的影响；
3．通过研究BPA对激素受体AR、FSHR和信号通路相关基因Src、ERK1/2、CREB的影响，初步探讨BPA在精子发生过程中可能的分子机制。
方法
人群研究：收集543名研究对象，采用结构式问卷调查研究对象一般人口学特征、既往病史及用药史、生活方式、性生活史、BPA暴露史等。采集研究对象尿液、精液、血液，应用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测尿液中BPA水平；计算机辅助精子分析系统检测精子数量、活动力和存活率，改良巴氏染色法检测精子形态学；放射免疫法(RIA)检测血清卵泡刺激素（FSH）、泌乳素（PRL）、睾酮（T）、雌二醇（E2）水平，酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清抑制素B (INB)、游离睾酮（FT）、性激素结合球蛋白（SHBG）和雄烯二酮（AD）水平。应用SPSS16.0软件建立数据库并运用t检验、χ~2检验、趋势χ~2检验、pearson相关分析、spearman秩相关分析、多元线性回归分析等检验方法进行统计分析。
动物实验：雄性Wistar大鼠（200±20g）28只按体重随机分为4组，每天固定时间灌胃染毒，染毒剂量分别为BPA0、50、100、200mg/（kg.d），连续4周后处死大鼠，采集生殖系统脏器、血清及一侧附睾尾精子。计算机辅助分析检测大鼠精子密度、活力、存活率，改良巴氏染色法检测精子畸形率；放射免疫法检测血清T、FSH水平。采用Real-time PCR和Western-blot法分别检测大鼠睾丸中AR、FSHR、Src、ERK1/2、CREB基因mRNA和蛋白表达水平。采用SPSS16.0建立数据库并运用单因素方差分析、Dunnet-t检验进行统计分析。
结果
人群研究
1．尿液中BPA浓度升高与精子密度低下、精子总数低下、精子活动力低下、精子存活率低下之间存在剂量效应关系；在调整可疑混杂因素后，尿液中BPA浓度与精子密度、总数、活动力、存活率之间存在负相关关系。
2．尿液BPA浓度升高与FT, AD, SHBG, PRL, FSH水平异常之间存在剂量效应关系。在调整可疑混杂因素后，尿液BPA浓度与AD、FSH水平之间存在负相关关系，与SHBG、PRL、E2水平之间存在正相关关系。
3．尿液中BPA浓度升高与男性性欲冲动程度、受刺激勃起能力、完成性交能力、射精强度、性生活满意度降低，以及勃起困难程度和射精困难程度升高之间存在剂量效应关系；在调整可疑混杂因素后，尿液中BPA浓度与各表现指标之间存在相关关系。
动物实验
1．各染毒组体重增长量和染毒后体重之间存在差异，高剂量组体重增长量显著低于对照组；各染毒组大鼠精囊、前列腺、睾丸、附睾等性腺器官的脏器系数存在显著性差异，与对照组相比，中、高剂量组睾丸、精囊腺、前列腺脏器系数明显降低，高剂量组附睾脏器系数也明显降低。
2．各染毒组间精子质量存在显著性差异；与对照组相比，中、高剂量组精子活力和存活率显著降低；高剂量组精子密度也显著降低。
3．各染毒组间性激素T和FSH水平存在显著性差异；与对照组相比BPA中、高剂量组血清T水平明显降低，而高剂量组FSH水平明显升高；各染毒组间AR、FSHR mRNA和蛋白表达平均存在显著性差异；BPA中、高剂量组大鼠睾丸组织中AR、FSHR mRNA和蛋白水平均显著低于对照组。
4．未发现各染毒组间Src mRNA和蛋白以及蛋白磷酸化表达之间存在显著性差异；未发现各染毒组间ERK1/2mRNA和蛋白表达之间存在显著性差异,但ERK1/2蛋白磷酸化表达存在显著性差异，BPA中、高剂量组ERK1/2蛋白磷酸化水平显著低于对照组；未发现各染毒组间CREB mRNA和蛋白表达之间存在显著性差异,但CREB蛋白磷酸化表达存在显著性差异，BPA高剂量组CREB蛋白磷酸化水平显著低于对照组。
结论
1．尿液BPA水平升高与男性精子质量下降、性激素水平异常、性功能下降相关；
2．高剂量BPA染毒对雄性Wistar大鼠有明显的生殖毒性，导致性腺器官受损，精子质量下降、激素水平改变；
3．BPA可导致大鼠睾丸组织中ERK1/2、CREB蛋白磷酸化水平降低，提示BPA可能通过对ERK1/2、CREB通路的抑制而影响生殖功能，但未发现Src与这一通路的上游调控有关。
Bisphenol A(BPA), the environmental estrogen, is an important chemical rawmaterial. Because of its widespread presence, humans exposure to BPA is thought tobe ubiquitous. BPA exhibits both weak estrogenic and strong antiandrogenic effects.BPA has been reported to affect the male reproductive system. However, studies ofthe BPA effect on human male reproductive system and related mechanisms are verylimited. In the present study, we investigated the adverse impacts BPA on human malereproduction, identified the male reproductive toxic effects on wistar rats, exploredthe potential mechanism, provided the epidemiology evidence and scientific evidenceon reproductive toxicity of BPA.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the adverse impacts BPA on male reproduction, explore thepotential mechanism, provide the new idea of BPA male reproductive toxicity andmechanism.
1.To investigate the effects of BPA on human male reproduction, including theeffects on semen quality, serum sex hormones levels and sexual function.
2.To evaluate the toxic effects of BPA on reproduction of male wistar rats,including the effects on the reproductive system, semen quality and the primary malesex hormones testosterone (T) and follicle stimulating hormone(FSH).
3.To explore the possible mechanism in BPA effect on male reproduction byinvestigating the impacts of BPA on androgen receptor(AR), follicle stimulatinghormone receptor(FSHR), and signaling pathway related genes including Src,ERK1/2and CREB.
METHODS
Epidemiological study:543male workers were involved in the present study. Allworkers were investigated with the same structured questionnaire. The questionnaireincluded general demographic characteristics, history of disease and medication history, general lifestyle habits, sexual life history．The urine, semen and peripheralblood samples from all of the objects were collected. The levels of urine BPA weremeasured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The semenqualities were analyzed by the Computer Assisted Sperm Anyalysis (CASA) system,while the sperm morphology were examined by Papanicolaou staining. Serum folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL), total testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2)were measured by radioimmunoassay. Free testosterone (FT), Inhibin B (INB),Sexhormone binding globulin (SHBG) and androstenedione (AD) were measured byenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data analysis was performed usingSPSS version16.0. The main statistical methods included t-test,chi-square test, trendchi-square test, Pearson correlation analysis,Spearman rank correlation analysis,multiple linear regression analysis.
Animal experimental study: Male Wistar rats (200±20g) were randomly dividedinto four groups according to body weight. Rats of each group were administratedBPA by gavage at fixed times every day for4weeks, at the dose of0,50,100and200mg/kg body weight, respectively. The reproductive organs and serum samples, spermspecimens from left epididymis were collected after all rats were executed.killed．Morphological changes of rats reproductive organs were observed under lightmicroscope after HE staining, Sperm counts, sperm motility and sperm vitality wereanalyzed by CASA system, sperm malformation rate were examined by Papanicolaoustaining. Serum total testosterone(T) and follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Real-time PCR and westernblot methods were applied to detect AR、FSHR、Src、ERK1/2、CREB gene and proteinexpression levels in rats testis. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version16.0.The main statistical methods included ANOVA, Dunnet-t test and chi-square test.
RESULTS
Epidemiological study
1.Dose-response associations were observed between urine BPA concentrationand sperm concentration, sperm count, sperm total vitality, sperm motility. After adjustment for potential confounders using linear regression, increasing urine BPAconcentration was statistically associated with decreased spermconcentration,decreased total sperm count, decreased sperm vitality and decreasedsperm motility.
2. Dose-response associations were observed between urine BPA concentrationand FT, AD, SHBG, PRL, FSH levels. After adjustment for potential confoundersusing linear regression, increasing urine BPA concentration was statisticallyassociated with decreased FT, AD, FSH level and increased SHBG, PRL, E2level.
3. Dose-response associations were observed between urine BPA concentrationand all domains of decreased male sexual function. After adjustment for potentialconfounders using linear regression, increasing urine BPA concentration wasstatistically associated with decreased male sexual function in all domains.
Animal experimental study
1. Significantly differences were observed in body weight gains and bodyweight after BPA treatment in different groups. The body weight gains in200mg/kggroup was significantly lower than that in control group. Significantly differenceswere observed in organ indexes of seminal vesicle, prostate, testis and epididymisamong all groups. The testis index, seminal vesicle index and prostate index in100mg/kg group or200mg/kg group were significantly lower than those in controlgroup. In200mg/kg group, the epididymis index was also lower than that in controlgroup.
2. There were significantly differences in sperm concentration, sperm motility,sperm vitality and sperm malformation rate among all groups. The sperm motility andsperm vitality were significantly higher in100mg/kg or200mg/kg groups than thosein control group. The sperm concentration was significantly higher in200mg/kggroup than that in control group.
3. There were significantly differences in serum T and FSH levels among allgroups. Compared with control group, the serum T level was significantly decreasedin100mg/kg or200mg/kg groups; while the FSH level was significantly increased in200mg/kg group. There were significantly differences in AR mRNA and protein expression levels among all groups. Compared with control group, the AR mRNAand protein expression levels were significantly decreased in100mg/kg or200mg/kggroups. There were significantly differences in FSHR mRNA and protein expressionlevels among all groups. Compared with control group, the FSHR mRNA and proteinexpression levels were significantly decreased in200mg/kg group.
4. No differences were observed in Src mRNA, Src and phosphorylated Srcprotein expression levels among all groups. There were no differences in ERK1/2mRNA and protein expression levels among all groups. But there were significantlydifference in phosphorylated ERK1/2protein expression levels among all groups.Compared with control group, the phosphorylated ERK1/2protein expression levelswere significantly decreased in100mg/kg and200mg/kg groups. There were nodifferences in CREB mRNA and protein expression levels among all groups. Butthere were significantly differences in phosphorylated CREB protein expressionlevels among all groups. Compared with control group, the phosphorylated CREBprotein expression levels were significantly decreased in200mg/kg group.
CONCLUSIONS
1.Increasing of urine BPA concentration has adverse impacts to malereproduction, may result in male lower semen quality, abnormal sex hormones levelsand reduced sexual function.
2.Higher doses of BPA have obviously reproductive toxic effects includingdamage male reproductive organs, decrease semen quality and change the level of sexhormones on male wistar rats,
3.BPA decreased the protein phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2and CREB. BPAmay have adverse effects on male reproduction via ERK1/2and CREB signalingpathway. But Src may not act as an upstream regulatory gene.
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