描述翻译学视角下的文化意象翻译研究
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摘要
美国超验主义作家亨利·大卫·梭罗(Henry David Thoreau)创作的《瓦尔登湖》于1854年第一次出版,迄今为止已经出了近一百五十多个版本,被译成四十多种语言,与《圣经》等一同被美国国会图书馆评为“塑造读者的二十五本书”。《瓦尔登湖》一书因其思想深刻,语言优美,意象丰富而著称。《瓦尔登湖》首次由徐迟翻译到中国,迄今为止,已有十几个译本。在众多的译本中,徐译本一直被学术界视为经典译本并影响了众多的后来译本。本论文试图从描述翻译学的角度,将徐迟翻译的《瓦尔登湖》置于多元文化系统中,并根据文化意象的特点和类别,探究译者徐迟在意象翻译中所采取的策略以及采取这种策略背后的动机和所遵从的规范并从文化对比的角度对其翻译效果进行评估。
本文分为三个部分：第一部分介绍背景知识、研究范围、研究方法和研究的预期结果。第二部分为正文,下设四章。第一章首先分析“言”“象”“意”之间的辩证关系并指出文化意象的主要特点特点以及《瓦尔登湖》中文化意象的主要类别。一般说来,文化意象有两个特点：文化积淀行和审美求解性。并且这篇论文的作者把《瓦尔登湖》中的文化意象分为六种：动物、植物、颜色、自然现象、希腊罗马神话和圣经人物故事以及其它意象。第二章介绍译者徐迟在《瓦尔登湖》的文化意象翻译中主要采取的四种策略：保留形象直译,寻求功能对等格义,寻求信息对等省译和追求“化境”再创造。第三章探究采取这些翻译策略背后的动机以及他所遵从的规范。译者对翻译策略的择取主要取决于其所遵从的翻译规范.本章着重研究了译者徐迟在翻译过程中所遵从的两种规范：期待规范和交际规范。两种规范侧重不同的角度。第四章从文化对比的角度对译者徐迟的翻译效果进行评估。最后一部分即本文的结语,指出本文的研究目的和研究意义。
Thoreau's masterpiece, Walden, is a great piece of Transcendentalist work, which was first published in 1854. It is highly valued and very influential on the character of the American for its profound ideas, beautiful language and rich cultural images. So far, there have been more than 150 versions in over 40 languages. In China, Walden was first rendered into Chinese by Xu Chi, whose version is regarded as the most successful one among over 10 versions in the academic circle. The aim of the thesis is to present the strategies for cultural image translation and suggest an analysis of motivations underlying the translator's choice of strategy based on Xu Chi's Chinese translation of Walden from the perspective of descriptive translation studies. Furthermore, it will offer an assessment of Xu's translational effects from the cultural comparative studies.
This thesis consists of three parts:the first part is an introduction to the background, motivation, scope, methodology, and expected findings of the research project. The second part consists of three chapters. Chapter 1 deals with first, the dialectic relationship among word, image and its connotative meaning, second, the features and classifications of cultural images in Walden. Generally speaking, there are two major features:the culture-bounded one and the interpretation-bounded one. And in this thesis, the author divides the cultural images in Walden into six categories. They are animal, plant, color, natural phenomenon, Greco-Roman mythology and biblical stories and others. Chapter 2 illustrates Xu's four major strategies for the translation of cultural images in Walden:literal translation with a view of reserving the ST cultural image, replacement by a TT1 cultural image with a view of functional equivalence, omission of a ST cultural image with a view of informative equivalence and recreation with a view of configuration of the ST cultural image. Chapter 3 explains why the translator adopts these strategies, what norms he follows, and what values underlie these norms. The motivation underlying a translator's choice-making derives ultimately from the norms of translation. In this chapter, the author introduces two norms conformed by Xu in the process of translation:the expectancy norm, and the communication norm, with each highlighting a particular aspect of the translator's choice of strategy. Chapter 4 is about the assessment of Xu's translational effects within the receiving cultural system. The last part is the conclusion which presents the significance of the thesis.
本文分为三个部分：第一部分介绍背景知识、研究范围、研究方法和研究的预期结果。第二部分为正文,下设四章。第一章首先分析“言”“象”“意”之间的辩证关系并指出文化意象的主要特点特点以及《瓦尔登湖》中文化意象的主要类别。一般说来,文化意象有两个特点：文化积淀行和审美求解性。并且这篇论文的作者把《瓦尔登湖》中的文化意象分为六种：动物、植物、颜色、自然现象、希腊罗马神话和圣经人物故事以及其它意象。第二章介绍译者徐迟在《瓦尔登湖》的文化意象翻译中主要采取的四种策略：保留形象直译,寻求功能对等格义,寻求信息对等省译和追求“化境”再创造。第三章探究采取这些翻译策略背后的动机以及他所遵从的规范。译者对翻译策略的择取主要取决于其所遵从的翻译规范.本章着重研究了译者徐迟在翻译过程中所遵从的两种规范：期待规范和交际规范。两种规范侧重不同的角度。第四章从文化对比的角度对译者徐迟的翻译效果进行评估。最后一部分即本文的结语,指出本文的研究目的和研究意义。
Thoreau's masterpiece, Walden, is a great piece of Transcendentalist work, which was first published in 1854. It is highly valued and very influential on the character of the American for its profound ideas, beautiful language and rich cultural images. So far, there have been more than 150 versions in over 40 languages. In China, Walden was first rendered into Chinese by Xu Chi, whose version is regarded as the most successful one among over 10 versions in the academic circle. The aim of the thesis is to present the strategies for cultural image translation and suggest an analysis of motivations underlying the translator's choice of strategy based on Xu Chi's Chinese translation of Walden from the perspective of descriptive translation studies. Furthermore, it will offer an assessment of Xu's translational effects from the cultural comparative studies.
This thesis consists of three parts:the first part is an introduction to the background, motivation, scope, methodology, and expected findings of the research project. The second part consists of three chapters. Chapter 1 deals with first, the dialectic relationship among word, image and its connotative meaning, second, the features and classifications of cultural images in Walden. Generally speaking, there are two major features:the culture-bounded one and the interpretation-bounded one. And in this thesis, the author divides the cultural images in Walden into six categories. They are animal, plant, color, natural phenomenon, Greco-Roman mythology and biblical stories and others. Chapter 2 illustrates Xu's four major strategies for the translation of cultural images in Walden:literal translation with a view of reserving the ST cultural image, replacement by a TT1 cultural image with a view of functional equivalence, omission of a ST cultural image with a view of informative equivalence and recreation with a view of configuration of the ST cultural image. Chapter 3 explains why the translator adopts these strategies, what norms he follows, and what values underlie these norms. The motivation underlying a translator's choice-making derives ultimately from the norms of translation. In this chapter, the author introduces two norms conformed by Xu in the process of translation:the expectancy norm, and the communication norm, with each highlighting a particular aspect of the translator's choice of strategy. Chapter 4 is about the assessment of Xu's translational effects within the receiving cultural system. The last part is the conclusion which presents the significance of the thesis.
引文
Aristotle. Poetics. London:Macmillan,1925.
Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies. London and New York:Routledge, 1980.
Chang, Yaoxin. A Survey of American Literature. Tianjin:Nankai University Press,1990.
Chesterman, Andrew. Memes of Translation. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company,1997.
Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary Translation Theories.2nd ed. Clevedon, Buhalo, Toronto, Sydney:Mutilingual Matters Ltd.,2001.
Hatim, Basil & Mason, Ian. Discourse and the Translator. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
Hermans, Theo, ed. The manipulation of Literature Studies in Literary Translation. London:Croom Helm,1985.
---. Translation in Systems:Descriptive and System-oriented Approaches Explained. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Holmes, James S. "The Name and Nature of Translation Studies." in Translated! Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies. Amesterdam:Rodoph,1988.67-80.
House, Juliane. Translation Quality Assessment:A Model Revised. Tubingen:Narr,1997.
Ilek, Bohuslav. "On Translating Images." In The Nature of Translation: Essays on the theory of literary translation, ed. James S. Holmes. The Hague:Mouton,1970.135-138.
Iser, W. The Act of Reading:A Theory of Aesthetic Response. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.1978.
Jauss, H. R. Toward an Aesthetic of Reception. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,1982.
Jiang, Qiuxia. "Aesthetic progression in literary translation: image-gactualization." PHD thesis. Nanjing university,1998.
Jung, C. G. "On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetry." In Critical theory since Plato, ed. Hazard Adams. New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1971.811-818.
Katan, David. Translating Cultures:An Introduction for Translators, Interpreters and Mediators.UK:St. Jerome Publishing,1999.
Kramsch, Claire. Language and Culture. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998.
Lefevere, Andre. Translation/ History/ Culture:A Sourcebook. London, New York:Rouledge,1992a.
---. Translation, Rewriting and The Manipulation Of Literary Fame. London and New York:Routledge,1992b.
Li, Zhanxi. Relevance and Adjustability:A Study of Translating Process in Cultural Image Renderings. Beijing:Scientific Technology Press, 2007.
Newmark, Peter. Approaches to Translation. Oxford, New York, Toronto, Sydney, Paris, Frankfurt:Pergamon Press,1981.
Nida, Eugene A. A Textbook of Translation. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, Tokyo:Prentice Hall,1988.
---. Language, Culture, and Translation. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,1993.
---. Toward A Science of Translating. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
Sayre Robert F., ed. New Essay on Walden. London:Cambridge University Press,1992.
Shuttleworth, Mark & Moira Cowie. Dictionary of Translation Studies. Manchester:St. Jerome Publishing,1997/1999.
Song, Haiyun. "On the Translation of Chinese Cultural Images." PHD thesis. Shanghai International Studies University,2004.
Steiner, George. After Babel:Aspects of Language and Translation. London, Oxford & New York:OUP,1975.
Tabakowska, Elzbieta. Cognitive Linguistics and Poetics of Translation. Tubingen:Narr,1993.
Thoreau, H. D. Walden. Beijing:Foreign language Press,2008.
Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
Venuti, Lawrence. The Translator's Invisibility:A History of Translation. London and New York:Routledge,1995.
Wellek, Rene & Austin Warren. Theory of Literature. London:Penguin Books,1956.
包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2001.
邓炎昌,刘润清.语言与文化.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1989.
冯庆华主编.红译艺坛——《红楼梦》翻译艺术研究.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2006.
亨利·大卫·梭罗,瓦尔登湖.徐迟译.上海：上海译文出版社,1982.
黄俊娟.汉诗英译中文化意象的误译分析.《华中师范大学学报》(人文社会科学版),2006(S1).
孔建英.艺术范畴的心理分析.武汉：武汉出版社,1996.
李毅.对《瓦尔登湖》中译本的几点意见.《外国语》,1984(6).
李泽厚.美学论集.上海：上海文艺出版社,1980.
李占喜,何自然.从关联域视角分析文化意象翻译中的文化亏损.《外语与外语教学》,2006(2).
廖七一.《当代西文翻译理论探索》.南京：译林出版社,2000.
刘宓庆.翻译美学导论.北京：中国对外翻译出版社,2005.
刘士聪.英汉·汉英美文翻译与鉴赏.上海：译林出版社,2002.
罗伯特·米尔德,重塑梭罗.马会娟,管兴忠译.北京：东方出版社, 2002.
马以鑫.接受美学新论.上海：学林出版社,1995.
毛荣贵.译谐译趣.北京：中国对外翻译出版社,2005.
孟瑾.古诗格式塔意象和意境的传递.《外语学刊》,2005(4).
秦乐娱,张映先.从大观园到太虚幻境：文学意象的异语传递.《求索》,2006(12).
仇蓓玲.美的变迁.上海：上海译文出版社,2006.
舒志奇.文化意象的互文性与文化意象翻译.《外语与外语教学》,2007(8).
孙胜忠.从文化传译看梭罗Walden的三个中文译本.《上海科技翻译》,2004(1).
孙致礼.中国文学的翻译：从归化到异化.《中国翻译》,2002(1).
王伯凤,孙露茜编.徐迟研究专辑.杭州：浙江文艺出版社,1985.
王大伟,魏清光.汉英翻译技巧教学与研究.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2005.
王琼,毛玲莉.从关联翻译理论分析中西文化语境下“月亮”意象.《兰州大学学报》(社会科学版),2007(2).
吴文安.意象的传译.《文学研究》(南京社会科学),2003(10).
谢天振.译介学.上海：上海外语教育出版社,1999.
张保红.意象与汉诗英译——以陶渊明诗《归园田居》(其一)英译为例.《解放军外国语学院学报》,2005(4).
张思齐.中国接受美学导论.成都：巴蜀出版社,1989.
张蓊荟.认知视阈下英文小说汉译中隐喻翻译的模式及评估.北京：中国文联出版社,2009.
张旭.“桃梨之争”的美学蕴涵——朱湘译诗中文化意象传递的现代诠释.《解放军外国语学院学报.》,2007(4).
张友平.中国古典诗歌的审美意象及英译问题探析.《兰州大学学报》(社会科学版),2003(4).
赵新林.IMAGE与“象”：中西诗学象论溯源.北京：中国社会科学出版社,2005.
朱光潜.朱光潜美学文学论文选集.湖南：湖南人民出版社,1980.
朱明海.诗歌翻译的意象重构.《疯狂英语》(疯狂英语教师版),2005(12).
Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies. London and New York:Routledge, 1980.
Chang, Yaoxin. A Survey of American Literature. Tianjin:Nankai University Press,1990.
Chesterman, Andrew. Memes of Translation. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company,1997.
Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary Translation Theories.2nd ed. Clevedon, Buhalo, Toronto, Sydney:Mutilingual Matters Ltd.,2001.
Hatim, Basil & Mason, Ian. Discourse and the Translator. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
Hermans, Theo, ed. The manipulation of Literature Studies in Literary Translation. London:Croom Helm,1985.
---. Translation in Systems:Descriptive and System-oriented Approaches Explained. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Holmes, James S. "The Name and Nature of Translation Studies." in Translated! Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies. Amesterdam:Rodoph,1988.67-80.
House, Juliane. Translation Quality Assessment:A Model Revised. Tubingen:Narr,1997.
Ilek, Bohuslav. "On Translating Images." In The Nature of Translation: Essays on the theory of literary translation, ed. James S. Holmes. The Hague:Mouton,1970.135-138.
Iser, W. The Act of Reading:A Theory of Aesthetic Response. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.1978.
Jauss, H. R. Toward an Aesthetic of Reception. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,1982.
Jiang, Qiuxia. "Aesthetic progression in literary translation: image-gactualization." PHD thesis. Nanjing university,1998.
Jung, C. G. "On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetry." In Critical theory since Plato, ed. Hazard Adams. New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1971.811-818.
Katan, David. Translating Cultures:An Introduction for Translators, Interpreters and Mediators.UK:St. Jerome Publishing,1999.
Kramsch, Claire. Language and Culture. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998.
Lefevere, Andre. Translation/ History/ Culture:A Sourcebook. London, New York:Rouledge,1992a.
---. Translation, Rewriting and The Manipulation Of Literary Fame. London and New York:Routledge,1992b.
Li, Zhanxi. Relevance and Adjustability:A Study of Translating Process in Cultural Image Renderings. Beijing:Scientific Technology Press, 2007.
Newmark, Peter. Approaches to Translation. Oxford, New York, Toronto, Sydney, Paris, Frankfurt:Pergamon Press,1981.
Nida, Eugene A. A Textbook of Translation. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, Tokyo:Prentice Hall,1988.
---. Language, Culture, and Translation. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,1993.
---. Toward A Science of Translating. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
Sayre Robert F., ed. New Essay on Walden. London:Cambridge University Press,1992.
Shuttleworth, Mark & Moira Cowie. Dictionary of Translation Studies. Manchester:St. Jerome Publishing,1997/1999.
Song, Haiyun. "On the Translation of Chinese Cultural Images." PHD thesis. Shanghai International Studies University,2004.
Steiner, George. After Babel:Aspects of Language and Translation. London, Oxford & New York:OUP,1975.
Tabakowska, Elzbieta. Cognitive Linguistics and Poetics of Translation. Tubingen:Narr,1993.
Thoreau, H. D. Walden. Beijing:Foreign language Press,2008.
Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
Venuti, Lawrence. The Translator's Invisibility:A History of Translation. London and New York:Routledge,1995.
Wellek, Rene & Austin Warren. Theory of Literature. London:Penguin Books,1956.
包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2001.
邓炎昌,刘润清.语言与文化.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1989.
冯庆华主编.红译艺坛——《红楼梦》翻译艺术研究.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2006.
亨利·大卫·梭罗,瓦尔登湖.徐迟译.上海：上海译文出版社,1982.
黄俊娟.汉诗英译中文化意象的误译分析.《华中师范大学学报》(人文社会科学版),2006(S1).
孔建英.艺术范畴的心理分析.武汉：武汉出版社,1996.
李毅.对《瓦尔登湖》中译本的几点意见.《外国语》,1984(6).
李泽厚.美学论集.上海：上海文艺出版社,1980.
李占喜,何自然.从关联域视角分析文化意象翻译中的文化亏损.《外语与外语教学》,2006(2).
廖七一.《当代西文翻译理论探索》.南京：译林出版社,2000.
刘宓庆.翻译美学导论.北京：中国对外翻译出版社,2005.
刘士聪.英汉·汉英美文翻译与鉴赏.上海：译林出版社,2002.
罗伯特·米尔德,重塑梭罗.马会娟,管兴忠译.北京：东方出版社, 2002.
马以鑫.接受美学新论.上海：学林出版社,1995.
毛荣贵.译谐译趣.北京：中国对外翻译出版社,2005.
孟瑾.古诗格式塔意象和意境的传递.《外语学刊》,2005(4).
秦乐娱,张映先.从大观园到太虚幻境：文学意象的异语传递.《求索》,2006(12).
仇蓓玲.美的变迁.上海：上海译文出版社,2006.
舒志奇.文化意象的互文性与文化意象翻译.《外语与外语教学》,2007(8).
孙胜忠.从文化传译看梭罗Walden的三个中文译本.《上海科技翻译》,2004(1).
孙致礼.中国文学的翻译：从归化到异化.《中国翻译》,2002(1).
王伯凤,孙露茜编.徐迟研究专辑.杭州：浙江文艺出版社,1985.
王大伟,魏清光.汉英翻译技巧教学与研究.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2005.
王琼,毛玲莉.从关联翻译理论分析中西文化语境下“月亮”意象.《兰州大学学报》(社会科学版),2007(2).
吴文安.意象的传译.《文学研究》(南京社会科学),2003(10).
谢天振.译介学.上海：上海外语教育出版社,1999.
张保红.意象与汉诗英译——以陶渊明诗《归园田居》(其一)英译为例.《解放军外国语学院学报》,2005(4).
张思齐.中国接受美学导论.成都：巴蜀出版社,1989.
张蓊荟.认知视阈下英文小说汉译中隐喻翻译的模式及评估.北京：中国文联出版社,2009.
张旭.“桃梨之争”的美学蕴涵——朱湘译诗中文化意象传递的现代诠释.《解放军外国语学院学报.》,2007(4).
张友平.中国古典诗歌的审美意象及英译问题探析.《兰州大学学报》(社会科学版),2003(4).
赵新林.IMAGE与“象”：中西诗学象论溯源.北京：中国社会科学出版社,2005.
朱光潜.朱光潜美学文学论文选集.湖南：湖南人民出版社,1980.
朱明海.诗歌翻译的意象重构.《疯狂英语》(疯狂英语教师版),2005(12).