期待调节自上而下和自下而上加工的神经活动模式
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摘要
知觉加工的一项重要内容是如何减少大脑的加工负载,从而产生有效加工。从注意定向、有效解释知觉信息和合理分配认知资源三个角度可以减少加工负载。与此一致,期待也有助于提高信息加工效率,减少加工负载。期待是大脑的一种准备状态,是头脑中存储的关于即将出现的环境刺激是什么的先验知识。以往研究将期待看作其他认知过程的影响因素,如考察奖励与注意的关系,并用奖励期待解释奖励对注意的影响。以往文献中常常将期待合并于注意的效应中。近期,一系列研究证实了与期待有关的特异性神经活动。然而,期待与自上而下和自下而上知觉加工的关系不清楚。此外,以往研究并没有将期待看作一个独立的认知过程,可能因为期待与注意或知觉加工在时间进程上的相似性,分离期待与其他认知过程的研究证据很少。本研究的目标为：从时间进程上证明期待对自上而下和自下而上注意定向(研究一)、自上而下加工-启动效应(研究二)、自下而上加工-新异性辨别(研究三)具有调节作用。
实验设计方面,基于经典的内源性与外源性注意定向范式(实验1和2)、重复强化范式(实验3)、负启动范式(实验4),采用区组-试次的方式控制被试对于不同实验条件的期待状态(包括高期待和低期待),以及基于新异性物体辨别任务(非真实物体新异性-实验5,与任务背景形成的物体新异性-实验6),采用是/否判断和迫选判断的方式控制个体对任务目标的不同期待状态(高期待和低期待),通过6个头皮脑电实验,进行ERP成分分析以及基于Morlet小波转换的时频分析,考察期待与三种影响知觉加工负载因素的相互作用,试图揭示有效知觉加工过程中,期待状态对注意定向、重复启动效应和物体辨别的调节作用。
研究结果表明：首先,期待对内源注意的调节作用体现在ERP成分N1和P300,集中于额区；以及早期和晚期时段的低频和高频活动,低频活动集中在额中区和左半球顶-枕区,而高频活动集中在前额区,顶区和顶-枕区。期待对外源性注意的调节作用体现在ERP成分P1和N1,集中于后部脑区；集中在早期和晚期时段的低频活动(集中在额区和后部脑区)和高频活动(集中在后部脑区和中央区)。其次.期待对重复强化的调节作用体现在ERP成分N2,集中在左半球中央区；主要集中在300-500ms的低频(额区,中央区和顶区)和高频时段。期待对负启动效应的调节作用体现在ERP成分P2,集中在右半球前额区和额区；以及额区的低频活动和多数脑区高频活动。最后,期待对新异性辨别(包括非真实新异性和当前背景新异性)的调节作用体现在P3a成分,集中于额区；集中在中央区和顶区的低频活动和大部分脑区的高频活动。
期待对自上而下和自下而上加工的调节作用主要体现在对注意相关ERP成分的调节作用,如N1,P1,N2和P3a。这种调节作用的时频特征主要体现在低频活动的早期时段,定位于后部脑区,反映个体在将头脑存储的表征与任务刺激进行对比时,期待对该匹配过程的促进作用；以及高频活动的早期时段,主要定位于额区。研究结果支持了“预测编码”理论,成功期待(期待满足)与未成功期待(期待违背)相比,诱发的大脑神经活动更少,反映了信息加工过程中,各个层级中(包括高级和低级层级),表征神经元和预测错误神经元对于知觉加工的不同贡献。
Cognitive processes operate through reducing process load by orienting of attention, explanating perceptual information, and allocating cognitive resources. And it was postulated that the brain continuously predicted forthcoming event according to "predictive brain" model. Previous studies have conflated prediction with attention orienting, which mislead the understanding of relationship between prediction and attention or even other cognitive processes. It's probably due to the similiarity in time course between expectation and other cognitive processes. The current study was set to separate expectation from top-down and buttom-up perceptual processing. The purpose of current study was clarifying the neural mechanisms underlying the interaction between expectation and top-down and buttom-up perceptual process.
Orienting of attention, repetition priming paradigms were adopted, and the stimuli probability was manipulated forming different expectation status. Yes/no and forced-choiced tasks was also used to trigger expectation status accomplished by novelty detection tasks (non-real novelty objects and task-triggered novelty objects detection tasks). Six experiments were carried out using EEG technique which provide high temporal resolution and ERP and time-frequency analysis were computed.
The results showed that expectation explicitly mediate top-down and buttom-up perceptual processes. Firstly, the endogenous attention and exogenous attention were mediated by expectation on N1and P300ERP components located at frontal lobe, early and late epoches of theta/alpha (at frontal-central and left parietal-occipital areas) and gamma activities (prefrontal, parietal and parietal-occipital areas), and on N1and P1ERP components located at posterior brain area, early and late epochs by theta/alpha (at frontal and posterior areas) and gamma-activities (central and posterior areas), sepetately. Secondly, repetition enhancement and negative priming were mediated by expectation on N2ERP component at left central areas,300-500ms theta/alpha (at frontal, central and parietal) and gamma activities, and on P2ERP component at right prefrontal and frontal areas, theta/alpha activities at frontal and gamma activities at most locations, sepetately. Thirdly, the novelty detection was mediated by expectation on P3a ERP component at frontal and on central and parietal theta/alpha activities and most areas gamma activities.
In conclustion, the top-down and buttom-up perceptual processes were mediated by expectation on attention related ERP components such as N1, P1, N2and P3a, on early epoch of theta/alpha activities at posterier locations reflecting expectation mediate the matching process between representatons and current presented stimuli, and also on frontal gamma activities. Our results were contributed to'predictive coding' model showed that neural activities were attenuated comparing expection fullfilment to expectation violation, which reflected different impact of representation and error units from divers processing level. Shedding lights on the interaction between prediction and perceptual process was contributed to understanding the predictive brain through the way by anticipating the forthcoming stimuli for saving cognitive resources.
实验设计方面,基于经典的内源性与外源性注意定向范式(实验1和2)、重复强化范式(实验3)、负启动范式(实验4),采用区组-试次的方式控制被试对于不同实验条件的期待状态(包括高期待和低期待),以及基于新异性物体辨别任务(非真实物体新异性-实验5,与任务背景形成的物体新异性-实验6),采用是/否判断和迫选判断的方式控制个体对任务目标的不同期待状态(高期待和低期待),通过6个头皮脑电实验,进行ERP成分分析以及基于Morlet小波转换的时频分析,考察期待与三种影响知觉加工负载因素的相互作用,试图揭示有效知觉加工过程中,期待状态对注意定向、重复启动效应和物体辨别的调节作用。
研究结果表明：首先,期待对内源注意的调节作用体现在ERP成分N1和P300,集中于额区；以及早期和晚期时段的低频和高频活动,低频活动集中在额中区和左半球顶-枕区,而高频活动集中在前额区,顶区和顶-枕区。期待对外源性注意的调节作用体现在ERP成分P1和N1,集中于后部脑区；集中在早期和晚期时段的低频活动(集中在额区和后部脑区)和高频活动(集中在后部脑区和中央区)。其次.期待对重复强化的调节作用体现在ERP成分N2,集中在左半球中央区；主要集中在300-500ms的低频(额区,中央区和顶区)和高频时段。期待对负启动效应的调节作用体现在ERP成分P2,集中在右半球前额区和额区；以及额区的低频活动和多数脑区高频活动。最后,期待对新异性辨别(包括非真实新异性和当前背景新异性)的调节作用体现在P3a成分,集中于额区；集中在中央区和顶区的低频活动和大部分脑区的高频活动。
期待对自上而下和自下而上加工的调节作用主要体现在对注意相关ERP成分的调节作用,如N1,P1,N2和P3a。这种调节作用的时频特征主要体现在低频活动的早期时段,定位于后部脑区,反映个体在将头脑存储的表征与任务刺激进行对比时,期待对该匹配过程的促进作用；以及高频活动的早期时段,主要定位于额区。研究结果支持了“预测编码”理论,成功期待(期待满足)与未成功期待(期待违背)相比,诱发的大脑神经活动更少,反映了信息加工过程中,各个层级中(包括高级和低级层级),表征神经元和预测错误神经元对于知觉加工的不同贡献。
Cognitive processes operate through reducing process load by orienting of attention, explanating perceptual information, and allocating cognitive resources. And it was postulated that the brain continuously predicted forthcoming event according to "predictive brain" model. Previous studies have conflated prediction with attention orienting, which mislead the understanding of relationship between prediction and attention or even other cognitive processes. It's probably due to the similiarity in time course between expectation and other cognitive processes. The current study was set to separate expectation from top-down and buttom-up perceptual processing. The purpose of current study was clarifying the neural mechanisms underlying the interaction between expectation and top-down and buttom-up perceptual process.
Orienting of attention, repetition priming paradigms were adopted, and the stimuli probability was manipulated forming different expectation status. Yes/no and forced-choiced tasks was also used to trigger expectation status accomplished by novelty detection tasks (non-real novelty objects and task-triggered novelty objects detection tasks). Six experiments were carried out using EEG technique which provide high temporal resolution and ERP and time-frequency analysis were computed.
The results showed that expectation explicitly mediate top-down and buttom-up perceptual processes. Firstly, the endogenous attention and exogenous attention were mediated by expectation on N1and P300ERP components located at frontal lobe, early and late epoches of theta/alpha (at frontal-central and left parietal-occipital areas) and gamma activities (prefrontal, parietal and parietal-occipital areas), and on N1and P1ERP components located at posterior brain area, early and late epochs by theta/alpha (at frontal and posterior areas) and gamma-activities (central and posterior areas), sepetately. Secondly, repetition enhancement and negative priming were mediated by expectation on N2ERP component at left central areas,300-500ms theta/alpha (at frontal, central and parietal) and gamma activities, and on P2ERP component at right prefrontal and frontal areas, theta/alpha activities at frontal and gamma activities at most locations, sepetately. Thirdly, the novelty detection was mediated by expectation on P3a ERP component at frontal and on central and parietal theta/alpha activities and most areas gamma activities.
In conclustion, the top-down and buttom-up perceptual processes were mediated by expectation on attention related ERP components such as N1, P1, N2and P3a, on early epoch of theta/alpha activities at posterier locations reflecting expectation mediate the matching process between representatons and current presented stimuli, and also on frontal gamma activities. Our results were contributed to'predictive coding' model showed that neural activities were attenuated comparing expection fullfilment to expectation violation, which reflected different impact of representation and error units from divers processing level. Shedding lights on the interaction between prediction and perceptual process was contributed to understanding the predictive brain through the way by anticipating the forthcoming stimuli for saving cognitive resources.
引文
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