认知视阈下科技英语喻义汉译研究
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摘要
随着世界科学技术的迅猛发展和全球经济一体化步伐的加快,英语越来越多地被应用于各个科学技术研究领域。科技英语的翻译研究引起人们的普遍重视。科技英语隐喻词汇喻义的汉译研究成为科技英语翻译的难点,备受关注。本研究在神经认知理论、概念隐喻理论、概念整合理论、专门用途英语和新术语学流派相关理论的框架内,通过从不同科技专业、不同形式文本、不同编写年代及不同来源渠道的多种语料中选取数量较大的科技英语隐喻词汇作为自行标注语料,自建专用语料库,使用SPSS软件从多维度多视角对多种层级对应关系进行较为系统的统计,运用描写、分析与解释相结合、共时研究与历时研究相结合、定性分析与定量分析相结合的研究方法;深入揭示并详尽梳理认知视阈下科技英语隐喻词汇喻义生成方式、喻体来源、映射模式及认知构成等层面的认知规律;从认知研究这一新视角全面揭示并明确提出科技语言词汇语际翻译应“认知对等”这一新翻译理论,合理构建科技语言词汇语际翻译概念整合这一新认知翻译理论模型,系统揭示并阐释科技英语隐喻词汇喻义认知照意汉译、认知照音汉译和认知照形汉译三大系统翻译策略、23项照译分策略和38种具体照译实践方法。各章要点如下:
第一章简述本论文的研究背景和研究意义,阐明研究目的,提出研究问题,介绍主要研究内容和论文结构框架。
第二章综述科技英语词汇、科技隐喻和科技英语词语汉译以往的相关研究成果,从认知视角对科技英语喻义汉译研究的传统主流模式提出反思。
第三章阐释喻义神经认知基础、概念隐喻理论和概念整合理论,进而提出“认知对等”这一新隐喻翻译理论,构建喻义认知翻译概念整合新理论模型。
第四章介绍本论文所采用的定性研究与定量研究方法,说明语料的来源与选择情况,阐述综合语料库和专业分语料库的统计分析方法。
第五章首先概述认知视阈下科技隐喻词语的词性分类、喻义类属、概念隐喻分类及喻义产生模式类型,然后依据SPSS软件定量分析统计数据对科技英语隐喻词汇4个层面30种喻义来源、2个层面13种主要喻义心理运作映射模式及3个层面38种喻义认知构成类型进行实证研究和详细分析,从认知隐喻这一新视角阐释隐喻的意义构建。
第六章首先探讨科技英语喻义认知照意汉译策略的理论依据、基本原则、适用范围和使用条件,然后依照“认知对等”隐喻翻译理论和认知翻译概念整合理论模型,使用SPSS软件从多层面多维度对自建专用语料库中认知喻义构成与其照意汉译策略的多种对应关系进行系统的数据统计,最后对科技英语喻义3个层面6种认知照意汉译策略及其19种具体照译方法进行详尽的定量分析、定性研究与例证阐释。
第七章首先简述国内外科技术语音译的历史、现状、原则及适用范围,然后依照“认知对等”隐喻翻译理论和认知翻译概念整合理论模型,使用SPSS软件从多层面多角度对自建专用语料库中认知喻义构成与其照音汉译策略的多种对应关系进行系统的数据统计,最后对科技英语喻义2个层面9种具体认知照音汉译策略进行详尽的定量分析、定性研究与例证阐释。
第八章首先探究科技形象思维、形象语言、形译的历史、现状、优势及原则,然后依照“认知对等”隐喻翻译理论和认知翻译概念整合理论模型,使用SPSS软件从多层面多角度对自建专用语料库中认知喻义构成与其照形汉译策略的多种对应关系进行系统的数据统计,最后对科技英语喻义2个层面7种具体认知照形汉译策略进行详尽的定量分析、定性研究与例证阐释。
第九章首先分析认知语境与喻义识解及其翻译策略的关系,然后阐明新的科技语言文化因素观及影响隐喻认知的主客体因素,讨论语言系统语境、语篇情景语境和情景类型语境对科技英语喻义认知照译策略的影响作用,进而指出语境对科技词语(尤其是专业术语)喻义翻译策略选择影响作用的特殊性。
第十章总结本研究的主要发现、理论价值和应用价值,指出研究的局限性及未来相关的研究方向。
本研究具有下列九点创新之处:
(1)开辟多层面认知分析新研究视角从认知视阈出发,对科技语言喻义生成及其翻译进行了系统深入的研究。这开辟了一个科技语言喻义翻译研究的新视角,同时也拓展了认知语言学理论研究及应用范围。
(2)搭建多元认知联系的新理论框架以大脑语言信息加工神经元系统、关系网络神经模式及词语认知习得神经模式等神经认知理论为依托,阐释概念隐喻映射理论、由此发展起来的概念整合理论及二者的相容互补性,使概念隐喻映射与整合具有了大脑神经网络系统的物化形式,有助于加深对隐喻认知机制的认识,有助于拓展研究的深度与广度。
(3)引入多维度定量分析新研究方法以往的科技英语翻译研究大多通过内省法、定性研究、文献译例或个人翻译经验来说明科技英语汉译的相关问题。本文重点引入了科技英语汉译定量系统研究新方法,从横跨40年的多种专业词典和语篇中选取语料,自建专用语料库,利用计算机软件进行多视角多维度多层级多种对应关系的定量研究、定性分析和例证阐释。这为科技语言及其翻译研究引入了一种更科学的研究方法,使研究结论更真实可靠,更具有说服力。
(4)提出认知对等新翻译理论明确提出科技隐喻术语翻译策略及方法的选择依据是源语与目的语隐喻词汇喻体与本体意义映射对等的相似度,其翻译原则是实现认知对等。
(5)构建概念整合新认知翻译理论模型突破科技英语喻义汉译的传统主流研究模式,依据神经认知、概念隐喻和概念整合等认知语言学理论,构建了喻义认知翻译概念整合新理论模型。
(6)设置喻义认知研究新分析模式使用计算机软件和语料库从认知视角深入分析科技英语喻义生成方式、喻体来源、映射模式及认知构成等层面的认知规律。
(7)阐释科技英语喻义照译新策略系统运用层级概念,从源语与目的语语言含义特征、语音特征和形象特征这三方面与认知理解的联系入手,通过系统的定量分析、定性研究与例证阐释,揭示科技英语喻义翻译的内在规律,阐释科技英语喻义认知照意、认知照音、认知照形三大系统汉译实践策略。
(8)阐明科技语言新文化因素观认为影响语言交际的文化因素是动态的,其变化趋势是差异日益缩小。由于共识性文化的存在,融合性文化的形成和专业性文化的相通,文化因素对于科技语言翻译的影响作用越来越小。
(9)修正认知隐喻学和理性逻辑主义的科技语言观本文的定量研究数据统计分析表明:各类科技专业词典中的隐喻词汇平均比例为23%,最少的为9.17%,最高为49.8%;在各类科技专业语篇中的隐喻词汇平均比例约为8.71%。这远远低于M. Black“语言基本是隐喻的”和G.Lakoff“日常语言70%是隐喻的”论断,这对其“科学思维越是抽象,越需要隐喻思维,越需要用隐喻语言表达,隐喻出现的频率越高”的观点提出了反证。因此对科技语言采取认知隐喻学与理性逻辑主义哲学的折中语言观,可能更为客观合理。
本研究的应用价值有:
(1)为科技语言研究、喻义分析及科技翻译研究提供新的研究视角和思路,引入了心理认知机制理论和定量分析方法,开辟了新研究领域。这有助于促进翻译学、术语学、词典学和专门用途英语研究与认知科学的有机结合。
(2)为科技英语词语汉译实践提供新的指导理论、原则、策略、方法和技巧。这有助于我们对科技翻译的本质、标准、过程和策略进行新的思考,有助于从词语、语句、语段、语篇、功能等各层面各维度对科技英语及其翻译进行深入系统的研究。
(3)为科技英语术语翻译及汉语术语定名提供新的理论、原则及方案,对术语学研究具有启示作用。
(4)为科技英语单语/双语词典的编写提供新的思考、原则和方法,应运用科技词语的认知理据、认知对等和概念整合等认知规律指导单语/双语科技词典的编纂,使词典对语料的处理有利于学习者的认知与习得,有助于科技语言学习者对科技词语意义的理解与推导,帮助学习者优化学习策略。
(5)对改进科技英语教学及科技英语翻译教学有新的启发。本文的研究成果有助于系统科学地制定教学计划,合理组织教学内容。
With the rapid development of worldwide science and technology and the acceleration of global economic integration, English has been enormously applied to a variety of scientific research fields. The research of EST translation has been attached great importance. As a difficult point of EST translation, the research of translating EST metaphor vocabulary into Chinese has become more and more important and has attracted more and more people’s attention.
In the framework of neurocognitive theory, conceptual metaphor theory (CMT), conceptual integration theory (CIT), English for specific purpose (ESP), schools of new terminology, scientific philosophy and the relevant theories, the thesis extracts a large number of EST metaphor vocabularies as the marked corpus from various corpuses of different majors of science and technology, different forms texts, different compiled ages and different sources. Based on the exclusive corpus built by myself, it also carries out the systematic statistics to corresponding relations among diverse levels by adopting SPSS software and the research methods that combines describing, analyzing with interpreting, synchronic study with diachronic study, and qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis. The thesis deeply reveals and detailedly explains the forming way of EST metaphor vocabulary, the source of metaphoric meaning of vocabularies, the psychological operation mode of mapping of the metaphoric meaning, and the cognitive laws in the level of cognitive composition. In the new perspective of cognitive research, the thesis fully reveals and explicitly points out that interlingual translation of scientific language vocabulary should adopt a new kind of translation theory——cognitive equivalence, reasonably builds the new theoretical model of cognitive translation of CIT of interlingual translation of scientific language vocabulary, and systematically expounds three translation strategies of the metaphoric meaning of EST metaphor vocabulary——cognitive E-C translation based on meaning, pronunciation and image, 23 subordinate strategies of literal translation and 38 concrete practical methods of literal translation . The main points of each chapter are as follows:
The first chapter briefly states the background and significance of the thesis, proposes its aim and problem and briefly introduces the main content and the fundamental structure of the thesis.
The second chapter summarizes EST vocabulary, scientific metaphor and the relevant research achievements of translating EST vocabulary into Chinese, and presents the introspection of the traditional mainstream mode of E-C translation research of EST metaphoric meaning from a cognitive perspective.
The third chapter interprEST neurocognitive basis of metaphoric meaning, CMT and CIT, and further puts forward a new kind of translation theory——cognitive equivalence, and builds the new model of cognitive translation of CIT of metaphoric meaning.
The fourth chapter recommends the methods of qualitative research and quantitative research, explains the source of corpus and the situation of selection, and expounds the statistical analysis method of the comprehensive corpus and the professional corpus.
The fifth chapter, first of all, overviews the classification of part of speech, the attribute of metaphoric meaning of scientific metaphor vocabulary, the classification of conceptual metaphor and the forming mode and type of metaphoric meaning from a cognitive perspective. And then it makes the quantitative analysis on statistical data by means of SPSS software, and the detailed empirical research on 30 sources of metaphoric meaning from 4 levels, 13 main psychological operation mode of mapping of metaphoric meaning from 2 levels, and 38 cognitive composition type of metaphoric meaning from 3 levels of EST metaphor vocabulary, which interprEST the construction of metaphoric meaning from a new perspective of cognitive metaphor.
The sixth chapter at first discusses the theoretical basis, fundamental principle, applicable scope and service conditions of the strategy of cognitive E-C translation based on meaning of the metaphoric meaning of EST. According to metaphor translation theory——cognitive equivalence, and CIT model of cognitive translation, it conducts the systematic analysis on statistical data to various corresponding relations between the composition of cognitive metaphoric meaning and its E-C translation strategy based on meaning by adopting SPSS software in multiple levels and from multiple perspectives.
Finally it makes the detailed quantitative analysis and the qualitative research and gives example illustrations on 6 strategies of cognitive E-C translation based on meaning from 3 levels and 19 concrete methods of literal translation. The seventh chapter, first of all, briefly introduces the history, current situation, principles and applicable scope of transliteration based on pronunciation of the domestic and overseas scientific terminology. According to metaphor translation theory——cognitive equivalence, and CIT model of cognitive translation, it conducts the systematic analysis on statistical data to various corresponding relations between the composition of cognitive metaphoric meaning and its E-C translation strategy based on pronunciation by adopting SPSS software in multiple levels and from multiple perspectives.
Finally it makes the detailed quantitative analysis and the qualitative research and gives example illustrations on 9 strategies of cognitive E-C translation based on pronunciation from 2 levels.
The eighth chapter firstly explores the history, current situation, advantages and principles of scientific imagery thinking, image language and image translation. According to metaphor translation theory——cognitive equivalence, and CIT model of cognitive translation, it conducts the systematic analysis on statistical data to various corresponding relations between the composition of cognitive metaphoric meaning and its E-C translation strategy based on image by adopting SPSS software in multiple levels and from multiple perspectives. The last point is that this chapter makes the detailed quantitative analysis and the qualitative research and gives example illustrations on 7 concrete strategies of cognitive E-C translation based on image from 2 levels.
The ninth chapter first analyzes the relationships between cognitive context, lexical metaphor construal and translation strategy, and then expounds new cultural factors of EST and subjective and objective factors influencing metaphorical cognition. Furthermore, the influences of language system context, text situational context and situation type context on EST cognitive literal translation theory are explained. The particularity of influence of context on the choice of lexical metaphor translation strategy of metaphoric meaning of scientific lexicon (esp. terms) is also explained.
The tenth chapter concludes the main findings, theoretical and practical values, and further points out the limitations and recommendations for future studies. There are nine creative findings in this study:
(1) New research perspective of multilevel cognitive analysis. From a cognitive perspective, the systematic and deep study of emergence of EST lexical metaphor and its translation is conducted in the thesis, which introduces a new perspective in the field of EST lexical metaphor and its translation. EST translation researches will be further developed under the guidance of this study. Also the theoretical and practical research scope of cognitive linguistics is broadened.
(2) New theoretical framework of multiple cognitive associations. Based on the neural system of processing brain language information, network neural model and lexicon cognitive acquisition neural model, mapping theory of conceptual metaphor, conceptual integration theory which is advanced on the basis of the former and the compatibility and complementarity between them are interpreted which make mapping and integration have the material form of brain neural network system. Therefore, it is fundamentally helpful for deeper understanding of metaphor cognitive mechanism and widening and deepening relevant researches.
(3) New research methods of multi-dimensional quantitative analysis. In the EST translation studies during past decades, introspective method, qualitative analysis, literature translation or personal translating experience are the most frequently used methods to elaborate the relevant research questions of EST translation. This study focuses on the introduction of new research method in name of systematic quantitative study of EST translation. In this method, corpus is selected from diversified professional dictionaries and texts that stretch more than 40 years; by means of computer software, quantitative analysis, qualitative analysis, and example illustration from multi-angles, multi-dimensions, multi-levels multi-correspondences are applied in combination. Meanwhile, this new method is a more scientific one for EST and its translation studies which can make the conclusion more valid, more reliable and more pervasive.
(4) New translation theory of cognitive equivalence. EST terms translation strategies are clearly proposed and the principle for choice of method according to meaning and mapping equivalence of vehicle and tenor between source language and target language metaphorical lexicon is also definitely clarified which achieves the translation principle of cognitive equivalence.
(5) New cognitive translation theory model of conceptual integration. In the light of neurocognitive linguistic theory, conceptual metaphor and conceptual integration, a new cognitive translation theory of conceptual integration is constructed by going through the limitations of traditional mainstream model of EST lexical metaphor translation.
(6) New analytical model of cognitive study of lexical metaphor. The forming way of EST metaphor vocabulary, the source of metaphoric meaning of vocabularies, the psychological operation mode of mapping of the metaphoric meaning, and the cognitive laws in the level of cognitive composition, are analyzed from a cognitive perspective by means of computer software and corpus.
(7) New literal translation strategy system of EST lexical metaphor. With hierarchical conception, starting from the connection between the meaning, pronunciation and image features of source language and target language and cognitive understanding, by application of systematic quantitative analysis, qualitative analysis and example illustrations, this study disclose the inner law of EST lexical metaphor translation and expound three systematic and practical E-C translation strategies (literal translation based on meaning, pronunciation and image) of EST lexical metaphor.
(8) New viewpoint of cultural influence on EST. The thesis proposes that the cultural factors influencing language communication are dynamic and the changing trend becomes narrowing. Because of the existence of common culture, the formation of fused culture and the communication of specialized cultures, the influences of cultural factors on EST translation are diminishing.
(9) The revision of view in EST cognitive metaphor and rational logic The data from the quantitative analysis in this study indicate that the average percentage of lexical metaphor in various EST professional dictionaries is 23%, with the lowest one 9.17% and the highest one 49.8% and the average percentage of lexical metaphor in various EST texts is 8.17%. The findings in the study are different from M. Black’s and G. Lakoff’s, as M. Black views“language is basically metaphorical”and G. Lakoff points“70% of common expressions are metaphorical”. Meanwhile, the findings provide counter evidence for the statement reading“the more abstract the scientific thinking, the more urgent the need to use metaphor and the more metaphorical expressions needed and the higher the percentage of metaphor”. Therefore, it is more objective and reasonable to apply eclecticism of language in EST cognitive metaphor and rational logic philosophy.
Five implications of practical value are as follows:
(1) This study provides new perspective and way of thinking for EST research, metaphoric meaning analysis and EST translation. By use of psychological cognitive mechanism theory and quantitative analysis, a new field for researching is under way. And the integration between translation, terminology, lexicology and ESP (English for special purpose) study and cognitive science is promoted by this study.
(2) New guiding theory, principle, strategy, method and technique are proposed in this thesis which are helpful for rethinking of essence, standard, process and strategy of EST lexical translation as well as deep and systematic study of EST and its translation from the level of lexicon sentence, paragraph, text and function.
(3) This study advances new theory, principle and suggestion translation of EST terms and denomination of Chinese terms which is inspiring for terminology research.
(4) New way of thinking, principle and approach for EST monolingual and bilingual dictionary compilation are posed in the study and the compilation should follow cognitive theories, such as cognitive evidentiality, cognitive equivalence and conceptual integration. The knowledge of how the corpus is organized in dictionaries aids learners to cognize and acquire and help EST learners to gain a better understanding and conduct a effective deduction of EST lexical meaning which can optimize learners’learning strategy.
(5) Findings of the study show some innovations in EST teaching and EST translation teaching which are served as aids for systematically and scientifically laying out teaching plan and organizing teaching content reasonably.
第一章简述本论文的研究背景和研究意义,阐明研究目的,提出研究问题,介绍主要研究内容和论文结构框架。
第二章综述科技英语词汇、科技隐喻和科技英语词语汉译以往的相关研究成果,从认知视角对科技英语喻义汉译研究的传统主流模式提出反思。
第三章阐释喻义神经认知基础、概念隐喻理论和概念整合理论,进而提出“认知对等”这一新隐喻翻译理论,构建喻义认知翻译概念整合新理论模型。
第四章介绍本论文所采用的定性研究与定量研究方法,说明语料的来源与选择情况,阐述综合语料库和专业分语料库的统计分析方法。
第五章首先概述认知视阈下科技隐喻词语的词性分类、喻义类属、概念隐喻分类及喻义产生模式类型,然后依据SPSS软件定量分析统计数据对科技英语隐喻词汇4个层面30种喻义来源、2个层面13种主要喻义心理运作映射模式及3个层面38种喻义认知构成类型进行实证研究和详细分析,从认知隐喻这一新视角阐释隐喻的意义构建。
第六章首先探讨科技英语喻义认知照意汉译策略的理论依据、基本原则、适用范围和使用条件,然后依照“认知对等”隐喻翻译理论和认知翻译概念整合理论模型,使用SPSS软件从多层面多维度对自建专用语料库中认知喻义构成与其照意汉译策略的多种对应关系进行系统的数据统计,最后对科技英语喻义3个层面6种认知照意汉译策略及其19种具体照译方法进行详尽的定量分析、定性研究与例证阐释。
第七章首先简述国内外科技术语音译的历史、现状、原则及适用范围,然后依照“认知对等”隐喻翻译理论和认知翻译概念整合理论模型,使用SPSS软件从多层面多角度对自建专用语料库中认知喻义构成与其照音汉译策略的多种对应关系进行系统的数据统计,最后对科技英语喻义2个层面9种具体认知照音汉译策略进行详尽的定量分析、定性研究与例证阐释。
第八章首先探究科技形象思维、形象语言、形译的历史、现状、优势及原则,然后依照“认知对等”隐喻翻译理论和认知翻译概念整合理论模型,使用SPSS软件从多层面多角度对自建专用语料库中认知喻义构成与其照形汉译策略的多种对应关系进行系统的数据统计,最后对科技英语喻义2个层面7种具体认知照形汉译策略进行详尽的定量分析、定性研究与例证阐释。
第九章首先分析认知语境与喻义识解及其翻译策略的关系,然后阐明新的科技语言文化因素观及影响隐喻认知的主客体因素,讨论语言系统语境、语篇情景语境和情景类型语境对科技英语喻义认知照译策略的影响作用,进而指出语境对科技词语(尤其是专业术语)喻义翻译策略选择影响作用的特殊性。
第十章总结本研究的主要发现、理论价值和应用价值,指出研究的局限性及未来相关的研究方向。
本研究具有下列九点创新之处:
(1)开辟多层面认知分析新研究视角从认知视阈出发,对科技语言喻义生成及其翻译进行了系统深入的研究。这开辟了一个科技语言喻义翻译研究的新视角,同时也拓展了认知语言学理论研究及应用范围。
(2)搭建多元认知联系的新理论框架以大脑语言信息加工神经元系统、关系网络神经模式及词语认知习得神经模式等神经认知理论为依托,阐释概念隐喻映射理论、由此发展起来的概念整合理论及二者的相容互补性,使概念隐喻映射与整合具有了大脑神经网络系统的物化形式,有助于加深对隐喻认知机制的认识,有助于拓展研究的深度与广度。
(3)引入多维度定量分析新研究方法以往的科技英语翻译研究大多通过内省法、定性研究、文献译例或个人翻译经验来说明科技英语汉译的相关问题。本文重点引入了科技英语汉译定量系统研究新方法,从横跨40年的多种专业词典和语篇中选取语料,自建专用语料库,利用计算机软件进行多视角多维度多层级多种对应关系的定量研究、定性分析和例证阐释。这为科技语言及其翻译研究引入了一种更科学的研究方法,使研究结论更真实可靠,更具有说服力。
(4)提出认知对等新翻译理论明确提出科技隐喻术语翻译策略及方法的选择依据是源语与目的语隐喻词汇喻体与本体意义映射对等的相似度,其翻译原则是实现认知对等。
(5)构建概念整合新认知翻译理论模型突破科技英语喻义汉译的传统主流研究模式,依据神经认知、概念隐喻和概念整合等认知语言学理论,构建了喻义认知翻译概念整合新理论模型。
(6)设置喻义认知研究新分析模式使用计算机软件和语料库从认知视角深入分析科技英语喻义生成方式、喻体来源、映射模式及认知构成等层面的认知规律。
(7)阐释科技英语喻义照译新策略系统运用层级概念,从源语与目的语语言含义特征、语音特征和形象特征这三方面与认知理解的联系入手,通过系统的定量分析、定性研究与例证阐释,揭示科技英语喻义翻译的内在规律,阐释科技英语喻义认知照意、认知照音、认知照形三大系统汉译实践策略。
(8)阐明科技语言新文化因素观认为影响语言交际的文化因素是动态的,其变化趋势是差异日益缩小。由于共识性文化的存在,融合性文化的形成和专业性文化的相通,文化因素对于科技语言翻译的影响作用越来越小。
(9)修正认知隐喻学和理性逻辑主义的科技语言观本文的定量研究数据统计分析表明:各类科技专业词典中的隐喻词汇平均比例为23%,最少的为9.17%,最高为49.8%;在各类科技专业语篇中的隐喻词汇平均比例约为8.71%。这远远低于M. Black“语言基本是隐喻的”和G.Lakoff“日常语言70%是隐喻的”论断,这对其“科学思维越是抽象,越需要隐喻思维,越需要用隐喻语言表达,隐喻出现的频率越高”的观点提出了反证。因此对科技语言采取认知隐喻学与理性逻辑主义哲学的折中语言观,可能更为客观合理。
本研究的应用价值有:
(1)为科技语言研究、喻义分析及科技翻译研究提供新的研究视角和思路,引入了心理认知机制理论和定量分析方法,开辟了新研究领域。这有助于促进翻译学、术语学、词典学和专门用途英语研究与认知科学的有机结合。
(2)为科技英语词语汉译实践提供新的指导理论、原则、策略、方法和技巧。这有助于我们对科技翻译的本质、标准、过程和策略进行新的思考,有助于从词语、语句、语段、语篇、功能等各层面各维度对科技英语及其翻译进行深入系统的研究。
(3)为科技英语术语翻译及汉语术语定名提供新的理论、原则及方案,对术语学研究具有启示作用。
(4)为科技英语单语/双语词典的编写提供新的思考、原则和方法,应运用科技词语的认知理据、认知对等和概念整合等认知规律指导单语/双语科技词典的编纂,使词典对语料的处理有利于学习者的认知与习得,有助于科技语言学习者对科技词语意义的理解与推导,帮助学习者优化学习策略。
(5)对改进科技英语教学及科技英语翻译教学有新的启发。本文的研究成果有助于系统科学地制定教学计划,合理组织教学内容。
With the rapid development of worldwide science and technology and the acceleration of global economic integration, English has been enormously applied to a variety of scientific research fields. The research of EST translation has been attached great importance. As a difficult point of EST translation, the research of translating EST metaphor vocabulary into Chinese has become more and more important and has attracted more and more people’s attention.
In the framework of neurocognitive theory, conceptual metaphor theory (CMT), conceptual integration theory (CIT), English for specific purpose (ESP), schools of new terminology, scientific philosophy and the relevant theories, the thesis extracts a large number of EST metaphor vocabularies as the marked corpus from various corpuses of different majors of science and technology, different forms texts, different compiled ages and different sources. Based on the exclusive corpus built by myself, it also carries out the systematic statistics to corresponding relations among diverse levels by adopting SPSS software and the research methods that combines describing, analyzing with interpreting, synchronic study with diachronic study, and qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis. The thesis deeply reveals and detailedly explains the forming way of EST metaphor vocabulary, the source of metaphoric meaning of vocabularies, the psychological operation mode of mapping of the metaphoric meaning, and the cognitive laws in the level of cognitive composition. In the new perspective of cognitive research, the thesis fully reveals and explicitly points out that interlingual translation of scientific language vocabulary should adopt a new kind of translation theory——cognitive equivalence, reasonably builds the new theoretical model of cognitive translation of CIT of interlingual translation of scientific language vocabulary, and systematically expounds three translation strategies of the metaphoric meaning of EST metaphor vocabulary——cognitive E-C translation based on meaning, pronunciation and image, 23 subordinate strategies of literal translation and 38 concrete practical methods of literal translation . The main points of each chapter are as follows:
The first chapter briefly states the background and significance of the thesis, proposes its aim and problem and briefly introduces the main content and the fundamental structure of the thesis.
The second chapter summarizes EST vocabulary, scientific metaphor and the relevant research achievements of translating EST vocabulary into Chinese, and presents the introspection of the traditional mainstream mode of E-C translation research of EST metaphoric meaning from a cognitive perspective.
The third chapter interprEST neurocognitive basis of metaphoric meaning, CMT and CIT, and further puts forward a new kind of translation theory——cognitive equivalence, and builds the new model of cognitive translation of CIT of metaphoric meaning.
The fourth chapter recommends the methods of qualitative research and quantitative research, explains the source of corpus and the situation of selection, and expounds the statistical analysis method of the comprehensive corpus and the professional corpus.
The fifth chapter, first of all, overviews the classification of part of speech, the attribute of metaphoric meaning of scientific metaphor vocabulary, the classification of conceptual metaphor and the forming mode and type of metaphoric meaning from a cognitive perspective. And then it makes the quantitative analysis on statistical data by means of SPSS software, and the detailed empirical research on 30 sources of metaphoric meaning from 4 levels, 13 main psychological operation mode of mapping of metaphoric meaning from 2 levels, and 38 cognitive composition type of metaphoric meaning from 3 levels of EST metaphor vocabulary, which interprEST the construction of metaphoric meaning from a new perspective of cognitive metaphor.
The sixth chapter at first discusses the theoretical basis, fundamental principle, applicable scope and service conditions of the strategy of cognitive E-C translation based on meaning of the metaphoric meaning of EST. According to metaphor translation theory——cognitive equivalence, and CIT model of cognitive translation, it conducts the systematic analysis on statistical data to various corresponding relations between the composition of cognitive metaphoric meaning and its E-C translation strategy based on meaning by adopting SPSS software in multiple levels and from multiple perspectives.
Finally it makes the detailed quantitative analysis and the qualitative research and gives example illustrations on 6 strategies of cognitive E-C translation based on meaning from 3 levels and 19 concrete methods of literal translation. The seventh chapter, first of all, briefly introduces the history, current situation, principles and applicable scope of transliteration based on pronunciation of the domestic and overseas scientific terminology. According to metaphor translation theory——cognitive equivalence, and CIT model of cognitive translation, it conducts the systematic analysis on statistical data to various corresponding relations between the composition of cognitive metaphoric meaning and its E-C translation strategy based on pronunciation by adopting SPSS software in multiple levels and from multiple perspectives.
Finally it makes the detailed quantitative analysis and the qualitative research and gives example illustrations on 9 strategies of cognitive E-C translation based on pronunciation from 2 levels.
The eighth chapter firstly explores the history, current situation, advantages and principles of scientific imagery thinking, image language and image translation. According to metaphor translation theory——cognitive equivalence, and CIT model of cognitive translation, it conducts the systematic analysis on statistical data to various corresponding relations between the composition of cognitive metaphoric meaning and its E-C translation strategy based on image by adopting SPSS software in multiple levels and from multiple perspectives. The last point is that this chapter makes the detailed quantitative analysis and the qualitative research and gives example illustrations on 7 concrete strategies of cognitive E-C translation based on image from 2 levels.
The ninth chapter first analyzes the relationships between cognitive context, lexical metaphor construal and translation strategy, and then expounds new cultural factors of EST and subjective and objective factors influencing metaphorical cognition. Furthermore, the influences of language system context, text situational context and situation type context on EST cognitive literal translation theory are explained. The particularity of influence of context on the choice of lexical metaphor translation strategy of metaphoric meaning of scientific lexicon (esp. terms) is also explained.
The tenth chapter concludes the main findings, theoretical and practical values, and further points out the limitations and recommendations for future studies. There are nine creative findings in this study:
(1) New research perspective of multilevel cognitive analysis. From a cognitive perspective, the systematic and deep study of emergence of EST lexical metaphor and its translation is conducted in the thesis, which introduces a new perspective in the field of EST lexical metaphor and its translation. EST translation researches will be further developed under the guidance of this study. Also the theoretical and practical research scope of cognitive linguistics is broadened.
(2) New theoretical framework of multiple cognitive associations. Based on the neural system of processing brain language information, network neural model and lexicon cognitive acquisition neural model, mapping theory of conceptual metaphor, conceptual integration theory which is advanced on the basis of the former and the compatibility and complementarity between them are interpreted which make mapping and integration have the material form of brain neural network system. Therefore, it is fundamentally helpful for deeper understanding of metaphor cognitive mechanism and widening and deepening relevant researches.
(3) New research methods of multi-dimensional quantitative analysis. In the EST translation studies during past decades, introspective method, qualitative analysis, literature translation or personal translating experience are the most frequently used methods to elaborate the relevant research questions of EST translation. This study focuses on the introduction of new research method in name of systematic quantitative study of EST translation. In this method, corpus is selected from diversified professional dictionaries and texts that stretch more than 40 years; by means of computer software, quantitative analysis, qualitative analysis, and example illustration from multi-angles, multi-dimensions, multi-levels multi-correspondences are applied in combination. Meanwhile, this new method is a more scientific one for EST and its translation studies which can make the conclusion more valid, more reliable and more pervasive.
(4) New translation theory of cognitive equivalence. EST terms translation strategies are clearly proposed and the principle for choice of method according to meaning and mapping equivalence of vehicle and tenor between source language and target language metaphorical lexicon is also definitely clarified which achieves the translation principle of cognitive equivalence.
(5) New cognitive translation theory model of conceptual integration. In the light of neurocognitive linguistic theory, conceptual metaphor and conceptual integration, a new cognitive translation theory of conceptual integration is constructed by going through the limitations of traditional mainstream model of EST lexical metaphor translation.
(6) New analytical model of cognitive study of lexical metaphor. The forming way of EST metaphor vocabulary, the source of metaphoric meaning of vocabularies, the psychological operation mode of mapping of the metaphoric meaning, and the cognitive laws in the level of cognitive composition, are analyzed from a cognitive perspective by means of computer software and corpus.
(7) New literal translation strategy system of EST lexical metaphor. With hierarchical conception, starting from the connection between the meaning, pronunciation and image features of source language and target language and cognitive understanding, by application of systematic quantitative analysis, qualitative analysis and example illustrations, this study disclose the inner law of EST lexical metaphor translation and expound three systematic and practical E-C translation strategies (literal translation based on meaning, pronunciation and image) of EST lexical metaphor.
(8) New viewpoint of cultural influence on EST. The thesis proposes that the cultural factors influencing language communication are dynamic and the changing trend becomes narrowing. Because of the existence of common culture, the formation of fused culture and the communication of specialized cultures, the influences of cultural factors on EST translation are diminishing.
(9) The revision of view in EST cognitive metaphor and rational logic The data from the quantitative analysis in this study indicate that the average percentage of lexical metaphor in various EST professional dictionaries is 23%, with the lowest one 9.17% and the highest one 49.8% and the average percentage of lexical metaphor in various EST texts is 8.17%. The findings in the study are different from M. Black’s and G. Lakoff’s, as M. Black views“language is basically metaphorical”and G. Lakoff points“70% of common expressions are metaphorical”. Meanwhile, the findings provide counter evidence for the statement reading“the more abstract the scientific thinking, the more urgent the need to use metaphor and the more metaphorical expressions needed and the higher the percentage of metaphor”. Therefore, it is more objective and reasonable to apply eclecticism of language in EST cognitive metaphor and rational logic philosophy.
Five implications of practical value are as follows:
(1) This study provides new perspective and way of thinking for EST research, metaphoric meaning analysis and EST translation. By use of psychological cognitive mechanism theory and quantitative analysis, a new field for researching is under way. And the integration between translation, terminology, lexicology and ESP (English for special purpose) study and cognitive science is promoted by this study.
(2) New guiding theory, principle, strategy, method and technique are proposed in this thesis which are helpful for rethinking of essence, standard, process and strategy of EST lexical translation as well as deep and systematic study of EST and its translation from the level of lexicon sentence, paragraph, text and function.
(3) This study advances new theory, principle and suggestion translation of EST terms and denomination of Chinese terms which is inspiring for terminology research.
(4) New way of thinking, principle and approach for EST monolingual and bilingual dictionary compilation are posed in the study and the compilation should follow cognitive theories, such as cognitive evidentiality, cognitive equivalence and conceptual integration. The knowledge of how the corpus is organized in dictionaries aids learners to cognize and acquire and help EST learners to gain a better understanding and conduct a effective deduction of EST lexical meaning which can optimize learners’learning strategy.
(5) Findings of the study show some innovations in EST teaching and EST translation teaching which are served as aids for systematically and scientifically laying out teaching plan and organizing teaching content reasonably.
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