非英语专业大学生自主学习能力的培养与提高其阅读成绩间的相关性实验研究
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摘要
早在两千多年前,我国古代伟大的教育家孔子就已经提出:“予人于鱼,一日食鱼;授人以渔,终身食鱼。”说明了培养自主学习能力的重要性。随着教学主体从教学的客体(语言、教材、写作、翻译等)向教学主体学习者转变,教学重点从学会到会学的转变,使自主学习能力的培养成了语言教学的最主要目标之一。
在中国,众多研究者都在研究如何在外语学习中推行自主学习。但就目前甘肃的语言环境,教学条件,学生大多是靠阅读来获得信息的。因此,我致力于在阅读教学中以培养学生自主学习能力为主的教学方法来提高学生的阅读成绩。
本研究以认知心理学,建构主义为理论依据,采用了定量研究的方法,通过教学实验,用问卷调查和三次阅读考试收集到的数据,通过SPSS13.0分析来说明培养自主学习能力与阅读成绩提高间的相关性。在教学实验的过程中,主要采用了以下几种方法来培养学生的阅读自主性:首先使学生重新认识自己在学习中应该担当的角色,并帮助他们明确学生的动机及拥有积极的态度,然后使他们在阅读的过程中能够自主地设定目标及阅读计划,尽可能多的创造自主氛围,使学生能够自主地正确地使用阅读策略,适时让学生自己选择阅读材料,并在完成阅读计划的同时做自我评估的自主性阅读过程。通过实验数据,明确显示学生的学习自主性可以培养并且对阅读成绩的提高有积极的影响,从而证明了我研究重点的教学意义:对教师而言,能更明确教学的重点为教会学生学习,对学生而言,能更独立更好地完成学习任务,从而使教师的教和学生的学都变得很成功。
As early as two thousand years ago, our ancient educationalist Confucian had pointed out that "Give a man a fish, you have fed him for today; Teach a man to fish, and you have fed him for a lifetime." His argument has, in fact, shown the importance of developing learner autonomy. With the change from Teacher-centeredness to learner centeredness in education, learner-centeredness and learner autonomy have become a hot issue in the research of foreign language education. Most of the researches and educators hold the same point of view that fostering learner autonomy is one of the most important goals in language teaching. Similarly, in China, the development of learner autonomy had received more and more attention.
In China, autonomous learning is not a new concept, many researcher are studying how to cultivate autonomous among learners. But to the present condition of College English teaching in Gansu, it still leads to the teaching of reading comprehension as the center of the teaching course. What's more, reading is the effective way of accumulating knowledge and improving the other skills such as listening, speaking, writing and translation. So, in the study I put emphasis on cultivating students autonomous learning and improving their performance on reading comprehension.
This thesis is made up of six parts. According to the theories on autonomous learning, the author did quantitative study using data analysis by SPSS13.0 from questionnaire and three-tests on reading comprehension. The results show that if we cultivate students' autonomous learning, students' performance on reading performance can be improved accordingly. In this study, the author tried several ways to cultivate autonomous learning in reading comprehension, for example: help learners' understand their role in learning, make them possess the motivation and positive attitude, encourage students to set goals and make reading plans, create atmosphere of autonomous learning as much as possible, train students to use reading strategies autonomously, choose English reading materials by themselves sometimes, finally help students learn to evaluate their learning results. So, in order to make students learn successfully, not only do teachers need to cultivate autonomous learning among students, but also students need to learn how to learn autonomously.
在中国,众多研究者都在研究如何在外语学习中推行自主学习。但就目前甘肃的语言环境,教学条件,学生大多是靠阅读来获得信息的。因此,我致力于在阅读教学中以培养学生自主学习能力为主的教学方法来提高学生的阅读成绩。
本研究以认知心理学,建构主义为理论依据,采用了定量研究的方法,通过教学实验,用问卷调查和三次阅读考试收集到的数据,通过SPSS13.0分析来说明培养自主学习能力与阅读成绩提高间的相关性。在教学实验的过程中,主要采用了以下几种方法来培养学生的阅读自主性:首先使学生重新认识自己在学习中应该担当的角色,并帮助他们明确学生的动机及拥有积极的态度,然后使他们在阅读的过程中能够自主地设定目标及阅读计划,尽可能多的创造自主氛围,使学生能够自主地正确地使用阅读策略,适时让学生自己选择阅读材料,并在完成阅读计划的同时做自我评估的自主性阅读过程。通过实验数据,明确显示学生的学习自主性可以培养并且对阅读成绩的提高有积极的影响,从而证明了我研究重点的教学意义:对教师而言,能更明确教学的重点为教会学生学习,对学生而言,能更独立更好地完成学习任务,从而使教师的教和学生的学都变得很成功。
As early as two thousand years ago, our ancient educationalist Confucian had pointed out that "Give a man a fish, you have fed him for today; Teach a man to fish, and you have fed him for a lifetime." His argument has, in fact, shown the importance of developing learner autonomy. With the change from Teacher-centeredness to learner centeredness in education, learner-centeredness and learner autonomy have become a hot issue in the research of foreign language education. Most of the researches and educators hold the same point of view that fostering learner autonomy is one of the most important goals in language teaching. Similarly, in China, the development of learner autonomy had received more and more attention.
In China, autonomous learning is not a new concept, many researcher are studying how to cultivate autonomous among learners. But to the present condition of College English teaching in Gansu, it still leads to the teaching of reading comprehension as the center of the teaching course. What's more, reading is the effective way of accumulating knowledge and improving the other skills such as listening, speaking, writing and translation. So, in the study I put emphasis on cultivating students autonomous learning and improving their performance on reading comprehension.
This thesis is made up of six parts. According to the theories on autonomous learning, the author did quantitative study using data analysis by SPSS13.0 from questionnaire and three-tests on reading comprehension. The results show that if we cultivate students' autonomous learning, students' performance on reading performance can be improved accordingly. In this study, the author tried several ways to cultivate autonomous learning in reading comprehension, for example: help learners' understand their role in learning, make them possess the motivation and positive attitude, encourage students to set goals and make reading plans, create atmosphere of autonomous learning as much as possible, train students to use reading strategies autonomously, choose English reading materials by themselves sometimes, finally help students learn to evaluate their learning results. So, in order to make students learn successfully, not only do teachers need to cultivate autonomous learning among students, but also students need to learn how to learn autonomously.
引文
Anderson,C & P.Pearson.(1976)A Schematic Theoretic View of Basic Process in Reading Comprehension in Carrel et al(eds).Interactive Approaches to Second Language Reading.Cambridge:Cap.
Aoki.Naokao.(1999)Affect the Role of Teachers in the Development of Learning Autonomy.In Arnold.J.(ed).Affect in Language Learning.Cambridge:CUP.
Arnold,J.(ed.).(1999).Affect in Language Learning.Cambridge University Press.
Benson.P & P.Voller.(1997)Autonomy and Independence in Language Learning.London:Longman.
Benson.P.(1997)The Philosophy and Politics of Learner Autonomy.London:Longman.
Bialystok E.A.(1978)A theoretical Model of Second Language Learning.Kenneth Croft.Reading on English as a Second Language.Boston:Little,Brown and Company.
Boud,D.(1988)Moving Towards Autonomy.In Bound,D.(ed.).Developing Student Autonomy.London:Kogan Page.
Boud,D.(1988)Developing Students Autonomy in Learning.London:Kogan Page.
Broady,E & Kenning M-M.(1996)Promoting Learner Autonomy in University Language Teaching.London:the Association for French Studies in association with the Center for Information on Language Teaching and Research.
Brown.H.D.(2005)Principles of Language Learning and Teaching.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Cotterall.S.(2000)Promoting Learner Autonomy through the Curriculum Principles for Designing Language Courses.ELT Journal/54/2:109-117
Crabbe.D.(1993)Fostering Autonomy with the Classroom:the Teacher's Responsibility.System.21,443.
Curran.(1972)Reflection in the Context of Community Language Learning.English Language Teaching Journal,33(4),247-254;
Dam,L.(1990)From Theory to Classroom Practice.Dublin:Authentic.
Dickinson,L.(1987)Self-Instruction in Language Learning.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Ellis,R.(1985)Understanding Second Language Acquisition.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Gardner.D & Miller.(1999)Setting up Self Access.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Gardner R C & Lambert,W.E.(1972)Attitudes and Motivation in Second Learning.Rowley,Mass:Newbury House.
Gao NaiZhao.(2006)An empirical Investigation of Cultivating Students Autonomous Learning Capacity in College English Teaching.CELEA Journal(Bimonthly).29:49-51
Harmer,J.(1991)The Practice English Language Teaching.Longman Publishing.
Hermann Astleitner & Christiar Wiesner.(2004)An Integrated Model of Multimedia Learning and Motivation.Journal of Educational Mutimedia and Hypermedia.AACE.Vol13:73-91
Higgs,J.(1988)Planning Learning Experiences to Promote Autonomous Learning.In Bound,D.(ed.).Developing Students Autonomy in learning.
Holec H.(1981)Autonomy and Foreign Language Learning.Oxford:Pergamon(first published 1979Strasbourg:Council of Europe).
Hom,H.L.& Murphy,Jr.M.D.(1983)Low Achiever's Performance:The Positive Impact of a Self-directed Goal.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
Huttunen,L.(1986)Towards Learner Autonomy in Foreign Language in Senior Secondary School Department of Teacher Education,University of Oulou,Finland.
Jennifer Your-Barr & Karen Duke.(2004)What do We Know about Teacher Leaderships? Review of Educational Research.US:American Educational Research Association.255-316
Jeremy Harmer.(2003)How to Teach English.Shanghai:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
John.W.Oller.(1997).Strategies for Improving Communicative Competence in a Second Language.In Jaeyon Han,Yong-Jin Kim,and Jun-Eon Park(Eds.),
Karabenich.S.A.& J.R.Knapp.(1990)Relationship of Academic Help Seeking to the Use of Learning Strategies and Other Instrumental Achievement Behavior in College Students.Journal of Educational Psychology.82:221-230
Knowles,M.S.(1975)Self-directed Learning:a Guide for Learners and Teachers.New York:Association Press.
Krashen,S.(1981)Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning.Oxford:Pergamon.
Lee,I.(1988)Supporting Greater Autonomy in Language Learning.ELT Journal,52(4):282-289
Little,D.(1991)Learner Autonomy 1:Definitions,Issues and Problems.Dublin:Authentik.
Littlewood,W.(1999)Defining and Developing Autonomy in East Asian Context.Applied Linguistics,20(1):71-94
Maslow,A.(1968)Toward a Psychology of Being.New York:Van Nostrand.
McDevitt.B.(1977)Learner Autonomy and the Need for Learner Training.Language Learning Journal16:34-39
McLaughlin.(1978)Second Language Acquisition in Childhood.NewYork:Lawrence.Erlbaum.
Nyikos,M & Oxford,R.(1987)Strategies for Foreign Language Learning and Second Language Acquisition.Paper presented at the Conference on SLA and FLL,Champaign-Urbana.Illinois.
O' Malley,J.M.& Chamot,A.V.(1990)Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition.London:Macmillan.
Pearson,P.D.& Dole,J.A.(1987)Explicit Comprehension Instruction:A Review of Research and a New Conceptualization of Learning.Elementary School Journal.151-165
Peters,T.& Waterman,R.(1982)In Search of Excellence.New York:Warner Books.
Rogers,C.R.(1983)On Becoming a Person.Boston:Houghton Mifflin.
Ryan,R.(1991)The Nature of the Self in Autonomy and Relatedness.In Strauss,J.et al.(eds.).The self:Interdisciplinary Approaches.New York:Springer Vedag.
Stern H.H.(1983)Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Wang Lifei.(2000)A Survey of Modern Second Language Learning & Teaching.Shanghai:Educational Press.
Wenden,A.(1987)Incorporation Learning Training in the classroom.In Wenden,A.& Rubin,J.(eds.).Learner Strategies in Language Learning.Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice Hall International.
Williams,Marion & Burden,Robert L.(1997)Psychology for Language Teachers.Cambridge University Press.
Zimmerman B.J.& A.S.Paulsen.(1995)Self-monitoring During Collegiate Studying:An Invaluable Tool for Academic Self-regulation.In P.R.Pintrich(ed.).Understanding Self-regulated Learning.San Francisco:Jossey Bass.
柴绍明,何高大(2006)论语言学习中心与自主学习能力的培养.《现代教育技术》第4期:34-36。
程晓堂,郑敏(2002)《英语学习策略》.上海:外语教学与研究出版社。
范烨.(1999)浅谈大学英语教学中的“学习者训练”.《外语界》第3期。
郭乃照.(2006)个体化英语教学与学生自主学习能力培养的实验研究.《中国高教研究》第7期:85。
华维芬.(2001)自主学习中心——一种新型的语言学习环境.《外语界》第5期:41-44。
华维芬.(2003)关于建立英语自主学习中心的调查报告.《外语界》第6期:45-48。
惠亚玲.(2003)外语教学中自主学习能力的培养.《西安外国语学院学报》第10期。
蒋琼仪.(2001)语言知觉与自主学习.《外语界》第4期。
刘润清、胡壮麟.(1999)《外语教学中的科研方法》.上海:外语教学与研究出版社。
刘润清、胡壮麟.(2000)《外语教学中科研中的统计方法》.上海:外语教学与研究出版社。
冷兆杰.(2006)自主学习能力及其培养.《基础英语教育》第3期:7-10。
刘炜.(2006)英语自主学习能力的培养途径.《基础英语教育》第3期:11-15。
李伟彬,刘利.(2004)外语自主学习的理论与实践基础.《西南科技大学学报:(哲学社会科学版)》。
曲志英.(2006)大学英语自主学习情况调查研究.《教学研究》第6期:134-135。
庞维国(2003)《自主学习—学与教的原理和策略》上海:华东师范大学出版社。
彭金定.(2002)大学英语教学中的“学习者自主”问题研究.《外语界》第3期:15-19。
肖飞.(2002)学习自主性及如何培养语言学习的自主性.《外语界》第6期:25。
束定芳,庄智象.(2002)《现代外语教学》上海:上海外语教育出版社。
隋铭才.(2001)《英语教学论》 广西:广西教育出版社。
史爱荣,孙宏碧.(2002)《教育个体化与教学策略》济南:山东教育出版社。
邵瑞珍.(2001)《教育心理学》上海:上海教育出版社。
王立非.(2000)《现代外语教学论》上海:上海教育出版社。
文秋芳.(1996)《英语学习策略论》上海:上海外语教育出版社。
文秋芳.(2003)《英语学习的成功之路》上海:上海外语教育出版社。
文秋芳.(2001)《应用语言学研究方法与论文写作》上海:上海外语教学与研究出版社。
王卫群.(2006)探索英语网络教学新模式,提高学生英语自主学习能力.《长沙医学院学报》第16期。
左焕琪.(2001)《外语教育展望》.上海:华东师范大学出版社。
张殿玉.(2005)英语学习策略与自主学习.《外语教学》第1期:49-55。
张舒婷.(2004)在计算机辅助语言学习环境中培养学习自主性.《安徽广播电视大学学报》第2期:74。
张锡伟.(2006)英语自主学习能力的培养.《湖南科学学院学报》第8期:247-248。
赵海艳.(2006)大学英语教学中学生自主学习能力的培养.《黑龙江教育》第3期:46-47。
朱之江.(2006)外语教学中学生自主学习能力培养研究.《教学与管理》123-124。
Aoki.Naokao.(1999)Affect the Role of Teachers in the Development of Learning Autonomy.In Arnold.J.(ed).Affect in Language Learning.Cambridge:CUP.
Arnold,J.(ed.).(1999).Affect in Language Learning.Cambridge University Press.
Benson.P & P.Voller.(1997)Autonomy and Independence in Language Learning.London:Longman.
Benson.P.(1997)The Philosophy and Politics of Learner Autonomy.London:Longman.
Bialystok E.A.(1978)A theoretical Model of Second Language Learning.Kenneth Croft.Reading on English as a Second Language.Boston:Little,Brown and Company.
Boud,D.(1988)Moving Towards Autonomy.In Bound,D.(ed.).Developing Student Autonomy.London:Kogan Page.
Boud,D.(1988)Developing Students Autonomy in Learning.London:Kogan Page.
Broady,E & Kenning M-M.(1996)Promoting Learner Autonomy in University Language Teaching.London:the Association for French Studies in association with the Center for Information on Language Teaching and Research.
Brown.H.D.(2005)Principles of Language Learning and Teaching.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Cotterall.S.(2000)Promoting Learner Autonomy through the Curriculum Principles for Designing Language Courses.ELT Journal/54/2:109-117
Crabbe.D.(1993)Fostering Autonomy with the Classroom:the Teacher's Responsibility.System.21,443.
Curran.(1972)Reflection in the Context of Community Language Learning.English Language Teaching Journal,33(4),247-254;
Dam,L.(1990)From Theory to Classroom Practice.Dublin:Authentic.
Dickinson,L.(1987)Self-Instruction in Language Learning.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Ellis,R.(1985)Understanding Second Language Acquisition.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Gardner.D & Miller.(1999)Setting up Self Access.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Gardner R C & Lambert,W.E.(1972)Attitudes and Motivation in Second Learning.Rowley,Mass:Newbury House.
Gao NaiZhao.(2006)An empirical Investigation of Cultivating Students Autonomous Learning Capacity in College English Teaching.CELEA Journal(Bimonthly).29:49-51
Harmer,J.(1991)The Practice English Language Teaching.Longman Publishing.
Hermann Astleitner & Christiar Wiesner.(2004)An Integrated Model of Multimedia Learning and Motivation.Journal of Educational Mutimedia and Hypermedia.AACE.Vol13:73-91
Higgs,J.(1988)Planning Learning Experiences to Promote Autonomous Learning.In Bound,D.(ed.).Developing Students Autonomy in learning.
Holec H.(1981)Autonomy and Foreign Language Learning.Oxford:Pergamon(first published 1979Strasbourg:Council of Europe).
Hom,H.L.& Murphy,Jr.M.D.(1983)Low Achiever's Performance:The Positive Impact of a Self-directed Goal.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
Huttunen,L.(1986)Towards Learner Autonomy in Foreign Language in Senior Secondary School Department of Teacher Education,University of Oulou,Finland.
Jennifer Your-Barr & Karen Duke.(2004)What do We Know about Teacher Leaderships? Review of Educational Research.US:American Educational Research Association.255-316
Jeremy Harmer.(2003)How to Teach English.Shanghai:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
John.W.Oller.(1997).Strategies for Improving Communicative Competence in a Second Language.In Jaeyon Han,Yong-Jin Kim,and Jun-Eon Park(Eds.),
Karabenich.S.A.& J.R.Knapp.(1990)Relationship of Academic Help Seeking to the Use of Learning Strategies and Other Instrumental Achievement Behavior in College Students.Journal of Educational Psychology.82:221-230
Knowles,M.S.(1975)Self-directed Learning:a Guide for Learners and Teachers.New York:Association Press.
Krashen,S.(1981)Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning.Oxford:Pergamon.
Lee,I.(1988)Supporting Greater Autonomy in Language Learning.ELT Journal,52(4):282-289
Little,D.(1991)Learner Autonomy 1:Definitions,Issues and Problems.Dublin:Authentik.
Littlewood,W.(1999)Defining and Developing Autonomy in East Asian Context.Applied Linguistics,20(1):71-94
Maslow,A.(1968)Toward a Psychology of Being.New York:Van Nostrand.
McDevitt.B.(1977)Learner Autonomy and the Need for Learner Training.Language Learning Journal16:34-39
McLaughlin.(1978)Second Language Acquisition in Childhood.NewYork:Lawrence.Erlbaum.
Nyikos,M & Oxford,R.(1987)Strategies for Foreign Language Learning and Second Language Acquisition.Paper presented at the Conference on SLA and FLL,Champaign-Urbana.Illinois.
O' Malley,J.M.& Chamot,A.V.(1990)Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition.London:Macmillan.
Pearson,P.D.& Dole,J.A.(1987)Explicit Comprehension Instruction:A Review of Research and a New Conceptualization of Learning.Elementary School Journal.151-165
Peters,T.& Waterman,R.(1982)In Search of Excellence.New York:Warner Books.
Rogers,C.R.(1983)On Becoming a Person.Boston:Houghton Mifflin.
Ryan,R.(1991)The Nature of the Self in Autonomy and Relatedness.In Strauss,J.et al.(eds.).The self:Interdisciplinary Approaches.New York:Springer Vedag.
Stern H.H.(1983)Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Wang Lifei.(2000)A Survey of Modern Second Language Learning & Teaching.Shanghai:Educational Press.
Wenden,A.(1987)Incorporation Learning Training in the classroom.In Wenden,A.& Rubin,J.(eds.).Learner Strategies in Language Learning.Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice Hall International.
Williams,Marion & Burden,Robert L.(1997)Psychology for Language Teachers.Cambridge University Press.
Zimmerman B.J.& A.S.Paulsen.(1995)Self-monitoring During Collegiate Studying:An Invaluable Tool for Academic Self-regulation.In P.R.Pintrich(ed.).Understanding Self-regulated Learning.San Francisco:Jossey Bass.
柴绍明,何高大(2006)论语言学习中心与自主学习能力的培养.《现代教育技术》第4期:34-36。
程晓堂,郑敏(2002)《英语学习策略》.上海:外语教学与研究出版社。
范烨.(1999)浅谈大学英语教学中的“学习者训练”.《外语界》第3期。
郭乃照.(2006)个体化英语教学与学生自主学习能力培养的实验研究.《中国高教研究》第7期:85。
华维芬.(2001)自主学习中心——一种新型的语言学习环境.《外语界》第5期:41-44。
华维芬.(2003)关于建立英语自主学习中心的调查报告.《外语界》第6期:45-48。
惠亚玲.(2003)外语教学中自主学习能力的培养.《西安外国语学院学报》第10期。
蒋琼仪.(2001)语言知觉与自主学习.《外语界》第4期。
刘润清、胡壮麟.(1999)《外语教学中的科研方法》.上海:外语教学与研究出版社。
刘润清、胡壮麟.(2000)《外语教学中科研中的统计方法》.上海:外语教学与研究出版社。
冷兆杰.(2006)自主学习能力及其培养.《基础英语教育》第3期:7-10。
刘炜.(2006)英语自主学习能力的培养途径.《基础英语教育》第3期:11-15。
李伟彬,刘利.(2004)外语自主学习的理论与实践基础.《西南科技大学学报:(哲学社会科学版)》。
曲志英.(2006)大学英语自主学习情况调查研究.《教学研究》第6期:134-135。
庞维国(2003)《自主学习—学与教的原理和策略》上海:华东师范大学出版社。
彭金定.(2002)大学英语教学中的“学习者自主”问题研究.《外语界》第3期:15-19。
肖飞.(2002)学习自主性及如何培养语言学习的自主性.《外语界》第6期:25。
束定芳,庄智象.(2002)《现代外语教学》上海:上海外语教育出版社。
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