星座法院研究
摘要
星座法院是英国历史上颇负盛名的特权法院，它并不是由制定法所建立。在16世纪中期它呈现出一个独立的司法法院特征之前，一直就是国王的谘议会。国王谘议会是诺曼和安茹国王王廷的直系后裔。在中世纪王廷逐渐分化，大部分司法职能赋予了三大普通法中央法院，谘议会逐渐成为一个谘议性、行政性的机构。但是，谘议会仍然行使着为国王所保留的“剩余司法权”。从亨利3时期开始，谘议会在人员构成上逐渐开始明确化。最初，谘议会并没有拥有在其他法院的之外的管辖权领域，随着普通法的僵化，谘议会和大法官才开始对超出普通法领域的案件或普通法救济不力的案件进行管辖。谘议会所使用的诉讼程序也和普通法有所不同，最大的区别就在于不采用陪审团。随着谘议会管辖权的扩张以及使用不同于普通法的程序，中世纪的普通法法院和议会一直对谘议会的司法权加以限制，但是从未在精确限制其界限上获得成功。然而，有一项重要的限制得以明确，即谘议会不得处理由普通处理的自由保有问题，也不得处理可能判处死刑或者没收自由保有地的叛逆和重罪案件，这一限制也成为日后星座法院独立后的核心限制。
到了都铎时期，谘议会成为新王朝恢复国家和平的重要重要手段，对此，都铎新君充分的利用其谘议会的司法权，并以制定法对其进行明确和强化，其中最重要的是1487年法案，在1641年长期议会废除星座法院时，主张的理由就是星座法院是由该法案所建立的。然而事实是，星座法院并非由该法案所建。
随着谘议会司法功能的复兴，谘议会逐渐分化，在16世纪中期以后，位于威斯敏斯特并主要从事司法事务的谘议会分支发展成星座法院，而跟随国王的并主要从事行政工作的谘议会分支成为枢密院。尽管二者肩负的职责并不相同，但是从本质上看，都是整个谘议会的组成部分。在都铎时期，星座法院对各种扰乱社会安定的犯罪进行严厉的打击，其和议会以及普通法法院之间关系也较为融洽，这些都大大的帮助了都铎社会的稳定和发展，促进了英国由中世纪向现代领土国家的转型，因而被爱德华科克誉为“基督教世界中除议会外最高贵的法院。”但是在斯图亚特时期，当国家分化出王党和议会党这两个政治派别时，星座法院就成为了最有效的特权政府工具，其从都铎时期正义的实现地变成了宗教迫害和打击政治犯的暴徒，典型的例子如普林案。最终，在1641年的长期议会走向覆灭。
星座法院的司法程序具有重要的特点——两面性，一方面，不采用贯彻弹劾原则的普通法陪审团制，而是采用具有较强纠问色彩的大陆法法官审理模式。另一方面，星座法院常规的诉讼程序在答辩方式、审判公开、辩护自由以及允许被告获得律师帮助等方面体现着普通法的因素。这个两面性为英国普通法借鉴大陆法观念提供了桥梁。对此，必须从历史和比较的角度对英国普通法和欧洲大陆法，普通法和谘议会特权司法进行解读。应当看到，星座法院程序的双面性特征存在着内在的冲突和张力，程序规则本身缺少限制最终导致星座法院在斯图亚特时期成为专制暴虐的工具，因而最终被普通法所战胜。
星座法院的司法实践同样对英国相关的实体法律产生了影响，如在国王及其仆臣的管辖归属，以及对伪造、伪证、欺诈、助讼等犯罪的界定和处理方式上。
星座法院从正义的代言人到暴虐的转变体现出一个法治发展的悖论，即普通的制度规则发展到一定阶段达到定型化之后，也会伴随着自我僵化——尤其是在程序领域产生“作茧自缚”的效应。为了满足外部环境提出的要求，一些能够弥补旧制度不足的新规则便应运而生，而且新的规则往往具有较强的灵活性和较少的限制。对于环境带来的变化，新的制度规则往往因其弹性设计而能够更好的实现制度设计者的预期目标。但是，随着新制度产生的条件发生改变，这样的规则往往沦为权力滥用的工具，最终又不得不回归常态的制度规则。
The Court of Star Chamber is one of the most famous prerogative court in Britishhistory,it is not established by any statute.Before presents the characterics of anindependent judicial court in the mid-16th century,it has always been the king'sCouncil.The King’s council is the direct descendant of the Norman and Anglo-SaxonCuria Regis.In the Middle Ages,The Curia Regis gradually differentiated into severalbranch,most of the judicial functions endowed with the three common law CentralCourts,thus the council has gradually become a Consultative,administrativeinstitutions.However,the council is still exercised the “residual jurisdiction” retained bythe king.From the period of Henry3onwards the constitution of the Council began toclear.Initially,The council does not have jurisdiction beyond other courts.But accompaniedby the rigidity of the common law,the council and chancellor began to take jurisdictionover cases which beyond the common law’s areas or which the common law’s remedieswas ineffective.The procedure which applied in the council is different from the commonlaw, the biggest difference is that jury was not applied in the council.With the expansion ofjurisdiction and the procedures,the medieval common law courts and Parliament began torestrict the council, but never succeeding in making any precise restrictions on theirboundaries.However,there is an important limitation to be clear which is that the councilshall not dispose of the free tenement issues and cases which involing an deathsentence,that is to say,the council have no jurisdiction over treason and felony.Thisrestriction has also become the core restriction of the court of Star Chamber.
To the Tudor period,the council became the important means by which the newdynasty restore the peace in the country,the tudors made full use of the council’s judicialpower, and to settle and strengthen it by statutes,one of the most important statutes is theact of1487.When the long-term parliament abolished the court of Star Chamber,theycontended that,as a dinstinct court,the court of Star Chamber owed its original to thestatute of1487.But the fact is that the court is not builted on any statutes.
Following the reviving of the council’s judicial function,the council wasdifferentiation in the mid-16th century into two branches which one sitting in westminsterdevoting to judicial matters became the court of Star Chamber,another following with theking and devoting to administering matters became the Privy Council.Although the twobodies have different functions,they were the whole council in different capacities.In Tudor dynasty,the court of Star Chamber bit severly to the offences which long disturbingthe society,and the relationship between the court of Star Chamber and the common lawcourts was harmonious,all of this helped to the peace and develepment of thesociety,promote to the transition of england from middle ages to modern territorycountry.So the court of Star Chamber was praised by Adward Coke as “the most honorablecourts in the Christian world except the parliament.”But in the Stutart dynasty when thecountry was splitting into two parties which one is the prerogative party and the other isparliament party, the court of Star Chamber became the most usefully instrument of theprerogative government,and it changed from the land of justice to the mob oppressing thereligious and political opponents.One typical case is the Prynne’s case. Finally,the Courtof Star Chamber was abolished in1641.
The procedure of the Court of Star Chamber has dural character,the one is that it didnot apply the jury which implementing the accusatory doctrines but apply the inquisitoryprocedure which mode of triy was dominated by judges. The other is that in the manner ofpleading, public trialing,the freedom of defending and the defended was allowed theassitance of attorney, We can see the factor of common law.This dural character afforedthe abridge in borrowing the civil law ideas into the english common law. Thus we mustfrom the historical and comperative point of view to reading.It should notice that therewas intrinsic conflit in this dural character, and the absence of restriction in the procedureultimately lead to the evil change in the Stuart dynast, and was triumphed by thecommon law system.
The practices of the Court of Star Chamber also influenced the substantive law ofEngland, such as the jurisdiction to the king and his servants. Also the defining of offencesuch as perjury, forjery, fraud.
The change of the court of Star Chamber from angle to demon involves an paradoxwhich is that when the ordinary system run to canalization, it will gradually be rigidityespecially the effect of “limited by itself”in the procedure areas. In order to satisfy theneed of externalities and remedy the old system, some new rules which have a relativemore elastic and less restriction will emerge. But as the condictions under which the newsystem generated happened to changer, this new rules often descend to the instrument ofcorruption. Thus it must returned to the ordinary system in the end.
到了都铎时期，谘议会成为新王朝恢复国家和平的重要重要手段，对此，都铎新君充分的利用其谘议会的司法权，并以制定法对其进行明确和强化，其中最重要的是1487年法案，在1641年长期议会废除星座法院时，主张的理由就是星座法院是由该法案所建立的。然而事实是，星座法院并非由该法案所建。
随着谘议会司法功能的复兴，谘议会逐渐分化，在16世纪中期以后，位于威斯敏斯特并主要从事司法事务的谘议会分支发展成星座法院，而跟随国王的并主要从事行政工作的谘议会分支成为枢密院。尽管二者肩负的职责并不相同，但是从本质上看，都是整个谘议会的组成部分。在都铎时期，星座法院对各种扰乱社会安定的犯罪进行严厉的打击，其和议会以及普通法法院之间关系也较为融洽，这些都大大的帮助了都铎社会的稳定和发展，促进了英国由中世纪向现代领土国家的转型，因而被爱德华科克誉为“基督教世界中除议会外最高贵的法院。”但是在斯图亚特时期，当国家分化出王党和议会党这两个政治派别时，星座法院就成为了最有效的特权政府工具，其从都铎时期正义的实现地变成了宗教迫害和打击政治犯的暴徒，典型的例子如普林案。最终，在1641年的长期议会走向覆灭。
星座法院的司法程序具有重要的特点——两面性，一方面，不采用贯彻弹劾原则的普通法陪审团制，而是采用具有较强纠问色彩的大陆法法官审理模式。另一方面，星座法院常规的诉讼程序在答辩方式、审判公开、辩护自由以及允许被告获得律师帮助等方面体现着普通法的因素。这个两面性为英国普通法借鉴大陆法观念提供了桥梁。对此，必须从历史和比较的角度对英国普通法和欧洲大陆法，普通法和谘议会特权司法进行解读。应当看到，星座法院程序的双面性特征存在着内在的冲突和张力，程序规则本身缺少限制最终导致星座法院在斯图亚特时期成为专制暴虐的工具，因而最终被普通法所战胜。
星座法院的司法实践同样对英国相关的实体法律产生了影响，如在国王及其仆臣的管辖归属，以及对伪造、伪证、欺诈、助讼等犯罪的界定和处理方式上。
星座法院从正义的代言人到暴虐的转变体现出一个法治发展的悖论，即普通的制度规则发展到一定阶段达到定型化之后，也会伴随着自我僵化——尤其是在程序领域产生“作茧自缚”的效应。为了满足外部环境提出的要求，一些能够弥补旧制度不足的新规则便应运而生，而且新的规则往往具有较强的灵活性和较少的限制。对于环境带来的变化，新的制度规则往往因其弹性设计而能够更好的实现制度设计者的预期目标。但是，随着新制度产生的条件发生改变，这样的规则往往沦为权力滥用的工具，最终又不得不回归常态的制度规则。
The Court of Star Chamber is one of the most famous prerogative court in Britishhistory,it is not established by any statute.Before presents the characterics of anindependent judicial court in the mid-16th century,it has always been the king'sCouncil.The King’s council is the direct descendant of the Norman and Anglo-SaxonCuria Regis.In the Middle Ages,The Curia Regis gradually differentiated into severalbranch,most of the judicial functions endowed with the three common law CentralCourts,thus the council has gradually become a Consultative,administrativeinstitutions.However,the council is still exercised the “residual jurisdiction” retained bythe king.From the period of Henry3onwards the constitution of the Council began toclear.Initially,The council does not have jurisdiction beyond other courts.But accompaniedby the rigidity of the common law,the council and chancellor began to take jurisdictionover cases which beyond the common law’s areas or which the common law’s remedieswas ineffective.The procedure which applied in the council is different from the commonlaw, the biggest difference is that jury was not applied in the council.With the expansion ofjurisdiction and the procedures,the medieval common law courts and Parliament began torestrict the council, but never succeeding in making any precise restrictions on theirboundaries.However,there is an important limitation to be clear which is that the councilshall not dispose of the free tenement issues and cases which involing an deathsentence,that is to say,the council have no jurisdiction over treason and felony.Thisrestriction has also become the core restriction of the court of Star Chamber.
To the Tudor period,the council became the important means by which the newdynasty restore the peace in the country,the tudors made full use of the council’s judicialpower, and to settle and strengthen it by statutes,one of the most important statutes is theact of1487.When the long-term parliament abolished the court of Star Chamber,theycontended that,as a dinstinct court,the court of Star Chamber owed its original to thestatute of1487.But the fact is that the court is not builted on any statutes.
Following the reviving of the council’s judicial function,the council wasdifferentiation in the mid-16th century into two branches which one sitting in westminsterdevoting to judicial matters became the court of Star Chamber,another following with theking and devoting to administering matters became the Privy Council.Although the twobodies have different functions,they were the whole council in different capacities.In Tudor dynasty,the court of Star Chamber bit severly to the offences which long disturbingthe society,and the relationship between the court of Star Chamber and the common lawcourts was harmonious,all of this helped to the peace and develepment of thesociety,promote to the transition of england from middle ages to modern territorycountry.So the court of Star Chamber was praised by Adward Coke as “the most honorablecourts in the Christian world except the parliament.”But in the Stutart dynasty when thecountry was splitting into two parties which one is the prerogative party and the other isparliament party, the court of Star Chamber became the most usefully instrument of theprerogative government,and it changed from the land of justice to the mob oppressing thereligious and political opponents.One typical case is the Prynne’s case. Finally,the Courtof Star Chamber was abolished in1641.
The procedure of the Court of Star Chamber has dural character,the one is that it didnot apply the jury which implementing the accusatory doctrines but apply the inquisitoryprocedure which mode of triy was dominated by judges. The other is that in the manner ofpleading, public trialing,the freedom of defending and the defended was allowed theassitance of attorney, We can see the factor of common law.This dural character afforedthe abridge in borrowing the civil law ideas into the english common law. Thus we mustfrom the historical and comperative point of view to reading.It should notice that therewas intrinsic conflit in this dural character, and the absence of restriction in the procedureultimately lead to the evil change in the Stuart dynast, and was triumphed by thecommon law system.
The practices of the Court of Star Chamber also influenced the substantive law ofEngland, such as the jurisdiction to the king and his servants. Also the defining of offencesuch as perjury, forjery, fraud.
The change of the court of Star Chamber from angle to demon involves an paradoxwhich is that when the ordinary system run to canalization, it will gradually be rigidityespecially the effect of “limited by itself”in the procedure areas. In order to satisfy theneed of externalities and remedy the old system, some new rules which have a relativemore elastic and less restriction will emerge. But as the condictions under which the newsystem generated happened to changer, this new rules often descend to the instrument ofcorruption. Thus it must returned to the ordinary system in the end.
引文
②Bruce, Archaeologia:or Miscellaneous Tracts relating toAntiquity(Society of Antiquaries of London,vol.XXV.)London,1884.p.342.
③Albert Venn Dicey,The Privy Council(TheArnold Prize Essay1860),Oxford:1860,p.46.
①J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.20.
①J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.26,27.
②Stubbs,The Constitutional History of England,(4th ed),vol II,Oxford Clarendon Press,1887.p.271.
③J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.pp.29-33.
④J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.34,35.
⑤J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.36.
①Stubbs,The Constitutional History of England,(4th ed),vol II,Oxford Clarendon Press,1887.p.271.
②Baldwin列出了在爱德华即位的第一年（1272）的一份宣誓谘议员名单，其中显示了低级的官员们也进行了宣誓。J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the Middle Ages.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.72.
③在爱德华1世时，大法官和司库就是谘议会的核心成员，他们在谘议会体系中的身份被认为是依职权（exofficio）享有的——J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the Middle Ages.Oxford:ClarendonPress,1913.p.73.而在爱德华3世时期的1340年立法（14Edw III.c.5.）中，王玺大臣在谘议会紧接着大法官和司库——Statutes of the Realm,vol.i.p.283.
④J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.74.
⑤J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.93.
⑥J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.pp.93-97.
⑦J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.pp.98-100.
①J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.pp.100-101.
②J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.100.
③J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.116.
④Stubbs,The Constitutional History of England,(4th ed),vol II,Oxford Clarendon Press,1887.p.284.
⑤J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.120.
①Stubbs,The Constitutional History of England,(4th ed),vol II,Oxford Clarendon Press,1887,p.268.
②J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.72,88-89.
③J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.121
④J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.pp.123-124.
⑤Nicolas,Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England, Public Records of theKingdom,vol.III.1834.p.xx.
⑥J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.146.
⑦在1406年5月22日，国王在议会的压力下提出了一份谘议会的成员名单，其中包含了部分贵族，部分国家官员、王室内务府官员和有影响的平民。J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.156
⑧Nicolas,Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England, Public Records of theKingdom,vol.I,1834,pp.ii-iii.
①Nicolas,Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England1834.vol.III.p.215.
②J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.pp.190-191.
③Nicolas,Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England1834.vol.V.p.xx.232,240,267.
④J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.pp.192-203.
⑤J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.262.
①I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.32,37,42.
②I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.xxviii.
③Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol i.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.317,435.
④Cal.close rolls,35Edward.III.265.
⑤13Richard.II,c.5;15Richard.II,c.3;2Henry.IV,c.11.
⑥中世纪英格兰东南部里斯廷斯、新罗姆尼、海斯、多佛尔和桑威奇五个港口为增强英国海防于1278年成立五港联防。
①I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.pp.xxix-xxx.
②I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.xxxiv.
③J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.275.
④Palgrave,An essay upon The Original Authority of the King’s Council,1834,p.87.
⑤Nicolas,Proceedings and ordinances of the Privy Council of England, Public Records of theKingdom,vol.I,1834,p.288.
⑥Edward Tyrrell,A Chronicle of London-from1089to1483,Printed for Longman,Rees,Orme,Brown andGreen,1827,p.128.
⑦John Silvester Davies,An English Chronicle of the Reigns of Richard II.,Henry IV.,Henry V.,and HenryIV.(Camden Society,1856),p.58.
①Statutes of the Real,vol.I.p.304.
②I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.xxx.
③J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.pp.266-268.
④20Edw III,c.6;36Edw III,c.9;37Edw III,c.18;38Edw III,c.9;42Edw.III,c.3.
⑤J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.270.
①I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.xxvii,8,5,35,37,54,97,110.
②J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.271.
③J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.272.
④Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol I.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.60.
⑤Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol III.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.404.
⑥Nicolas,Proceedings and ordinances of the Privy Council of England,1834.Vol III.p.150,217.
⑦J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.277.
①Year Books,39Ewd.III.(ed.Tottlill,1585),f.14.
②J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.336.
③I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.xxxvi.
④I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.77.
⑤I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.97.
①I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.115n.5.
②I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.116.
③Nicolas,Proceedings and ordinances of the Privy Council of England,1834.Vol II.p.286.
④Nicolas,Proceedings and ordinances of the Privy Council of England,1834.Vol II.p.287.
⑤Nicolas,Proceedings and ordinances of the Privy Council of England,1834.Vol II.P.289;Vol.V.p.291.
⑥I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.88.
⑦Rotuli Parliamentorum,Vol.IV.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.84.
⑧I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.120.
⑨Nicolas,Proceedings and ordinances of the Privy Council of England,1834.Vol.III.p.149,150,214,217.
①Nicolas,Proceedings and ordinances of the Privy Council of England,1834.Vol.III.p.36.
②J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.518.
③I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.xxxvii.
④Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol ii.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.260.
⑤37Edw.III,c.18;38Edw.III,c.9;42Edw. III,c.3;17Ric.II,c.6.
⑥J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.499.
⑦Rotuli Parliamentorum,Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.vol iv.p.252;vol vi.p.184.
⑧即“派出调查委员会(Commission of inquiry)，一个调查委员通常是侍卫长(Serjeant-at-Arms)，逮捕则发生在陪审团的裁决之后。逮捕令通常被授权给侍卫长去抓捕罪犯。”Palgrave,An essay upon The OriginalAuthority of the King’s Council,1834,p.40.
①I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.xxxix.
②Rotuli Parliamentorum,Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.vol iii.p.267.
③Rotuli Parliamentorum,Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.vol iv.p.84.
④Rotuli Parliamentorum,Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.vol iv.p.156.
⑤Rotuli Parliamentorum,Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.vol iv.p.84.
①Rotuli Parliamentorum,Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.vol iv.p.84.
②Nicolas,Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England,1834.vol.iii.p.256,312.
③Rotuli Parliamentorum,Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.vol v.p.266.
④J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.295.
①Nicolas,Proceedings and ordinances of the Privy Council of England1834.vol.v.p.158,174;vol iii.p.165.
①Nicolas,Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England,1834.vol.ii.p.286.
②Nicolas,Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England,1834.vol.ii.p.182.
①J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.298.
②Year book,20Edw.III.(Rolls Series),p.1.
③Rotuli Parliamentorum,Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.vol ii. p.245.
④Rotuli Parliamentorum,Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.vol iii.p.93.
⑤Rotuli Parliamentorum,Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.vol iv. p.84.
⑥Statutes of the realm,ii.p.59.
⑦Rotuli Parliamentorum, Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.vol iv. p.51.
⑧Statutes of the Realm,vol.ii.p.427.
①George BurtonAdams,The Origin of the English Constitution, Yale University Press,1912.p.64.
②在此，palgrave认为，“该案的记录在我们法律史上是非常重要的，因为它是记载上的第一次衡平裁决，根据向作为议会最高法官的国王提出的申请，并且是根据国王向谘议会的授权进行的宣判。”Palgrave,Anessay upon The Original Authority of the King’s Council,1834,p.69.但是Baldwin并不同意该观点，参见J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the Middle Ages.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.302n.1.
①I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.104.
②I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.54.
③I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.101.
④I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.89.
⑤J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.pp.297-298.
⑥J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.pp.290-291.
⑦I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard UniversityPress,Cambridge:1918.pp.xxv-xxviii.
①I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.89.
②Bruce提到，“谘议会不敢僭越处以死刑的权力。死刑性质的案件只能来自国王，他在他的法院控诉任何叛国性质的或者重罪犯，显示出他想要对剥夺生命判决的宽恕。”Bruce,Archaeologia:or MiscellaneousTracts relating to Antiquity(Society of Antiquaries of London,vol.XXV.)London,1884.p.352.
①I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.xlv.
②Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol ii.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.228(25ED.III.n.16.)类似的请愿在1402年也出现了,见Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol iii.Great Britain Parliament, JohnStrachey,1771.p.506,507(4Hy.IV..n.78.)
③Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol iii.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.44(2Rich.II.n.49.)
④Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol iii.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.267(13Rich.II.n.33.)
⑤Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol iii.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.323(17Rich.II.n.52.)
⑥Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol iii.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.471(2Hy.iv.n.33.)
⑦Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol iii.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.84(3Hy.v.n.46.)
⑧Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol iii.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.156(9Hy.v.n.25.)
⑨Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol iii.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.446(91Hy.iv.n.162.)
⑩William Lambard, Archeion,london:1635.pp.130-132.
①Rotuli Parliamentorum, Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.vol iii.p.21,46;vol iv.201,343.
②J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.178.
③Fortescue,The Difference Between anAbsolute and Limited Monarchy,london:1719.pp.108-109.
①Rotuli Parliamentorum,Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.vol iv. p.4.
②I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.101.
③J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.305.
④William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.v,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1937,p.490.
⑤J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.420
②Fortescue,The difference between an absolute and limited monarchy;london:1719.pp.110-119.
③J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.436.
①Bacon,History of Henry VII,Cambridge,1876.p.217.
②J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.452.
③J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.pp.437-438.
④在1486年即通过了一项针对贵族的仆人所犯下的各种骚乱罪行的法令。Lansdowne MSS.,no.83,art.72;cited by Miss Scofield,A Study of the Court of Star Chamber,Chicago University press, Chicago:1900.p.xiii.
①John Nicholas,ACollection of Ordinances and Regulations for the government of the Royal Household,Societyof Antiquaries,1790.p.159.
②J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.448.
①J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.451-452.
①John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England vol.vii,1893,p.189.
②John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England vol.x,1895,p.383.
③John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England vol.xii,1896.p.vii;vol.xiii,1896,p.vii.
④The Egerton Papers,J.Payne Collier edited,Camden Society,1840,pp.24-25.
⑤John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England vol.vii,1893,p.405.
⑥John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England vol.xiii,1896,p.394-395.
⑦John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England vol.xviii,1899,p.181-183.
⑧John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England vol.xvii,1898,p.195.
①Camden,Britannia,1670,p.130.
②Smith, De RepublicaAnglorum,bk.iii c.4.
③William Lambard,Archeion, or,Adiscourse upon the High Courts of Justice inEngland,London:1635,p.116-218.
④Bacon,History of Henry VII,Cambridge,1876.
⑤Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.§.11.p.3-8.
①Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol ii.Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.p.154.
②W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.xliii.
③A.T.Carter,AHistory of English Legal Institutions, Butterworth&Co,London,1902,p.131.
④W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.pp.xlv-xlvi.
⑤Coke,The Fourth Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,london,1797.p.66; Thomas Smith, A Discourseon the Commonwealth of England, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1906,p.116;WilliamLambard,Archeion,london,1635.p.155.
⑥W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.pp.xlvi-xlvii.
⑦Blackstone, Commentaries On the Laws of England,vol.iv.10th edition, Strahan,1787,p.266.n.2.
⑧William Holdsworth, A History of English Law,Volume I, Methuem&Co Ltd, Sweet And MaxwellLtd,Londun,1927,p.45-46.
⑨W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.pp.xlviii-xlx.
①Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.6-7.
②W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.lii,lv.
③Coke,The Fourth part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,london,1797.p.65.
④A. F. Pollard.Council, Star Chamber, and Privy Council under the Tudors: I. The Council.The English Historical Review,Vol.37, No.147(Jul.,1922), pp.353-355.
①Coke,The Fourth part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,london,1797.p.65.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.23.
③Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.36.
④W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.3.
①Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.26.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.27-34.
③Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.35.
④Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.24-25.
⑤有关职业法官参加星座法院的案例情况，参见John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council ofEngland vol.vii,1893,p.154,164,169;vol.viii.1894,p.234;vol xviii.1899,p.110,124.
⑥Edward P. Cheyney, The Court of Star Chamber, TheAmerican Historical Review, Vol.18, No.4(Jul.,1913),p.730.
①Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.pp.40-41.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.37.
③Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.44.
④Thomas G. Barnes,Due Process and Slow Process in the Late Elizabethan-Early Stuart Star Chamber: PartII,The American Journal of Legal History, Vol.6, No.4(Oct.,1962),p.343.
⑤Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.48.
①Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.47,48.
②John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,vol.xx,p.251.
③Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.118.
④这种案件在谘议会案例记录中到处可以，尤其在John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council ofEngland,vol.xiv,xxviii中有大量的案例。
⑤Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.126.
⑥Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.62.
①S.R.Gardiner, Reports of Cases in the Court of Star Chamber and High Commission,1886,pp.145-146.
②Rushworth, Historical Collections, vol.III., appendix.
③W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.114.
④Edward P. Cheyney, The Court of Star Chamber, The American Historical Review, Vol.18, No.4(Jul.,1913),p.734.
⑤W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.152.
①Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.65,66.
②Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.83.
③Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.82.
④John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,vol.xix.p.424;vol.xx,p.95,219;vol.xxii,p.449,450.
⑤John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,vol.xiii,p.106.
⑥John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,vol.xx,p.242..
⑦Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.49.
①Rushworth, Hist. Coll., vol. III., app.,p54,60,106,109.
②Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.129.
③John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,viii p.144.
④John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,vii p.197;ix,xxiii.
⑤John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,vol xiv,p.49.
⑥John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,vol i.p.29.
⑦John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,vol x p.78;xi,xxvii,xxviii;xii p.18;xiv,xxxi.
⑧John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,xi,xxvii.
⑨John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,xx,126,127,133,134.
⑩W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.lx,161.
①John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,xiv.x.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.56.
③Hudson提到，对控诉状进行登记备案的时间涉及到对犯罪的赦免以及查明控诉状事项的问题，因此意义重大。Ibid,p.50.
④Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.150.
⑤Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.150.
⑥Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.151.
①W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.43.
②W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.32.
③W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.82.
④Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol.II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.154.
⑤Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol.II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.154-155.
⑥Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol.II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.156.
⑦Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.151.
⑧Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p158.
①Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.158.
②Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.159.
③Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.163.
①W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.143.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.pp.167-168.
③Hudson提到，一方面“书记官操控着所有这些程序，没有任何律师的建议或者签署。”另一方面，合并争点的问题仅仅成为了形式问题。“答复本身只不过是否定被告的答辩并维持控诉状，为了引出事项的争点，该争点可以被证词证实或推翻；但是如果漏掉了起诉书中指控被告的任何事项，尽管它被答复所主张了，那么任何被告都不应被裁决；因为和答复没有什么关系，它们仅仅是由书记员起草的，并未关注案件中是否具有任何争点，顾问律师没有参与或了解，许多诉讼在进入审理时看起来不错，但是当事人最终被发现没有任何结合的争点存在。”Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in CollectaneaTuridica, vol. II.The Legal Classics Library Division of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.pp.191-192.
④Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.168.
⑤W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.72.
⑥Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.182.
①Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.183.
②Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.169.
③Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.170.
④W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.54.
⑤W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.222.
⑥Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.199.
⑦贵族曾主张他们是基于他们的荣誉而非宣誓作证，Hudson对此予以否定。Hudson,ATreatise on the Courtof Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics Library Division of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.207.
⑧Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.200.
①Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.201.
②Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.202.
③Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.203.
④William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.v,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1937,p.183.
①Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.217.
②关于传唤令的送达规则，详见Hudson,ibid,p.218-219.
①Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.217.
②Miss Scofield,AStudy of the Court of Star Chamber,Chicago, Chicago University press,1900.p.59.
③Gardiner,Reports of Cases in Star Chamber (Camden Society,1886), p.138.
④W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.147.
⑤Coke,The Fourth Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,London,1797.p.62.
⑥W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.lv.
⑦Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.126.
①Thomas Allen,The History andAntiquities of London, Westminster, Southwark, and other parts adjacent.vol.51837,p.246.
②Coke,The Fourth Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,London,1797.p.63.
③A. T. CarterAHistory of English Legal Institutions Butterworth&Co.,London,1902,p.143.
④Coke,The Fourth Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,London,1797.p.63.
⑤S.R.Gardiner, Reports of Cases in the Court of Star Chamber and High Commission,1886,pp.43-49.
⑥S.R.Gardiner, Reports of Cases in the Court of Star Chamber and High Commission,1886,pp.82-89.
①Thomas Allen,The History andAntiquities of London, Westminster, Southwark, and other parts adjacent.vol.51837,p.246.
②Edward P.Cheyney, The Court of Star Chamber, TheAmerican Historical Review,Vol.18,No.4.(Jul.,1913),p.741“一个人突然被捕并被秘密精巧的审讯，过度劳累，有可能陷入一个无意识的和不明智的供认，然后在一个纹章院官员的监管下，没有律师，直到被带到王国中最高贵的人的面前，甚至没有能够向罪犯提供像在普通法法院那样可以提供的可怜的保护。”ibid,p.741. Hudson对此也保持着警惕，他强调了口头程序的核心是被告人的自愿认罪。并指出，“由于口头程序是一个充满活力的特权，那么如果将其限制在他们的范围内的话将是令人欣慰的。而在必要时这个程序的合法使用将会和其他方式一样成为正义之眼。”Hudson,ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The LegalClassics Library Division of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.127,128.
③Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.224.
④Harg.MS.216,p.350.
⑤Cora L.Scofield.A Court of Star Chamber-Largely Based on Manuscripts in the British Museum and the PublicRecord Office,Chicago University Press,Chicago:1900,p.78.
⑥H.E.I.Phillips,The Court of Star Chamber,1603-41(unpublished London M.A. thesis,1939), p.130.
⑦Cotton MS.Tius,C.VII,fol.116.
⑧Harl.MS.6265,Art.20.fols.376-382.
①G. R. Batho,The Payment and Mitigation of a Star Chamber Fine.The Historical Journal,Vol.1,No.1(1958),p.40.
②Cora L.Scofield.A Court of Star Chamber-Largely Based on Manuscripts in the British Museum and the PublicRecord Office,Chicago University Press,Chicago:1900,p78.n6.
③Miss Elfreda Skelton (Lady Neale), The Court of Star Chamber in the Reign of Elizabeth(unpublished LondonM.A. thesis, I93I), i, App. Lix. Cora L.Scofield.A Court of Star Chamber-largely based on manuscripts in thebritish museum and the public record office.chicago.the university of chicago press1900,p79.
④H.E.I.Phillips,The Court of Star Chamber,1603-41(unpublished London M.A. thesis,1939),314-325.从1602—1609年间星座法院对罚金的减免可见W. P. Baildon, Hawarde's Les Reportes del Cases in CameraStellata (1894), p411-414.
⑤S.R.Gardiner, History of England,VII,p.148.
⑥G. R. Batho,The Payment and Mitigation of a Star Chamber Fine.The Historical Journal, Vol.1,No.1(1958),p.41.在该文中，作者通过举出对1605年发生的火药阴谋案（Gunpowder Plot）展现出罚金在星座法院的具体适用。
⑦Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.228-229.
①Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.224.
②一个男爵须支付10英镑，一个骑士须支付5英镑，一个普通绅士须支付5马克，一个自由民须支付半马克（5nobles）。Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The LegalClassics Library Division of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.224.
③Edward P.Cheyney, The Court of Star Chamber, The American Historical Review,Vol.18,No.4(Jul.,1913),p.743.
④Thomas G. Barnes,Star Chamber Mythology,The American Journal of Legal History, Vol.5, No.1(Jan.,1961),p.7.
⑤Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.224-225.
⑥Cora L.Scofield.A Court of Star Chamber-Largely Based on Manuscripts in the British Museum and the PublicRecord Office,Chicago University Press,Chicago:1900,p7.
①Edward P.Cheyney, The Court of Star Chamber, The American Historical Review,Vol.18,No.4(Jul.,1913),p.744.
②Thomas G. Barnes,Star Chamber Mythology,The American Journal of Legal History, Vol.5, No.1(Jan.,1961),p.7.
③Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.225.
④最终，其他谘议员并没有接受这一野蛮的建议.—W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privately printed,1894.p.38.
⑤在1631年Lord Falkland由于SirArthur Savage诽谤而被给予3000英镑;Lord Savile因在一个所有权存在争议的地方打猎而被迫支付150英镑赔偿金给Sir John Jackson;一个叫Martin的人由于传播邻居夫妻的诽谤而被迫支付100英镑赔偿金.——Edward P.Cheyney, The Court of Star Chamber, The AmericanHistorical Review,Vol.18,No.4(Jul.,1913), p.743.
①Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.226-227.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,pp.229-230.
③Edward P.Cheyney, The Court of Star Chamber, The American Historical Review,Vol.18,No.4(Jul.,1913),p.743.
①Thomas G. Barnes,Star Chamber Mythology,The American Journal of Legal History, Vol.5, No.1(Jan.,1961),p.7.
②W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.lxii-lxiii.
①Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.17.
②I.S.Leadam, Select Cases Before The King’s Council in The Star Chamber,A.D.1477-1509,London,1903,p.lix.
③Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reigns of Edward VI,Mary,Elizabeth,vol.ILondon: Longmans and Co.,1865.p.302.
①Cited by J. E. Neale, Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments，1559-1601，(New York,1958),vol.I,p.192.
②Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of Elizabeth,vol.II London: Longmans andCo.,1865.p.115.
③Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of Elizabeth,vol.II,London: Longmans andCo.,1865.p.184.
①W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.pp.37-38.
②Newell Dalton Boyd, The Final Years of the Court of Star Chamber,1558-1641, Texas Tech University,1971,p.49.
③Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of Elizabeth,vol.IV,London: Longmansand Co.,1869.p.148.
④Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of Elizabeth,vol.IV,London: Longmansand Co.,1869.p.324.
⑤Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of Elizabeth,vol.IV,London: Longmansand Co.,1869.p.439.
⑥Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of Elizabeth,vol.V,London: Longmans andCo.,1869.p.347.
⑦Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of Elizabeth,vol.VI,London: Longmansand Co.,1870.p.300.
①Select Pleas of theAdmiralty (S.S.)vol.ii,p.22-23,113n2.
②William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.v,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1937,app.i.
③W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.150.
④John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,vol.xxxii,1907,p.488.
⑤“都铎君主承担了保护中产阶级反抗大地主和支持国教抵制外国教会组织的权力。尽管伊丽莎白行事睿智温和，但是像议会总是不予支持的征税这样的王权，以及调动法官的权力，以及像星座法院和宗教事务高等法院这样的特权法院日益增长的重要性，都包含着压迫的病菌。”Richard L.Perry(ed.) Sources ofOur Liberties, American Bar Foundation, Chicago:1978.pp.62-63.
⑥Camden,Britannia,1594, p.112.
⑦William Lambard,Archeion, or,Adiscourse upon the High Courts of Justice in England,London:1635, p.217.
⑧Coke,The Fourth part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,london,1797.ch.5.
①Coke,The Fourth part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,london,1797.p.245,246.
②Coke,The Fourth part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,london,1797.p.246.
①就在詹姆斯即位的1603年，数百名清教徒就联名向国王呈交了一份“千人请愿书”，要求比伊丽莎白规定的更简单的宗教仪式。G. M. Trevelyan, England Under The Stuarts (New York,1965), p.73.而几乎与此同时，天主教也开始了针对詹姆斯的阴谋，出现了著名的1604-1605年的“火药阴谋”案，即天主教徒试图暗杀詹姆斯，并用36桶火药藏在议会地窖将议会两院炸毁。最后该计划由于被人告发而破产。随后即引发了对王权和议会对天主教的仇恨。G.M.Trevelyan,England Under the Stuarts.New York:Putnam'sSons,1933.p.87-93.
②C, H. Mcllwain (ed.), The Political Works of James I (New York,1965),p.114.
③由于国王在1616年免去了主张普通法高于国王特权的首席法官爱德华柯克，因此这届议会报复性的弹劾了受贿的大法官弗朗西斯培根。Christopher Hill,The Century of Revolution,1603-1714(NewYork,1961)p.11.
④Cora L.Scofield, AHistory of the Court of Star Chamber,(Chicago,1900),p.58.
⑤Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.IX,London: Longmans andCo.,1858.p.439.
⑥Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.IX,London: Longmans andCo.,1858.p.375.
⑦Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.IX,London: Longmans andCo.,1858.p.434.
⑧Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.IX,London: Longmans andCo.,1858.p.436.
⑨Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.X,London: Longmans andCo.,1858.p.11.
①Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.X,London: Longmans andCo.,1858.p.14.
②Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.VIII,London: Longmansand Co.,1857.p.87.
③Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.VIII,London: Longmansand Co.,1857.p.389.
④Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.VIII,London: Longmansand Co.,1857.p.447.
⑤Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.IX,London: Longmans andCo.,1858.p.450.
⑥Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.IX,London: Longmans andCo.,1858.p.592.
⑦Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.IX,London: Longmans andCo.,1858.pp.600-601.
⑧Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.X,London: Longmans andCo.,1858.p.314.
⑨Cora L.Scofield, AHistory of the Court of Star Chamber,(Chicago,1900),p.79.
⑩G. B.Harrison (ed.)AJacobean Journal,1603-07.New York:Macmillan Co.,1941.p.197.
①Historical Manuscripts Commission, Manuscripts of the Marquis of Salisbury,vol.19,p.66.
②G. B.Harrison (ed.)ASecond Jacobean Journal,1607-1610.An Brbor:University of Michigan Press,1966.p.67.
③N.E.McClure (ed.). The Letters of John Chamberlain (Philadelphia,1939), p.310.
④Newell Dalton Boyd, The Final Years of the Court of Star Chamber,1558-1641, Texas Tech University,1971,p.85.
①Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.VIII,London: Longmansand Co.,1857.p.481,p.489.
②Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.XVI,London: Longmansand Co.,1857.p.447.
③Richard L.Perry(ed.) Sources of Our Liberties,American Bar Foundation, Chicago:1978.p.76.
④Henry E. I. Phillips, The Last Years of the Court of Star Chamber1630-41:(TheAlexander Prize Essay),Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Fourth Series, Vol.21(1939), p.117.
①John Bruce,Documents relating to the Proceedings against William Prynne (Camden Society,1877), pp.1-69.
①Statutes of the Realm, vol.V.p.110-112.
①Calerndon,History of the Rebellion(Ed.1843),p.28.
①Coke The Fourth part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,london,1797.p.61-62.
②F. Palgrave, The Original Authority of the King's Council,1834.p.98-99.
③H. Hallam, Constitutional History form the Accession of Henruy VII.To The death of Geogre II., New York:HARPER&BROTHERS,1873,I.p.37-38.
①J. F. Stephen.AHistory of the Criminal Law of England,vol I.p.168-170. London.Macmillian and Co.1883.
②A.V. Dicey, The Privy Council, Macmillan and Co.,1887p.97.
③Rushworth,Historical Collections vol I,london1703,p.437-441.
④C. L. Scofield,AStudy of the Court of Star Chamber,Chicago,Chicago University Press.1900,p.14-44.
①I.S.Leadam, Select Cases Before The King’s Council in The Star Chamber,A.D.1477-1509,London,1903,p.lxx-lxxi
②J.R.Tanner, Tudor Constitutional documents (1922). Cambridge University Press,p.252.
③William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.i,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1956,p.494-495.
④A. F. Pollard.Council, Star Chamber, and Privy Council under the Tudors: II. The Star Chamber. The EnglishHistorical Review, Vol.37, No.148(Oct.,1922), p.525.
①A. F. Pollard.Council, Star Chamber, and Privy Council under the Tudors: II. The Star Chamber. The EnglishHistorical Review, Vol.37, No.148(Oct.,1922), p.525;p.538, n.1.
③W. S. Holdsworth,AHistory of Engliah Law,Methuen&Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,1956.vol.i.p.495.
①A. T. CarterAHistory of English Legal Institutions Butterworth&Co.,London,1902,p.140.
②对此，Holdsworth并不同意pollard的观点，“我在该法案中并没有找到他推测的根据,即1487年法案是用来主要对付王室官员们的犯罪的，可以说，像郡长这样的官员们才是最常见的罪犯，但是这些很难被称为王室官员。”W. S. Holdsworth, AHistory of Engliah Law,Methuen&CO LTD SWEETANDMAXWELL,1956.vol.iv.p.60.note4.
③A. F. Pollard.Council, Star Chamber, and Privy Council under the Tudors: II. The Star Chamber. The EnglishHistorical Review, Vol.37, No.148(Oct.,1922), p.526.
④Pollard举出了牛津伯爵（Earl of Oxford）的例子。“在星座法院的记录中，没有发现牛津伯爵因违反了在国王看来的国王的法律而被处以罚金的记载。牛津可不是亨利能够承担得起公开诽谤的人。但是这个故事很有可能就是真的，并且很有可能这个伯爵就是被这个根据1487年法案建立起来的委员会处以了罚金。”—A. F. Pollard.Council, Star Chamber, and Privy Council under the Tudors: II. The Star Chamber. TheEnglish Historical Review, Vol.37, No.148(Oct.,1922), pp.526-527.
⑤A. F. Pollard.Council, Star Chamber, and Privy Council under the Tudors: II. The Star Chamber. The EnglishHistorical Review, Vol.37, No.148(Oct.,1922), p.528.
①A. F. Pollard.Council, Star Chamber, and Privy Council under the Tudors: II. The Star Chamber. The EnglishHistorical Review, Vol.37, No.148(Oct.,1922), p.522.
②A. F. Pollard.Council, Star Chamber, and Privy Council under the Tudors: II. The Star Chamber. The EnglishHistorical Review, Vol.37, No.148(Oct.,1922), p.522-523.
③A. F. Pollard.Council, Star Chamber, and Privy Council under the Tudors: II. The Star Chamber. The EnglishHistorical Review, Vol.37, No.148(Oct.,1922), p.523.
①Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.51
①W. S. Holdsworth,AHistory of Engliah Law,Methuen&Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,1937,vol.v,p.494.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.51.
①Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,p.493.
②郡宰（Coroner），又名验尸官。随着郡长的权力在12世纪的不断扩大，国王戒心日起，于是在12世纪末设置郡宰监督郡长来保护王室利益。郡宰的职权相当广泛，主要用于保护王室利益。在刑事案件方面，郡宰有特别的权力，包括保存案卷以便审查百户区法院陪审团的判决；中止不适合郡长审查的案件的程序；对于刑事案件本身则可以参与起诉；保存“剥夺法权”（outlawry）案件的卷宗；接受自首；确保被告到庭；记录书面证据；强制证人到庭等等。在涉及王室利益的案件中，郡宰也有特别的权力，甚至可以组织陪审团、开设法庭，并且其法庭为有案卷记录之法庭，案件有例如海难、王室渔业、发现埋藏物、百户区须为之负责的不明谋杀案、十户保甲责任案件、自杀或重罪者的财产充公事项等等。参见，WilliamHoldsworth,A Historyof English Law,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1956,vol.i.pp.82-87.
①Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,p.11.
②Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,p.9.
③Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,p13.
④Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,17.
⑤Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,17.
①Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I,vol.ii.Cambridge: At the university press,1895.p.635.
②Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I,vol.ii.Cambridge: At the university press,1895.p.636.
③Holdsworth,history of english law,vol.1.p.304.
④Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I,vol.ii.Cambridge: At the university press,1895.p.636.
⑤William Holdsworth,A Historyof English Law,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1936,vol.ii.p.287.
⑥Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I,vol.ii.Cambridge: At the university press,1895.p.636.
⑦Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,p.24.
①Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I,vol.ii.Cambridge: At the university press,1895.p.559.
②Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I,vol.ii.Cambridge: At the university press,1895.p.632-634.
③William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.v,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1956,p.308.
④Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,p.41.
①Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I,vol.ii.Cambridge: At the university press,1895.p.596.
①William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.i,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1956,p.311.
②Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of EdwardI,Cambridge: At the university press,1895.vol I,p.120.
③Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,pp.47-48.
④Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of EdwardI,Cambridge: At the university press,1895.vol I,p.120.
⑤Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of EdwardI,Cambridge: At the university press,1895.vol I,p.120.
⑥Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of EdwardI,Cambridge: At the university press,1895.vol I,p.122.
①Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of EdwardI,Cambridge: At the university press,1895.vol ii,p.602.
②A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.p.64-66.
③A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.p.83-84.
④Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of EdwardI,Cambridge: At the university press,1895.vol ii,p.656-657.
①“亨利2世改革的效力正当其时。但是对于他们，我们确实应当知道这个调查，但是它几乎就是教会法的调查，是法国新的司法的调查（enquête），”Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History ofEnglish Law before the Time of Edward I,Cambridge: At the university press,1895.vol.i,p.602。
②Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of EdwardI,Cambridge: At the university press,1895.vol ii,p.665.
③Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of EdwardI,Cambridge: At the university press,1895.vol ii,p.646-647.
④A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.p.332.
①A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.p.332-333.
②C.L.Wells, Early Opposition to the Petty Jury in the Criminal Cases,L.Q.R.vol.30,p.104.
③Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,p.75.
④William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.i,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1956.p.326.
⑤C.L.Wells, The Origin of the Petty Jury,L.Q.R.vol.27,p.350.
①C.L.Wells, The Origin of the Petty Jury,L.Q.R.vol.27,p.350.
②C.L.Wells, The Origin of the Petty Jury,L.Q.R.vol.27,p.357-359.
③John Fortescue, De Laudibus LegumAngliae,c.25.
④Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,p.94.
⑤Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of EdwardI,Cambridge: At the university press,1895.vol ii,p.626.
⑥Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,p.102.
⑦Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,p.104.
⑧Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,p.115.
①The Eyre of Kent(S.S.)Vol.i,p.xxxiii.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.77,81.
③C.L.Wells, The Origin of the Petty Jury,L.Q.R.vol.27,p.357.
①Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of EdwardI,Cambridge: At the university press,1895.vol ii,p.655.
①Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,vol.i.p.493.
②Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,vol.i.p.495.
③John Fortescue, De Laudibus Legum Angliae,1874,c.27
④Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,translated by J,Simpson,Little Brown Company,Boston,1913,p.288.
①A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.p.79-80.
②A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.p.82.
③A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.p.86.
④A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.pp.90-91.
①A.Esmein,AHistory of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.pp.91-92.
②A.Esmein,AHistory of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.pp.94-95.
①A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.p.128.
②A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.p.126.
①A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.p.151.
②A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.pp.152-153.
③A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.pp.155-156.
①A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.pp.158-159.
②A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.pp.165-166.
③Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.137.
①该法案的名称是“一项规制对叛国以及包庇叛国罪审理的法案”。1696年叛国罪审理法被认为“完成了从都铎风格的司法程序向本质上的现代司法程序的转变”。参见James R. Phifer,“Law, Politics, andViolence:The Treason Trials Act of1696”, Albion12(1980), p.255.该法案在英国法律中的意义已经被比喻为“和权利法案以及宽容法共同属于后大革命救济措施1688年革命之副产品。”参见SamuelRezneck,“The Statute of1696:A Pioneer Measure in the Reform of Judicial Procedure in England,”Journal ofModern History2(1930), p.5,6.另外，有关该法案和辩护律师问题的研究，参见J. M. Beattie,“Scales ofJustice:Defense Counsel and the English Criminal Trial in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries”,Law andHistory Review,Vol.9,No.2(Autumn,1991),pp.221-267.
②Statutes of the Realm,vol.vii,pp.6-7.
③参见Stephan Landsman,“The Rise of the Contentious Spirit:Adversary Procedure in Eighteenth-CenturyEngland”,Cornell Law Review75(1990), pp.534-539;关于被告在审理前看到指控书的权利，参见Hay,Douglas,“Prosecution and Power: Malicious Prosecution in the English Courts,1750-1850.” Policing andProsecution in Britaill1750-1850,D.Hay and F.Snyder, eds.,Oxford University Press,1989.p.352, n.31;WilliamHawkins, A Treatise of the Pleas of the Crown,vol.2(New York,1721),p.402.
④有关谈论可见，Michael Dalton,The Countrey Justice,London:1619,pp.51-55.
⑤Beattie提到，“通常的做法是法官逐个的检验受害人和任何控诉证人的证词，即作为询问员也作为交叉询问员，直到他满意最充分可能的案情已经得到展示。”J.M. Beattle,Crime and The Courts InEngland:1660-1800,1986,p.342.
②Barnes, Thomas G., The Making of English Criminal Law (2): Star Chamber and the Sophistication of theCriminal Law." Criminal Law Review (June1977),p.321.
③Harold J.Berman,Law and Revolutionary,vol II(The Impact of the Protestant Reformations on the WesternLegal Tradition), Harvard University Press,2003,p.479.n.52.
参见William Holdsworth,A History of EnglishLaw,vol.II,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1936,p.484-512; William Holdsworth,A History ofEnglish Law,vol.VI,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1956,p.431-480.
⑤John Harwarde,Les Reportes del Cases in Camera Stellata1593-1609,edited by William Paley Baildwin,privated print,1894.p.lx.
⑥Barnes, Thomas G., The Making of English Criminal Law (2): Star Chamber and the Sophistication of theCriminal Law." Criminal Law Review (June1977),p.321.
①James Fitzjames Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,Macmillan and CO.(London:1883).p.341.
②Cobbett’s Complete Collection of State Trials,vol III,1809,pp.713-714.
①Cobbett’s Complete Collection of State Trials,vol III,1809,pp.715-716.
②James Fitzjames Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,Macmillan and CO.(London:1883).pp.340-341.
①。参见John Hawles,Remarks Upon TheTryals Of Edward Fitzharris,Stephen Colledge, Count Coningsmark,The Lord Russel,Collonel Sidney,HenryCornish And Charles Bateman,(London, Jacob Tonson1689),p.22.
②Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,pp.127-128.
③Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,214-215.
④Proceedings and ordinances of the Privy Council of England (edited by Sir Harris Nicolas) viixlvi-xlviii;Dasent Acts of the Privy Council of England(new series AD-1552-1554) iv171,201,284;v235;xviii37,399,401.
⑤Jardine,Areading On the Use of Torture In The Criminal Law of England.app.
①John Fortescue, De Laudibus Legum Angliae,1874,c.27,p.94
②Thomas Smith,ADiscourse on the Commonwealth of England, Cambridge, Cambridge UniversityPress,1906,bk.ii c.24,p.117.Smith分析了英国人的禀性，“英国人宁可漠视死亡也不忍受折磨。因此一个人宁可承认他杀了他的父亲也不愿承受刑讯，在他眼里死亡并非一个卑劣的折磨。在任何其他地方你都不会看到像在英格兰的罪犯那样对死亡保持着更坚定自信而更少悲恸。另外，人们不习惯看到这样残酷的折磨，并对受到折磨的人报以怜悯，…在英格兰有一条古老的法律，即如果任何狱守对任何他监管下的囚犯进行任何折磨，以使他成为他的同伙的指控者的话，那么监守将成为重罪犯。”ibid.
③Coke,The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,London:1797,p.35.
④Rushworth,pt.i.vol.ip.650-651
⑤A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.p.107
⑥Jardine,Areading On the Use of Torture In The Criminal Law of England,p.25.
⑦Spedding the letters and life of francis bacon v93n.;vii78,79.
⑧(1612)12co.rep.at p.96在谈到贵族的特权时，他说“基于法律授予贵族的荣誉和尊严，他们的身体不能在大不敬案件中(in cousa criminis lasae majestatis)受到刑讯。”Hargrave说在2S.T（state trial）774n.a他作为总检察长在Essex伯爵审判中的语言正式了他这个观点。
⑨这一年5月21日伦敦塔的守卫得到授权要求对一个名叫John Archer的手套商进行刑讯。Jardine,Areading On the use of torture in the criminal law of england,p.57。
①Rushworth,pt.i.vol.i650
②Jardine,Areading On the Use of Torture In The Criminal Law of England,p.59,60.
③Jardine,Areading On the Use of Torture In The Criminal Law of England,p.64-65.
④The Table Talk of John Seldon Edited,with an introd.and notes by Samuel Harvey Reynolds.Published1892byClarendon Press in Oxford.pp.184,185.
⑤Thomas G. Barnes,Star Chamber Mythology,The American Journal of Legal History, Vol.5, No.1(Jan.,1961),p.7-8.
①William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.v,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1937,p.187
②W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.144.
③W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.177.
④W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.292.
⑤W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.146.
⑥Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.209.
⑦以下有关1637年李尔本案的有关介绍，来自于AComplete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings forHigh Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors(Cobbett),vol.iii,London:1809,pp.1315-1369.
①Harold J.Berman,Law and Revolution,II, The Impact of the Protestants on the Western Legal Tradition, Harvard UniversityPress,2003.pp.312-313.
①Pollock,The Popish Plot,1944,pp.266-267.
②Pollock,The Popish Plot,1944,p.267
③Pollock,The Popish Plot,1944,286-287.
①Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,62-63;64-65.
②W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.96.
①Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,vol.i.p190.
②Dasent,vol xxiii p.330.
③Dasent vi (1558)pp.310-311
①J.Pollock,The Popish Plot269-276;Stephen,H.C.L.vol.i.pp.222-225.
②De RepublicaAnglorum,Bk.II.c.23
③William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.i,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1956,p.296.n.6.
④John Hawarde,Les reportes de cases in camera stellata(1593-1609),edited by Baildon,privated print,1894.p.19,56,101,186,326,367.
⑤William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.v,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1937,p.191.
⑥William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.iv,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1945,pp.77-78.
⑦Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.64; John Hawarde,Les reportes de cases in camerastellata(1593-1609),edited by Baildon,privated print,1894.pp.334-336.
⑧Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.109.
①Coke,The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,London:1797,p.29.
②塞耶给出了一些具体的例子，参见Thayer,Evidence,157.n4,p.160,n.
③Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,vol.i,p.350.
④Matthew Hale,The History of the Pleas of the Crown,vol.ii,1736,p.283.
⑤Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.77.
⑥Stephen,A History of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,Macmillan And Co.London:1883,vol.i. p.350;J.Pollock,The Poplish Plot,p.292-295.
①Stephen, a history of criminal law in england,vol.i,p.325,326.
②Harold J.Berman,Law and Revolution,II, The Impact of the Protestants on the Western Legal Tradition,Harvard University Press,2003.pp.313.
①Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.64.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.109.
③Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.111.
④Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.109.
⑤Nicolas, Proceedings and ordinances of the Privy Council of England,vol.vii.p.246;Dasentvol.vii(1565)p.241;vol.xiv.p.389;vol.xv.p.88;vol.xvi.p.18;vol.xxvo.p.411;vol.xxix.p.655,656;Harward,lesreporte del cases,p.33—治安法官和军务长;61-62—郡宰;68,334-336—治安法官;74—郡长;134-139.边区谘议员.
⑥Nicolas, Proceedings and ordinances of the Privy Council of England,vol.vii,p.101,102;Dasent,vol i,p.33;volx.p.262;vol.xi.p.348;vol.xxiv.p.33,34.
⑦Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I,vol.ii.Cambridge: At the university press,1895.p.539.
⑧Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.65.
①Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.65.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.70.
③William Holdsworth,AHistory of English Law,vol.iv,Methune＆Co Ltd SweetAndMaxwell,London:1945,p.503.
④Stephen指出，证人伪证在英格兰知道伊丽莎白女王时期才是法律上的一项犯罪，见James FitzjamesStephen,A History of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,Macmillan And Co.London:1883,p.307.
⑤Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.74.
⑥Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.79.
①Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.76.
②Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.80.
③Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.74.
④11Henry vii.c.24;11Henry vii.c.21;32Henry viii.c.9.
⑤Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.72,73.
⑥Coke,the Third instit.p.164.
⑦Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.74.
⑧Coke,the Third instit.p.164.
⑨William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.iv,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1945,p.519.
⑩Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,vol.iii.p.249.
11Coke,The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,London:1797,p.164.
①Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.82.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.84.
③Leadam,Select Cases before the king’s council in the Star Chamber(S.S.)(1477-1509)p.237-253(1507);Haward,Les Reports del Cases in Camera Stellata,p.103,139,140.
④Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.82;Coke,Third insti.c.79;Les Reportes del Cases157.
⑤Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.82;Coke,Third insti.c.79.
⑥Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.82.
⑦Coke,The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,London:1797,c.79.
⑧Kenny,Criminal Law,281.
①Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,pp.85-87,88.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,88.
③Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.87-88; Stephen,H.C.L.iii99-102.
④Third Insti.157.
⑤R.v.Taverner(1617)3Buls.at p.171per Coke.C.J.;Hale,P.C.i453.
⑥Coke,The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,London:1797,pp.157-158; R.v.Taverner(1617)3Buls.171;Stephen,H.C.L.iii100-101.
⑦Matthew Hale,The History of the Pleas of the Crown,vol.i,1736,p.443,453; Stephen,AHistory of The CriminalLaw of England,vol.I,Macmillan And Co.London:1883,vol.iii,p.101-102.
⑧Coke,The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,London:1797,p.158.
⑨Y.BB.4Hy.VI.Hil.pl.2;8Ed.IV.Pasch.pl.17.
⑩Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,vol.iii100.
11Coke,The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,London:1797,p.158.
12Spedding,Letters and Life of Bacon iv396,citing a letter of Chamberlain of Sept.9,1613.
13Tudor and Stuart Proclamations nos.1134,1142,1143,1184,1636.
14Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.82.87.
15Spedding,op.cit.iv403:Atty.-Gen.v.Kelly(1632)Cases in the Star Chamber and HighCommission(C.S.)112-115.-an information against Kelly ore tenus for sending a chanllenge.
①Lord Darcy of the North v.Gervase Markham(1616) Hob.at p.121.
②17世纪后期对这个实践的控诉可见Tudor and Stuart Proclamations nos.3245,3710;1668年的一个法案，提议严重的惩罚决斗准备活动，并且给Marshal伯爵及其助理对产生决斗的争吵行使管辖权，见Hist.MSS.Com.8th Rep.App.pt.I.122,no.168.
③Spedding,Letters and Life of Bacon iv412.
④Spedding,Letters and Life of Bacon iv412.
⑤Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.108.
⑥Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,vol.ii,p.222;P.andM.vol.ii,p.474n5.
⑦Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,vol.iip.223-224.
⑧Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,vol.iip.223-224.
①Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,vol.iii,p.239.
②Reportes del Cases300-331;vol.vii534-537.
③Reportes del Cases331—他们不可以为其委托人垫付金钱；但是一个人可以写信给律师指示或获得建议，或者开始诉讼。这被称为“对国家的穷人是如此的普遍和必需，”以至于“即使是一个犯罪，这个法院也不会审判它。”
④Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.90-91.
⑤Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.90.
⑥Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.90.
⑦Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,89-90—“任何人在为了国王利益而进行的起诉中支付金钱都是合法的。”
⑧Winfield, The present law of abuse of legal procedure, Cambridge: Cambridge University press,1921,pp.5-6.
⑨Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.91.
⑩Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.91-93;Reports del Cases96,243.
①William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.v,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1937,p.203;Vol.iv,p.105-106,163,214.
②Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.104-107.
③Nicolas vii77,78,101,102;Dasent x262;xi348;xii94,95.
④Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.106.
①Coke,The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,London:1797,p.143.
②“他们将失去自由保有地或者法律特许，使他们不能被带到任何陪审团或巡回法庭，或者进行任何事实作证。如果他们和国王的法院有关系的话他们的房子、土地、和物品应当被国王占有，他们的房子和土地被毁坏，他们的数目被连根拔起，他们则被监禁，摧毁所有愉悦并给养他们的东西，因为通过错误、蓄意和伪证他们试图剥夺和压迫无辜。”Coke, The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws ofEngland,London:1797,p.143.
③Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England, vol.ii,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,p.229.
④Coke, The Reports of Sir Edward Coke In Thirteen Parts,vol.v,part ix,(London:1826),p.102.
⑤Coke, The Reports of Sir Edward Coke In Thirteen Parts,vol.vi,part xi,(London:1826),pp.174-187.
⑥Rex v.Starling,1Sid.168and1Keb.650(1664).83Eng. Rep.1164
⑦86Eng. Rep.196(1677-78).
①Regina v. Bass,11Mod.55,88Eng.Rep.881(1705).
②Francis B. Sayre,“Criminal Conspiracy”,Harvard Law Review,v.35(1921-22),p.402.
③Rex v. Joumeymen Tailors,8Mod.10(1721).
④Rex v.Edwards,8Mod.320(1724).
⑤Harold J.Berman,Law and Revolutionary,vol II(The Impact of the Protestant Reformations on the WesternLegal Tradition), Harvard University Press,2003,p.327.
⑥Carr,The English Law of Defamation,L.Q.R.xviiip.270-272.
⑦Co.Litt.96b
⑧(1583)4Co.Rep.20a—“如果诽谤触及到或者关系到在普通法上可以查明的任何事情，教会法官则对其不能进行审判.”
⑨“尽管这些诽谤只是仅仅的精神上的；然而那些被中伤的人却不能控告获得损害赔偿，但是案件可能只是罪孽的惩罚，pro salute animce,”(1583)4Co.Rep.20a.
①William Holdsworth,AHistory of English Law,vol.viii,Methune＆Co Ltd SweetAnd Maxwell,London:19,pp.346-361.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.103.
③3Edw I.c.34;2Richard II.st.I c.5.;12Richard II.C.11.
④1554年制定法（1,2Philip and Mary c.3）和1558年制定法（1Elizabeth c.4）将心怀恶意的说出或者写出对国王或女王的错误或诽谤性言词行为规定为轻罪；1580-1581年制定法（23Elizabeth c.2.）规定，写下这样的（1554和1558规定的）言词将被视为重罪，而说出这样的言词在第二次被定罪时作为重罪。
⑤W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.39.
⑥Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.101-102;Nicolas vii306(1542); Cases in the StarChamber(C.S.)38-40.
①W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.176-177.
②W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.225.
③W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.372-373.
⑤Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.103.
⑥Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.102-103.
⑦Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.103.
⑧Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.101.
③W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.226.
④Cases in the Star Chamber(C.S.) p.71;Hudson,ibid,p.102.
⑤Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.104
⑥W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privately printed,1894.p.247.
⑦Cases in the Star Chamber(C.S.)1-37.
①W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.59,60,70;Dasent xv47,84-85,195(1587).
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.99.
③W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.47,48.
④Dasent xiv29(1585-1586),313,330,347(1586-1587);xxii414(1592).
⑤Dasent xx100,101(1590)——一个珠宝商以185镑的价格卖了价值20镑的货物。
⑥Cases in the Star Chamber (C.S.)115-116——他们以铜和其他基础金属制作他们的帽带，然后以上乘银或者金带售出；“由于欺诈对公众利益造成普遍损害，在所有的制造商，从重要的日用品到最普通的东西，欺诈遍布，分布在全部王国的贸易中，为了举例，应当谨慎的做出命令,并在下一次伦敦同业公会(liverycompany)的一般会议以及行会会馆（Guyldhall）中宣读。”
⑦Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.107.
⑧William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.iii,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1942,p.210-211.
⑨William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.iv,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1945,p.380-381,385-386.
⑩William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.iv,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1945,pp.335-338.
11William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.iv,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1945,p.77-80,85-87.
12Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.115-119.
①Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.117-118.
②James Bradley Thayer,APreliminary Treatise on Evidence at the Commom Law,1898,p.140.
③福蒂斯丘在赞颂英国陪审团时将失权令作为陪审团作用发挥的一部分进行论述，见John Fortescue,DeLaudibus Legum Angliae, With Translation by Francis Gregor, ROBERT CLARKE&CO:Cincinnati,1874,p.92-93.
④亨利2世时所创立的一种由16位骑士组成的咨审团决定哪一方当事人对争议地产更有权利的审判方式。被告有权在决斗和咨审之间作出选择，一旦选择后就意味着本来在领主法庭进行的诉讼将被移送到郡法庭，这是王室法庭扩大管辖权的举措之一。
⑤William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.I,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1956,p.337-339.
①在1360年之前失权令在制定法上的扩大可见James Bradley Thayer,A Preliminary Treatise on Evidence atthe Commom Law,1898,p.146-148.
②James Bradley Thayer,APreliminary Treatise on Evidence at the Commom Law,1898,p.138.
③Sir Thomas Smith, De Republica Anglorum, Edited by L. Alston, Cambridge University: Cambridge,1906,p.111.
④William Blackstone, Commentaries on the laws of England,vol.III,Printed by A. Strahan:London,1800,p.405.
⑤Hudson,p.14.
⑥James Bradley Thayer,APreliminary Treatise on Evidence at the Commom Law,1898,p.157-159.
①William Holdsworth,AHistory of English Law,vol.II,Methune＆Co Ltd SweetAnd Maxwell,London:1936,p.415;对于普通法在处理当时犯罪上的不足问题时，Holdsworth进而指出，“法律的形式和身体暴力成为成为看似最为方便的替代手段…法律不再是弱者和受压迫者的庇护地，而是肆无忌惮者手中的一把剑。人们学习它的规则如同学习舞剑的招数。”Ibid,p.416.对于中世纪后期贵族统治下英国的混乱，Palgrave指出，内战创造了一个喜怒无常的贵族政治，甚至不愿意服从权利规则或者承认法律的至上权威。而随着贵族在中世纪逐渐失去经济和身份地位上的传统地位，“大贵族们致力于通过混乱和暴力对其进行弥补。而针对这些犯罪，普通法无济于事。正义之源在其源头就被陪审团的持续无效给污染了。”Francis Palgrave,An Essay upon The Original Authority of the King’s Council,1834,p.101,102;此外，Palgrave还列出了反映当时陪审团问题的诗歌，见ibid,p.103,289.
②Palgrave指出，“我并不否认，我们生活下的政府的各种利益以及我们享受到的宪政价值是由于陪审团审判的影响。它将自由的精神带入这片土地。但是没有比在合法形式下的专横更加罪恶：而陪审团审判已经且可能正受到社会一般地位的影响，成为一个痛苦和压迫的积极工具。”Francis Palgrave,An Essayupon The Original Authority of the King’s Council,1834,p.52-53.
③William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.II,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1956,,p.343.
④Palgrave指出，“当陪审员是真正的证人时，将陪审团的提名和选任交给组建官员的裁量权就是绝对必要的…但是，这个任命陪审团的裁量权成为了腐败和怀疑的土壤…在法律的掩盖下提供私人报复和怨恨的镇和百户区陪审团组建的方法，太容易被滥用了。”Francis Palgrave,An Essay upon The OriginalAuthority of the King’s Council,1834,p.55.
⑤Thomas A. Green,The Jury and the English Law of Homicide,1200-1600,Michigan Law Review74
(1974),p.431.n.68.此外，Green教授从有关杀人的社会观念的角度对13-15世纪英国的低定罪率进行了解读，具体可见Thomas A. Green, Societal Concepts of Criminal Liability for Homicide in Mediaeval England,Speculum: A Journal of Mediaeval Studies Vol.47,No.4(Oct.,1972), pp.669-694.
②James Fitzjames Stephen,A History of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,Macmillan And Co.London:1883,p.177.
③Statutes of the Real,vol.iii,p.499.
④Floyd v.Barker(1608)12Co.Rep.23-24.
①Samuel Rawson Gardiner(edited),Reports of Cases in the Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission,Camden Society:1886,p.20.
②有学者并不赞同Holdsworth的推论，并举出了1540年到1581年中星座法院惩罚陪审团的一些案例，这些案件中“并没有显示出有贿赂或者任何其他形式的腐败或者恐吓出现。”参见Charles Hamilton, StarChamber and Juries: Some Observations, Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies,Vol.5,No.3(Autumn,1973), p.237.n.2.
③在Burn的著作中可以看到大量的星座法院惩罚陪审团的案例，John Southerden Burn, Star chamber:Notices of the court and its proceedings.(J. R. Smith,London:)1870,p.43,53,54,55,64,66,66(n.1),132,152,154.
④HM Ellesmere MSS.,2768,fols.45-49.转引自Charles Hamilton, Star Chamber and Juries: Some Observations,Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies,Vol.5,No.3(Autumn,1973), p.238-239.
⑤Geoffrey Rudolph Elton, Star Chamber stories,Methuen,(London:1958),p.113. Hamilton指出，在Ellsmere所提供的案例中“即使面对着到星座法院的威胁而且还没有贿赂的情况下，地方陪审团都会作伪证。因此常常用于形容都铎的强势政府这一词只能在相对的意义上使用。如果专制在16世纪的英格兰存在的话，它更有可能是在地方社会中由多数人对那些基于各种原因而冒犯其邻人的可怜之人实施的。”CharlesHamilton, Star Chamber and Juries: Some Observations, Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with BritishStudies,Vol.5, No.3(Autumn,1973), p.241-242.
⑥Halmilton对Ellesmere收集的星座法院在1540年到1581年间星座法院管辖的陪审团审理案件研究后发现，只有一个案件星座法院惩罚了一个做出被告有罪裁决。参见Charles Hamilton, Star Chamber and Juries:Some Observations, Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies,Vol.5, No.3(Autumn,1973),p.237-238.
①Star Chamber documents,Henry VIII,Vol II,pp.156,157.
②AComplete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors(Cobbett),London:1809,vol.1,p.901;有关Throckmorton案的详细介绍参见ibid,pp.869-900;Jardine,CriminalTrials,vol.1(London:1832),p.62-109; The Trial of Nicholas Throckmorton(edited by Annabel M. Patterson),Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies,1998.
③Thomas A. Green, The Jury and the English Law of Homicide,1200-1600, Michigan Law Review Vol.74, No.3(Jan.,1976),p.491.
①如在1665年的Wagstaffe案中，Hale法官提出，“所有的英格兰法官一致认为，（只有一个人不同意），这种对陪审团施加的罚金时不合法的，因为他们是事实问题的法官，即使处以了罚金也不解决问题，因为直到事实问题被陪审团解决、陈述并一直同意之前，是不可能出现任何有需要考虑的法律问题的，而陪审团是这样的事实问题的唯一胜任的裁判者。”Matthew Hale,The History of The Pleas of the Crown,1736,p.313.
②Bushell等陪审员由于在此前的贵格教信徒Penn和Mead案件中坚持做出被告无罪判决而被处以罚金和监禁。他们随后到普通诉讼法院获得了人身保护令状并被释放。Vaughan法官认为，陪审团不能因其司法行为受到惩罚的理由是：首先，陪审团是事实的裁判官而不是法官，因而可以得出和法官不同的事实结论；其次，陪审团的成员可能比法官更熟悉案件事实的情况，因为陪审团可以从个人知悉或者证人处获得法官所无法获得的案情；第三，如果陪审团服从法官的意见可能导致失权令程序的惩罚，而如果不服从法官的意见则可能受到罚金和监禁，因此无论如何都是矛盾的。Vaughan法官的结论做出后，对于陪审团的罚款监禁制度便彻底废止了。有关该案的审理以及Vaughan法官的意见，见A CompleteCollection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors(Cobbett),London:1810,vol.vi,p.1000-1026.
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③Albert Venn Dicey,The Privy Council(TheArnold Prize Essay1860),Oxford:1860,p.46.
①J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.20.
①J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.26,27.
②Stubbs,The Constitutional History of England,(4th ed),vol II,Oxford Clarendon Press,1887.p.271.
③J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.pp.29-33.
④J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.34,35.
⑤J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.36.
①Stubbs,The Constitutional History of England,(4th ed),vol II,Oxford Clarendon Press,1887.p.271.
②Baldwin列出了在爱德华即位的第一年（1272）的一份宣誓谘议员名单，其中显示了低级的官员们也进行了宣誓。J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the Middle Ages.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.72.
③在爱德华1世时，大法官和司库就是谘议会的核心成员，他们在谘议会体系中的身份被认为是依职权（exofficio）享有的——J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the Middle Ages.Oxford:ClarendonPress,1913.p.73.而在爱德华3世时期的1340年立法（14Edw III.c.5.）中，王玺大臣在谘议会紧接着大法官和司库——Statutes of the Realm,vol.i.p.283.
④J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.74.
⑤J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.93.
⑥J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.pp.93-97.
⑦J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.pp.98-100.
①J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.pp.100-101.
②J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.100.
③J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.116.
④Stubbs,The Constitutional History of England,(4th ed),vol II,Oxford Clarendon Press,1887.p.284.
⑤J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.120.
①Stubbs,The Constitutional History of England,(4th ed),vol II,Oxford Clarendon Press,1887,p.268.
②J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.72,88-89.
③J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.121
④J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.pp.123-124.
⑤Nicolas,Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England, Public Records of theKingdom,vol.III.1834.p.xx.
⑥J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.146.
⑦在1406年5月22日，国王在议会的压力下提出了一份谘议会的成员名单，其中包含了部分贵族，部分国家官员、王室内务府官员和有影响的平民。J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.156
⑧Nicolas,Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England, Public Records of theKingdom,vol.I,1834,pp.ii-iii.
①Nicolas,Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England1834.vol.III.p.215.
②J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.pp.190-191.
③Nicolas,Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England1834.vol.V.p.xx.232,240,267.
④J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.pp.192-203.
⑤J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.262.
①I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.32,37,42.
②I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.xxviii.
③Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol i.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.317,435.
④Cal.close rolls,35Edward.III.265.
⑤13Richard.II,c.5;15Richard.II,c.3;2Henry.IV,c.11.
⑥中世纪英格兰东南部里斯廷斯、新罗姆尼、海斯、多佛尔和桑威奇五个港口为增强英国海防于1278年成立五港联防。
①I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.pp.xxix-xxx.
②I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.xxxiv.
③J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.275.
④Palgrave,An essay upon The Original Authority of the King’s Council,1834,p.87.
⑤Nicolas,Proceedings and ordinances of the Privy Council of England, Public Records of theKingdom,vol.I,1834,p.288.
⑥Edward Tyrrell,A Chronicle of London-from1089to1483,Printed for Longman,Rees,Orme,Brown andGreen,1827,p.128.
⑦John Silvester Davies,An English Chronicle of the Reigns of Richard II.,Henry IV.,Henry V.,and HenryIV.(Camden Society,1856),p.58.
①Statutes of the Real,vol.I.p.304.
②I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.xxx.
③J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.pp.266-268.
④20Edw III,c.6;36Edw III,c.9;37Edw III,c.18;38Edw III,c.9;42Edw.III,c.3.
⑤J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.270.
①I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.xxvii,8,5,35,37,54,97,110.
②J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.271.
③J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.272.
④Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol I.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.60.
⑤Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol III.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.404.
⑥Nicolas,Proceedings and ordinances of the Privy Council of England,1834.Vol III.p.150,217.
⑦J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.277.
①Year Books,39Ewd.III.(ed.Tottlill,1585),f.14.
②J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.336.
③I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.xxxvi.
④I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.77.
⑤I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.97.
①I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.115n.5.
②I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.116.
③Nicolas,Proceedings and ordinances of the Privy Council of England,1834.Vol II.p.286.
④Nicolas,Proceedings and ordinances of the Privy Council of England,1834.Vol II.p.287.
⑤Nicolas,Proceedings and ordinances of the Privy Council of England,1834.Vol II.P.289;Vol.V.p.291.
⑥I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.88.
⑦Rotuli Parliamentorum,Vol.IV.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.84.
⑧I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.120.
⑨Nicolas,Proceedings and ordinances of the Privy Council of England,1834.Vol.III.p.149,150,214,217.
①Nicolas,Proceedings and ordinances of the Privy Council of England,1834.Vol.III.p.36.
②J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.518.
③I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.xxxvii.
④Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol ii.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.260.
⑤37Edw.III,c.18;38Edw.III,c.9;42Edw. III,c.3;17Ric.II,c.6.
⑥J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.499.
⑦Rotuli Parliamentorum,Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.vol iv.p.252;vol vi.p.184.
⑧即“派出调查委员会(Commission of inquiry)，一个调查委员通常是侍卫长(Serjeant-at-Arms)，逮捕则发生在陪审团的裁决之后。逮捕令通常被授权给侍卫长去抓捕罪犯。”Palgrave,An essay upon The OriginalAuthority of the King’s Council,1834,p.40.
①I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.xxxix.
②Rotuli Parliamentorum,Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.vol iii.p.267.
③Rotuli Parliamentorum,Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.vol iv.p.84.
④Rotuli Parliamentorum,Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.vol iv.p.156.
⑤Rotuli Parliamentorum,Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.vol iv.p.84.
①Rotuli Parliamentorum,Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.vol iv.p.84.
②Nicolas,Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England,1834.vol.iii.p.256,312.
③Rotuli Parliamentorum,Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.vol v.p.266.
④J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.295.
①Nicolas,Proceedings and ordinances of the Privy Council of England1834.vol.v.p.158,174;vol iii.p.165.
①Nicolas,Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England,1834.vol.ii.p.286.
②Nicolas,Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England,1834.vol.ii.p.182.
①J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.298.
②Year book,20Edw.III.(Rolls Series),p.1.
③Rotuli Parliamentorum,Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.vol ii. p.245.
④Rotuli Parliamentorum,Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.vol iii.p.93.
⑤Rotuli Parliamentorum,Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.vol iv. p.84.
⑥Statutes of the realm,ii.p.59.
⑦Rotuli Parliamentorum, Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.vol iv. p.51.
⑧Statutes of the Realm,vol.ii.p.427.
①George BurtonAdams,The Origin of the English Constitution, Yale University Press,1912.p.64.
②在此，palgrave认为，“该案的记录在我们法律史上是非常重要的，因为它是记载上的第一次衡平裁决，根据向作为议会最高法官的国王提出的申请，并且是根据国王向谘议会的授权进行的宣判。”Palgrave,Anessay upon The Original Authority of the King’s Council,1834,p.69.但是Baldwin并不同意该观点，参见J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the Middle Ages.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.302n.1.
①I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.104.
②I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.54.
③I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.101.
④I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.89.
⑤J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.pp.297-298.
⑥J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.pp.290-291.
⑦I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard UniversityPress,Cambridge:1918.pp.xxv-xxviii.
①I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.89.
②Bruce提到，“谘议会不敢僭越处以死刑的权力。死刑性质的案件只能来自国王，他在他的法院控诉任何叛国性质的或者重罪犯，显示出他想要对剥夺生命判决的宽恕。”Bruce,Archaeologia:or MiscellaneousTracts relating to Antiquity(Society of Antiquaries of London,vol.XXV.)London,1884.p.352.
①I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.xlv.
②Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol ii.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.228(25ED.III.n.16.)类似的请愿在1402年也出现了,见Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol iii.Great Britain Parliament, JohnStrachey,1771.p.506,507(4Hy.IV..n.78.)
③Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol iii.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.44(2Rich.II.n.49.)
④Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol iii.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.267(13Rich.II.n.33.)
⑤Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol iii.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.323(17Rich.II.n.52.)
⑥Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol iii.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.471(2Hy.iv.n.33.)
⑦Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol iii.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.84(3Hy.v.n.46.)
⑧Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol iii.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.156(9Hy.v.n.25.)
⑨Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol iii.Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.p.446(91Hy.iv.n.162.)
⑩William Lambard, Archeion,london:1635.pp.130-132.
①Rotuli Parliamentorum, Great Britain Parliament, John Strachey,1771.vol iii.p.21,46;vol iv.201,343.
②J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.178.
③Fortescue,The Difference Between anAbsolute and Limited Monarchy,london:1719.pp.108-109.
①Rotuli Parliamentorum,Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.vol iv. p.4.
②I.S.Leadam,J.F.Baldwin,Select Cases Before The King’s Council,1243-1482,Harvard University Press,Cambridge:1918.p.101.
③J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.305.
④William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.v,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1937,p.490.
⑤J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.420
②Fortescue,The difference between an absolute and limited monarchy;london:1719.pp.110-119.
③J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.436.
①Bacon,History of Henry VII,Cambridge,1876.p.217.
②J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.452.
③J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.pp.437-438.
④在1486年即通过了一项针对贵族的仆人所犯下的各种骚乱罪行的法令。Lansdowne MSS.,no.83,art.72;cited by Miss Scofield,A Study of the Court of Star Chamber,Chicago University press, Chicago:1900.p.xiii.
①John Nicholas,ACollection of Ordinances and Regulations for the government of the Royal Household,Societyof Antiquaries,1790.p.159.
②J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.448.
①J.F.Baldwin.The king’s Council in England During the MiddleAges.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1913.p.451-452.
①John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England vol.vii,1893,p.189.
②John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England vol.x,1895,p.383.
③John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England vol.xii,1896.p.vii;vol.xiii,1896,p.vii.
④The Egerton Papers,J.Payne Collier edited,Camden Society,1840,pp.24-25.
⑤John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England vol.vii,1893,p.405.
⑥John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England vol.xiii,1896,p.394-395.
⑦John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England vol.xviii,1899,p.181-183.
⑧John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England vol.xvii,1898,p.195.
①Camden,Britannia,1670,p.130.
②Smith, De RepublicaAnglorum,bk.iii c.4.
③William Lambard,Archeion, or,Adiscourse upon the High Courts of Justice inEngland,London:1635,p.116-218.
④Bacon,History of Henry VII,Cambridge,1876.
⑤Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.§.11.p.3-8.
①Rotuli Parliamentorum,vol ii.Great Britain Parliament,John Strachey,1771.p.154.
②W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.xliii.
③A.T.Carter,AHistory of English Legal Institutions, Butterworth&Co,London,1902,p.131.
④W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.pp.xlv-xlvi.
⑤Coke,The Fourth Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,london,1797.p.66; Thomas Smith, A Discourseon the Commonwealth of England, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1906,p.116;WilliamLambard,Archeion,london,1635.p.155.
⑥W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.pp.xlvi-xlvii.
⑦Blackstone, Commentaries On the Laws of England,vol.iv.10th edition, Strahan,1787,p.266.n.2.
⑧William Holdsworth, A History of English Law,Volume I, Methuem&Co Ltd, Sweet And MaxwellLtd,Londun,1927,p.45-46.
⑨W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.pp.xlviii-xlx.
①Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.6-7.
②W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.lii,lv.
③Coke,The Fourth part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,london,1797.p.65.
④A. F. Pollard.Council, Star Chamber, and Privy Council under the Tudors: I. The Council.The English Historical Review,Vol.37, No.147(Jul.,1922), pp.353-355.
①Coke,The Fourth part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,london,1797.p.65.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.23.
③Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.36.
④W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.3.
①Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.26.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.27-34.
③Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.35.
④Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.24-25.
⑤有关职业法官参加星座法院的案例情况，参见John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council ofEngland vol.vii,1893,p.154,164,169;vol.viii.1894,p.234;vol xviii.1899,p.110,124.
⑥Edward P. Cheyney, The Court of Star Chamber, TheAmerican Historical Review, Vol.18, No.4(Jul.,1913),p.730.
①Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.pp.40-41.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.37.
③Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.44.
④Thomas G. Barnes,Due Process and Slow Process in the Late Elizabethan-Early Stuart Star Chamber: PartII,The American Journal of Legal History, Vol.6, No.4(Oct.,1962),p.343.
⑤Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.48.
①Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.47,48.
②John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,vol.xx,p.251.
③Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.118.
④这种案件在谘议会案例记录中到处可以，尤其在John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council ofEngland,vol.xiv,xxviii中有大量的案例。
⑤Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.126.
⑥Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.62.
①S.R.Gardiner, Reports of Cases in the Court of Star Chamber and High Commission,1886,pp.145-146.
②Rushworth, Historical Collections, vol.III., appendix.
③W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.114.
④Edward P. Cheyney, The Court of Star Chamber, The American Historical Review, Vol.18, No.4(Jul.,1913),p.734.
⑤W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.152.
①Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.65,66.
②Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.83.
③Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.82.
④John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,vol.xix.p.424;vol.xx,p.95,219;vol.xxii,p.449,450.
⑤John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,vol.xiii,p.106.
⑥John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,vol.xx,p.242..
⑦Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.49.
①Rushworth, Hist. Coll., vol. III., app.,p54,60,106,109.
②Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.129.
③John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,viii p.144.
④John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,vii p.197;ix,xxiii.
⑤John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,vol xiv,p.49.
⑥John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,vol i.p.29.
⑦John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,vol x p.78;xi,xxvii,xxviii;xii p.18;xiv,xxxi.
⑧John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,xi,xxvii.
⑨John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,xx,126,127,133,134.
⑩W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.lx,161.
①John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,xiv.x.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.56.
③Hudson提到，对控诉状进行登记备案的时间涉及到对犯罪的赦免以及查明控诉状事项的问题，因此意义重大。Ibid,p.50.
④Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.150.
⑤Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.150.
⑥Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.151.
①W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.43.
②W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.32.
③W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.82.
④Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol.II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.154.
⑤Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol.II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.154-155.
⑥Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol.II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.156.
⑦Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.151.
⑧Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p158.
①Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.158.
②Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.159.
③Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.163.
①W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.143.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.pp.167-168.
③Hudson提到，一方面“书记官操控着所有这些程序，没有任何律师的建议或者签署。”另一方面，合并争点的问题仅仅成为了形式问题。“答复本身只不过是否定被告的答辩并维持控诉状，为了引出事项的争点，该争点可以被证词证实或推翻；但是如果漏掉了起诉书中指控被告的任何事项，尽管它被答复所主张了，那么任何被告都不应被裁决；因为和答复没有什么关系，它们仅仅是由书记员起草的，并未关注案件中是否具有任何争点，顾问律师没有参与或了解，许多诉讼在进入审理时看起来不错，但是当事人最终被发现没有任何结合的争点存在。”Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in CollectaneaTuridica, vol. II.The Legal Classics Library Division of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.pp.191-192.
④Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.168.
⑤W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.72.
⑥Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.182.
①Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.183.
②Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.169.
③Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.170.
④W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.54.
⑤W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.222.
⑥Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.199.
⑦贵族曾主张他们是基于他们的荣誉而非宣誓作证，Hudson对此予以否定。Hudson,ATreatise on the Courtof Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics Library Division of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.207.
⑧Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.200.
①Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.201.
②Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.202.
③Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.203.
④William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.v,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1937,p.183.
①Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.217.
②关于传唤令的送达规则，详见Hudson,ibid,p.218-219.
①Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.217.
②Miss Scofield,AStudy of the Court of Star Chamber,Chicago, Chicago University press,1900.p.59.
③Gardiner,Reports of Cases in Star Chamber (Camden Society,1886), p.138.
④W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.147.
⑤Coke,The Fourth Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,London,1797.p.62.
⑥W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.lv.
⑦Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.126.
①Thomas Allen,The History andAntiquities of London, Westminster, Southwark, and other parts adjacent.vol.51837,p.246.
②Coke,The Fourth Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,London,1797.p.63.
③A. T. CarterAHistory of English Legal Institutions Butterworth&Co.,London,1902,p.143.
④Coke,The Fourth Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,London,1797.p.63.
⑤S.R.Gardiner, Reports of Cases in the Court of Star Chamber and High Commission,1886,pp.43-49.
⑥S.R.Gardiner, Reports of Cases in the Court of Star Chamber and High Commission,1886,pp.82-89.
①Thomas Allen,The History andAntiquities of London, Westminster, Southwark, and other parts adjacent.vol.51837,p.246.
②Edward P.Cheyney, The Court of Star Chamber, TheAmerican Historical Review,Vol.18,No.4.(Jul.,1913),p.741“一个人突然被捕并被秘密精巧的审讯，过度劳累，有可能陷入一个无意识的和不明智的供认，然后在一个纹章院官员的监管下，没有律师，直到被带到王国中最高贵的人的面前，甚至没有能够向罪犯提供像在普通法法院那样可以提供的可怜的保护。”ibid,p.741. Hudson对此也保持着警惕，他强调了口头程序的核心是被告人的自愿认罪。并指出，“由于口头程序是一个充满活力的特权，那么如果将其限制在他们的范围内的话将是令人欣慰的。而在必要时这个程序的合法使用将会和其他方式一样成为正义之眼。”Hudson,ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The LegalClassics Library Division of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.127,128.
③Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.224.
④Harg.MS.216,p.350.
⑤Cora L.Scofield.A Court of Star Chamber-Largely Based on Manuscripts in the British Museum and the PublicRecord Office,Chicago University Press,Chicago:1900,p.78.
⑥H.E.I.Phillips,The Court of Star Chamber,1603-41(unpublished London M.A. thesis,1939), p.130.
⑦Cotton MS.Tius,C.VII,fol.116.
⑧Harl.MS.6265,Art.20.fols.376-382.
①G. R. Batho,The Payment and Mitigation of a Star Chamber Fine.The Historical Journal,Vol.1,No.1(1958),p.40.
②Cora L.Scofield.A Court of Star Chamber-Largely Based on Manuscripts in the British Museum and the PublicRecord Office,Chicago University Press,Chicago:1900,p78.n6.
③Miss Elfreda Skelton (Lady Neale), The Court of Star Chamber in the Reign of Elizabeth(unpublished LondonM.A. thesis, I93I), i, App. Lix. Cora L.Scofield.A Court of Star Chamber-largely based on manuscripts in thebritish museum and the public record office.chicago.the university of chicago press1900,p79.
④H.E.I.Phillips,The Court of Star Chamber,1603-41(unpublished London M.A. thesis,1939),314-325.从1602—1609年间星座法院对罚金的减免可见W. P. Baildon, Hawarde's Les Reportes del Cases in CameraStellata (1894), p411-414.
⑤S.R.Gardiner, History of England,VII,p.148.
⑥G. R. Batho,The Payment and Mitigation of a Star Chamber Fine.The Historical Journal, Vol.1,No.1(1958),p.41.在该文中，作者通过举出对1605年发生的火药阴谋案（Gunpowder Plot）展现出罚金在星座法院的具体适用。
⑦Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.228-229.
①Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.224.
②一个男爵须支付10英镑，一个骑士须支付5英镑，一个普通绅士须支付5马克，一个自由民须支付半马克（5nobles）。Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The LegalClassics Library Division of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.224.
③Edward P.Cheyney, The Court of Star Chamber, The American Historical Review,Vol.18,No.4(Jul.,1913),p.743.
④Thomas G. Barnes,Star Chamber Mythology,The American Journal of Legal History, Vol.5, No.1(Jan.,1961),p.7.
⑤Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.224-225.
⑥Cora L.Scofield.A Court of Star Chamber-Largely Based on Manuscripts in the British Museum and the PublicRecord Office,Chicago University Press,Chicago:1900,p7.
①Edward P.Cheyney, The Court of Star Chamber, The American Historical Review,Vol.18,No.4(Jul.,1913),p.744.
②Thomas G. Barnes,Star Chamber Mythology,The American Journal of Legal History, Vol.5, No.1(Jan.,1961),p.7.
③Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.225.
④最终，其他谘议员并没有接受这一野蛮的建议.—W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privately printed,1894.p.38.
⑤在1631年Lord Falkland由于SirArthur Savage诽谤而被给予3000英镑;Lord Savile因在一个所有权存在争议的地方打猎而被迫支付150英镑赔偿金给Sir John Jackson;一个叫Martin的人由于传播邻居夫妻的诽谤而被迫支付100英镑赔偿金.——Edward P.Cheyney, The Court of Star Chamber, The AmericanHistorical Review,Vol.18,No.4(Jul.,1913), p.743.
①Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.226-227.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,pp.229-230.
③Edward P.Cheyney, The Court of Star Chamber, The American Historical Review,Vol.18,No.4(Jul.,1913),p.743.
①Thomas G. Barnes,Star Chamber Mythology,The American Journal of Legal History, Vol.5, No.1(Jan.,1961),p.7.
②W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.lxii-lxiii.
①Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.17.
②I.S.Leadam, Select Cases Before The King’s Council in The Star Chamber,A.D.1477-1509,London,1903,p.lix.
③Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reigns of Edward VI,Mary,Elizabeth,vol.ILondon: Longmans and Co.,1865.p.302.
①Cited by J. E. Neale, Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments，1559-1601，(New York,1958),vol.I,p.192.
②Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of Elizabeth,vol.II London: Longmans andCo.,1865.p.115.
③Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of Elizabeth,vol.II,London: Longmans andCo.,1865.p.184.
①W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.pp.37-38.
②Newell Dalton Boyd, The Final Years of the Court of Star Chamber,1558-1641, Texas Tech University,1971,p.49.
③Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of Elizabeth,vol.IV,London: Longmansand Co.,1869.p.148.
④Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of Elizabeth,vol.IV,London: Longmansand Co.,1869.p.324.
⑤Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of Elizabeth,vol.IV,London: Longmansand Co.,1869.p.439.
⑥Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of Elizabeth,vol.V,London: Longmans andCo.,1869.p.347.
⑦Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of Elizabeth,vol.VI,London: Longmansand Co.,1870.p.300.
①Select Pleas of theAdmiralty (S.S.)vol.ii,p.22-23,113n2.
②William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.v,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1937,app.i.
③W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.150.
④John Roche Dasent (editor), Acts of the Privy Council of England,vol.xxxii,1907,p.488.
⑤“都铎君主承担了保护中产阶级反抗大地主和支持国教抵制外国教会组织的权力。尽管伊丽莎白行事睿智温和，但是像议会总是不予支持的征税这样的王权，以及调动法官的权力，以及像星座法院和宗教事务高等法院这样的特权法院日益增长的重要性，都包含着压迫的病菌。”Richard L.Perry(ed.) Sources ofOur Liberties, American Bar Foundation, Chicago:1978.pp.62-63.
⑥Camden,Britannia,1594, p.112.
⑦William Lambard,Archeion, or,Adiscourse upon the High Courts of Justice in England,London:1635, p.217.
⑧Coke,The Fourth part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,london,1797.ch.5.
①Coke,The Fourth part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,london,1797.p.245,246.
②Coke,The Fourth part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,london,1797.p.246.
①就在詹姆斯即位的1603年，数百名清教徒就联名向国王呈交了一份“千人请愿书”，要求比伊丽莎白规定的更简单的宗教仪式。G. M. Trevelyan, England Under The Stuarts (New York,1965), p.73.而几乎与此同时，天主教也开始了针对詹姆斯的阴谋，出现了著名的1604-1605年的“火药阴谋”案，即天主教徒试图暗杀詹姆斯，并用36桶火药藏在议会地窖将议会两院炸毁。最后该计划由于被人告发而破产。随后即引发了对王权和议会对天主教的仇恨。G.M.Trevelyan,England Under the Stuarts.New York:Putnam'sSons,1933.p.87-93.
②C, H. Mcllwain (ed.), The Political Works of James I (New York,1965),p.114.
③由于国王在1616年免去了主张普通法高于国王特权的首席法官爱德华柯克，因此这届议会报复性的弹劾了受贿的大法官弗朗西斯培根。Christopher Hill,The Century of Revolution,1603-1714(NewYork,1961)p.11.
④Cora L.Scofield, AHistory of the Court of Star Chamber,(Chicago,1900),p.58.
⑤Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.IX,London: Longmans andCo.,1858.p.439.
⑥Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.IX,London: Longmans andCo.,1858.p.375.
⑦Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.IX,London: Longmans andCo.,1858.p.434.
⑧Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.IX,London: Longmans andCo.,1858.p.436.
⑨Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.X,London: Longmans andCo.,1858.p.11.
①Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.X,London: Longmans andCo.,1858.p.14.
②Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.VIII,London: Longmansand Co.,1857.p.87.
③Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.VIII,London: Longmansand Co.,1857.p.389.
④Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.VIII,London: Longmansand Co.,1857.p.447.
⑤Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.IX,London: Longmans andCo.,1858.p.450.
⑥Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.IX,London: Longmans andCo.,1858.p.592.
⑦Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.IX,London: Longmans andCo.,1858.pp.600-601.
⑧Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.X,London: Longmans andCo.,1858.p.314.
⑨Cora L.Scofield, AHistory of the Court of Star Chamber,(Chicago,1900),p.79.
⑩G. B.Harrison (ed.)AJacobean Journal,1603-07.New York:Macmillan Co.,1941.p.197.
①Historical Manuscripts Commission, Manuscripts of the Marquis of Salisbury,vol.19,p.66.
②G. B.Harrison (ed.)ASecond Jacobean Journal,1607-1610.An Brbor:University of Michigan Press,1966.p.67.
③N.E.McClure (ed.). The Letters of John Chamberlain (Philadelphia,1939), p.310.
④Newell Dalton Boyd, The Final Years of the Court of Star Chamber,1558-1641, Texas Tech University,1971,p.85.
①Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.VIII,London: Longmansand Co.,1857.p.481,p.489.
②Robert,Lemon (ed.) Calendar of State Papers Domestic of the Reign of James I,vol.XVI,London: Longmansand Co.,1857.p.447.
③Richard L.Perry(ed.) Sources of Our Liberties,American Bar Foundation, Chicago:1978.p.76.
④Henry E. I. Phillips, The Last Years of the Court of Star Chamber1630-41:(TheAlexander Prize Essay),Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Fourth Series, Vol.21(1939), p.117.
①John Bruce,Documents relating to the Proceedings against William Prynne (Camden Society,1877), pp.1-69.
①Statutes of the Realm, vol.V.p.110-112.
①Calerndon,History of the Rebellion(Ed.1843),p.28.
①Coke The Fourth part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,london,1797.p.61-62.
②F. Palgrave, The Original Authority of the King's Council,1834.p.98-99.
③H. Hallam, Constitutional History form the Accession of Henruy VII.To The death of Geogre II., New York:HARPER&BROTHERS,1873,I.p.37-38.
①J. F. Stephen.AHistory of the Criminal Law of England,vol I.p.168-170. London.Macmillian and Co.1883.
②A.V. Dicey, The Privy Council, Macmillan and Co.,1887p.97.
③Rushworth,Historical Collections vol I,london1703,p.437-441.
④C. L. Scofield,AStudy of the Court of Star Chamber,Chicago,Chicago University Press.1900,p.14-44.
①I.S.Leadam, Select Cases Before The King’s Council in The Star Chamber,A.D.1477-1509,London,1903,p.lxx-lxxi
②J.R.Tanner, Tudor Constitutional documents (1922). Cambridge University Press,p.252.
③William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.i,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1956,p.494-495.
④A. F. Pollard.Council, Star Chamber, and Privy Council under the Tudors: II. The Star Chamber. The EnglishHistorical Review, Vol.37, No.148(Oct.,1922), p.525.
①A. F. Pollard.Council, Star Chamber, and Privy Council under the Tudors: II. The Star Chamber. The EnglishHistorical Review, Vol.37, No.148(Oct.,1922), p.525;p.538, n.1.
③W. S. Holdsworth,AHistory of Engliah Law,Methuen&Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,1956.vol.i.p.495.
①A. T. CarterAHistory of English Legal Institutions Butterworth&Co.,London,1902,p.140.
②对此，Holdsworth并不同意pollard的观点，“我在该法案中并没有找到他推测的根据,即1487年法案是用来主要对付王室官员们的犯罪的，可以说，像郡长这样的官员们才是最常见的罪犯，但是这些很难被称为王室官员。”W. S. Holdsworth, AHistory of Engliah Law,Methuen&CO LTD SWEETANDMAXWELL,1956.vol.iv.p.60.note4.
③A. F. Pollard.Council, Star Chamber, and Privy Council under the Tudors: II. The Star Chamber. The EnglishHistorical Review, Vol.37, No.148(Oct.,1922), p.526.
④Pollard举出了牛津伯爵（Earl of Oxford）的例子。“在星座法院的记录中，没有发现牛津伯爵因违反了在国王看来的国王的法律而被处以罚金的记载。牛津可不是亨利能够承担得起公开诽谤的人。但是这个故事很有可能就是真的，并且很有可能这个伯爵就是被这个根据1487年法案建立起来的委员会处以了罚金。”—A. F. Pollard.Council, Star Chamber, and Privy Council under the Tudors: II. The Star Chamber. TheEnglish Historical Review, Vol.37, No.148(Oct.,1922), pp.526-527.
⑤A. F. Pollard.Council, Star Chamber, and Privy Council under the Tudors: II. The Star Chamber. The EnglishHistorical Review, Vol.37, No.148(Oct.,1922), p.528.
①A. F. Pollard.Council, Star Chamber, and Privy Council under the Tudors: II. The Star Chamber. The EnglishHistorical Review, Vol.37, No.148(Oct.,1922), p.522.
②A. F. Pollard.Council, Star Chamber, and Privy Council under the Tudors: II. The Star Chamber. The EnglishHistorical Review, Vol.37, No.148(Oct.,1922), p.522-523.
③A. F. Pollard.Council, Star Chamber, and Privy Council under the Tudors: II. The Star Chamber. The EnglishHistorical Review, Vol.37, No.148(Oct.,1922), p.523.
①Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.51
①W. S. Holdsworth,AHistory of Engliah Law,Methuen&Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,1937,vol.v,p.494.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.51.
①Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,p.493.
②郡宰（Coroner），又名验尸官。随着郡长的权力在12世纪的不断扩大，国王戒心日起，于是在12世纪末设置郡宰监督郡长来保护王室利益。郡宰的职权相当广泛，主要用于保护王室利益。在刑事案件方面，郡宰有特别的权力，包括保存案卷以便审查百户区法院陪审团的判决；中止不适合郡长审查的案件的程序；对于刑事案件本身则可以参与起诉；保存“剥夺法权”（outlawry）案件的卷宗；接受自首；确保被告到庭；记录书面证据；强制证人到庭等等。在涉及王室利益的案件中，郡宰也有特别的权力，甚至可以组织陪审团、开设法庭，并且其法庭为有案卷记录之法庭，案件有例如海难、王室渔业、发现埋藏物、百户区须为之负责的不明谋杀案、十户保甲责任案件、自杀或重罪者的财产充公事项等等。参见，WilliamHoldsworth,A Historyof English Law,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1956,vol.i.pp.82-87.
①Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,p.11.
②Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,p.9.
③Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,p13.
④Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,17.
⑤Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,17.
①Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I,vol.ii.Cambridge: At the university press,1895.p.635.
②Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I,vol.ii.Cambridge: At the university press,1895.p.636.
③Holdsworth,history of english law,vol.1.p.304.
④Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I,vol.ii.Cambridge: At the university press,1895.p.636.
⑤William Holdsworth,A Historyof English Law,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1936,vol.ii.p.287.
⑥Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I,vol.ii.Cambridge: At the university press,1895.p.636.
⑦Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,p.24.
①Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I,vol.ii.Cambridge: At the university press,1895.p.559.
②Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I,vol.ii.Cambridge: At the university press,1895.p.632-634.
③William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.v,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1956,p.308.
④Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,p.41.
①Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I,vol.ii.Cambridge: At the university press,1895.p.596.
①William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.i,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1956,p.311.
②Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of EdwardI,Cambridge: At the university press,1895.vol I,p.120.
③Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,pp.47-48.
④Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of EdwardI,Cambridge: At the university press,1895.vol I,p.120.
⑤Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of EdwardI,Cambridge: At the university press,1895.vol I,p.120.
⑥Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of EdwardI,Cambridge: At the university press,1895.vol I,p.122.
①Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of EdwardI,Cambridge: At the university press,1895.vol ii,p.602.
②A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.p.64-66.
③A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.p.83-84.
④Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of EdwardI,Cambridge: At the university press,1895.vol ii,p.656-657.
①“亨利2世改革的效力正当其时。但是对于他们，我们确实应当知道这个调查，但是它几乎就是教会法的调查，是法国新的司法的调查（enquête），”Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History ofEnglish Law before the Time of Edward I,Cambridge: At the university press,1895.vol.i,p.602。
②Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of EdwardI,Cambridge: At the university press,1895.vol ii,p.665.
③Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of EdwardI,Cambridge: At the university press,1895.vol ii,p.646-647.
④A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.p.332.
①A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.p.332-333.
②C.L.Wells, Early Opposition to the Petty Jury in the Criminal Cases,L.Q.R.vol.30,p.104.
③Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,p.75.
④William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.i,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1956.p.326.
⑤C.L.Wells, The Origin of the Petty Jury,L.Q.R.vol.27,p.350.
①C.L.Wells, The Origin of the Petty Jury,L.Q.R.vol.27,p.350.
②C.L.Wells, The Origin of the Petty Jury,L.Q.R.vol.27,p.357-359.
③John Fortescue, De Laudibus LegumAngliae,c.25.
④Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,p.94.
⑤Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of EdwardI,Cambridge: At the university press,1895.vol ii,p.626.
⑥Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,p.102.
⑦Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,p.104.
⑧Thayer,APrelimiminary Treatise on EvidenceAt The Commonlaw,1898,p.115.
①The Eyre of Kent(S.S.)Vol.i,p.xxxiii.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986.p.77,81.
③C.L.Wells, The Origin of the Petty Jury,L.Q.R.vol.27,p.357.
①Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of EdwardI,Cambridge: At the university press,1895.vol ii,p.655.
①Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,vol.i.p.493.
②Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,vol.i.p.495.
③John Fortescue, De Laudibus Legum Angliae,1874,c.27
④Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,translated by J,Simpson,Little Brown Company,Boston,1913,p.288.
①A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.p.79-80.
②A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.p.82.
③A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.p.86.
④A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.pp.90-91.
①A.Esmein,AHistory of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.pp.91-92.
②A.Esmein,AHistory of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.pp.94-95.
①A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.p.128.
②A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.p.126.
①A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.p.151.
②A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.pp.152-153.
③A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.pp.155-156.
①A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.pp.158-159.
②A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.pp.165-166.
③Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.137.
①该法案的名称是“一项规制对叛国以及包庇叛国罪审理的法案”。1696年叛国罪审理法被认为“完成了从都铎风格的司法程序向本质上的现代司法程序的转变”。参见James R. Phifer,“Law, Politics, andViolence:The Treason Trials Act of1696”, Albion12(1980), p.255.该法案在英国法律中的意义已经被比喻为“和权利法案以及宽容法共同属于后大革命救济措施1688年革命之副产品。”参见SamuelRezneck,“The Statute of1696:A Pioneer Measure in the Reform of Judicial Procedure in England,”Journal ofModern History2(1930), p.5,6.另外，有关该法案和辩护律师问题的研究，参见J. M. Beattie,“Scales ofJustice:Defense Counsel and the English Criminal Trial in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries”,Law andHistory Review,Vol.9,No.2(Autumn,1991),pp.221-267.
②Statutes of the Realm,vol.vii,pp.6-7.
③参见Stephan Landsman,“The Rise of the Contentious Spirit:Adversary Procedure in Eighteenth-CenturyEngland”,Cornell Law Review75(1990), pp.534-539;关于被告在审理前看到指控书的权利，参见Hay,Douglas,“Prosecution and Power: Malicious Prosecution in the English Courts,1750-1850.” Policing andProsecution in Britaill1750-1850,D.Hay and F.Snyder, eds.,Oxford University Press,1989.p.352, n.31;WilliamHawkins, A Treatise of the Pleas of the Crown,vol.2(New York,1721),p.402.
④有关谈论可见，Michael Dalton,The Countrey Justice,London:1619,pp.51-55.
⑤Beattie提到，“通常的做法是法官逐个的检验受害人和任何控诉证人的证词，即作为询问员也作为交叉询问员，直到他满意最充分可能的案情已经得到展示。”J.M. Beattle,Crime and The Courts InEngland:1660-1800,1986,p.342.
②Barnes, Thomas G., The Making of English Criminal Law (2): Star Chamber and the Sophistication of theCriminal Law." Criminal Law Review (June1977),p.321.
③Harold J.Berman,Law and Revolutionary,vol II(The Impact of the Protestant Reformations on the WesternLegal Tradition), Harvard University Press,2003,p.479.n.52.
参见William Holdsworth,A History of EnglishLaw,vol.II,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1936,p.484-512; William Holdsworth,A History ofEnglish Law,vol.VI,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1956,p.431-480.
⑤John Harwarde,Les Reportes del Cases in Camera Stellata1593-1609,edited by William Paley Baildwin,privated print,1894.p.lx.
⑥Barnes, Thomas G., The Making of English Criminal Law (2): Star Chamber and the Sophistication of theCriminal Law." Criminal Law Review (June1977),p.321.
①James Fitzjames Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,Macmillan and CO.(London:1883).p.341.
②Cobbett’s Complete Collection of State Trials,vol III,1809,pp.713-714.
①Cobbett’s Complete Collection of State Trials,vol III,1809,pp.715-716.
②James Fitzjames Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,Macmillan and CO.(London:1883).pp.340-341.
①。参见John Hawles,Remarks Upon TheTryals Of Edward Fitzharris,Stephen Colledge, Count Coningsmark,The Lord Russel,Collonel Sidney,HenryCornish And Charles Bateman,(London, Jacob Tonson1689),p.22.
②Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,pp.127-128.
③Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,214-215.
④Proceedings and ordinances of the Privy Council of England (edited by Sir Harris Nicolas) viixlvi-xlviii;Dasent Acts of the Privy Council of England(new series AD-1552-1554) iv171,201,284;v235;xviii37,399,401.
⑤Jardine,Areading On the Use of Torture In The Criminal Law of England.app.
①John Fortescue, De Laudibus Legum Angliae,1874,c.27,p.94
②Thomas Smith,ADiscourse on the Commonwealth of England, Cambridge, Cambridge UniversityPress,1906,bk.ii c.24,p.117.Smith分析了英国人的禀性，“英国人宁可漠视死亡也不忍受折磨。因此一个人宁可承认他杀了他的父亲也不愿承受刑讯，在他眼里死亡并非一个卑劣的折磨。在任何其他地方你都不会看到像在英格兰的罪犯那样对死亡保持着更坚定自信而更少悲恸。另外，人们不习惯看到这样残酷的折磨，并对受到折磨的人报以怜悯，…在英格兰有一条古老的法律，即如果任何狱守对任何他监管下的囚犯进行任何折磨，以使他成为他的同伙的指控者的话，那么监守将成为重罪犯。”ibid.
③Coke,The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,London:1797,p.35.
④Rushworth,pt.i.vol.ip.650-651
⑤A.Esmein,A History of Continental Criminal Procedure,John Simpson translated,Boston,Little,Brown,andCompany,1913.p.107
⑥Jardine,Areading On the Use of Torture In The Criminal Law of England,p.25.
⑦Spedding the letters and life of francis bacon v93n.;vii78,79.
⑧(1612)12co.rep.at p.96在谈到贵族的特权时，他说“基于法律授予贵族的荣誉和尊严，他们的身体不能在大不敬案件中(in cousa criminis lasae majestatis)受到刑讯。”Hargrave说在2S.T（state trial）774n.a他作为总检察长在Essex伯爵审判中的语言正式了他这个观点。
⑨这一年5月21日伦敦塔的守卫得到授权要求对一个名叫John Archer的手套商进行刑讯。Jardine,Areading On the use of torture in the criminal law of england,p.57。
①Rushworth,pt.i.vol.i650
②Jardine,Areading On the Use of Torture In The Criminal Law of England,p.59,60.
③Jardine,Areading On the Use of Torture In The Criminal Law of England,p.64-65.
④The Table Talk of John Seldon Edited,with an introd.and notes by Samuel Harvey Reynolds.Published1892byClarendon Press in Oxford.pp.184,185.
⑤Thomas G. Barnes,Star Chamber Mythology,The American Journal of Legal History, Vol.5, No.1(Jan.,1961),p.7-8.
①William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.v,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1937,p.187
②W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.144.
③W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.177.
④W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.292.
⑤W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.146.
⑥Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.209.
⑦以下有关1637年李尔本案的有关介绍，来自于AComplete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings forHigh Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors(Cobbett),vol.iii,London:1809,pp.1315-1369.
①Harold J.Berman,Law and Revolution,II, The Impact of the Protestants on the Western Legal Tradition, Harvard UniversityPress,2003.pp.312-313.
①Pollock,The Popish Plot,1944,pp.266-267.
②Pollock,The Popish Plot,1944,p.267
③Pollock,The Popish Plot,1944,286-287.
①Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,62-63;64-65.
②W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.96.
①Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,vol.i.p190.
②Dasent,vol xxiii p.330.
③Dasent vi (1558)pp.310-311
①J.Pollock,The Popish Plot269-276;Stephen,H.C.L.vol.i.pp.222-225.
②De RepublicaAnglorum,Bk.II.c.23
③William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.i,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1956,p.296.n.6.
④John Hawarde,Les reportes de cases in camera stellata(1593-1609),edited by Baildon,privated print,1894.p.19,56,101,186,326,367.
⑤William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.v,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1937,p.191.
⑥William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.iv,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1945,pp.77-78.
⑦Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.64; John Hawarde,Les reportes de cases in camerastellata(1593-1609),edited by Baildon,privated print,1894.pp.334-336.
⑧Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.109.
①Coke,The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,London:1797,p.29.
②塞耶给出了一些具体的例子，参见Thayer,Evidence,157.n4,p.160,n.
③Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,vol.i,p.350.
④Matthew Hale,The History of the Pleas of the Crown,vol.ii,1736,p.283.
⑤Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.77.
⑥Stephen,A History of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,Macmillan And Co.London:1883,vol.i. p.350;J.Pollock,The Poplish Plot,p.292-295.
①Stephen, a history of criminal law in england,vol.i,p.325,326.
②Harold J.Berman,Law and Revolution,II, The Impact of the Protestants on the Western Legal Tradition,Harvard University Press,2003.pp.313.
①Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.64.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.109.
③Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.111.
④Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.109.
⑤Nicolas, Proceedings and ordinances of the Privy Council of England,vol.vii.p.246;Dasentvol.vii(1565)p.241;vol.xiv.p.389;vol.xv.p.88;vol.xvi.p.18;vol.xxvo.p.411;vol.xxix.p.655,656;Harward,lesreporte del cases,p.33—治安法官和军务长;61-62—郡宰;68,334-336—治安法官;74—郡长;134-139.边区谘议员.
⑥Nicolas, Proceedings and ordinances of the Privy Council of England,vol.vii,p.101,102;Dasent,vol i,p.33;volx.p.262;vol.xi.p.348;vol.xxiv.p.33,34.
⑦Frederick Pollock,Frederic William Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I,vol.ii.Cambridge: At the university press,1895.p.539.
⑧Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.65.
①Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.65.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.70.
③William Holdsworth,AHistory of English Law,vol.iv,Methune＆Co Ltd SweetAndMaxwell,London:1945,p.503.
④Stephen指出，证人伪证在英格兰知道伊丽莎白女王时期才是法律上的一项犯罪，见James FitzjamesStephen,A History of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,Macmillan And Co.London:1883,p.307.
⑤Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.74.
⑥Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.79.
①Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.76.
②Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.80.
③Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.74.
④11Henry vii.c.24;11Henry vii.c.21;32Henry viii.c.9.
⑤Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.72,73.
⑥Coke,the Third instit.p.164.
⑦Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.74.
⑧Coke,the Third instit.p.164.
⑨William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.iv,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1945,p.519.
⑩Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,vol.iii.p.249.
11Coke,The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,London:1797,p.164.
①Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.82.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.84.
③Leadam,Select Cases before the king’s council in the Star Chamber(S.S.)(1477-1509)p.237-253(1507);Haward,Les Reports del Cases in Camera Stellata,p.103,139,140.
④Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.82;Coke,Third insti.c.79;Les Reportes del Cases157.
⑤Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.82;Coke,Third insti.c.79.
⑥Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.82.
⑦Coke,The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,London:1797,c.79.
⑧Kenny,Criminal Law,281.
①Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,pp.85-87,88.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,88.
③Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.87-88; Stephen,H.C.L.iii99-102.
④Third Insti.157.
⑤R.v.Taverner(1617)3Buls.at p.171per Coke.C.J.;Hale,P.C.i453.
⑥Coke,The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,London:1797,pp.157-158; R.v.Taverner(1617)3Buls.171;Stephen,H.C.L.iii100-101.
⑦Matthew Hale,The History of the Pleas of the Crown,vol.i,1736,p.443,453; Stephen,AHistory of The CriminalLaw of England,vol.I,Macmillan And Co.London:1883,vol.iii,p.101-102.
⑧Coke,The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,London:1797,p.158.
⑨Y.BB.4Hy.VI.Hil.pl.2;8Ed.IV.Pasch.pl.17.
⑩Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,vol.iii100.
11Coke,The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,London:1797,p.158.
12Spedding,Letters and Life of Bacon iv396,citing a letter of Chamberlain of Sept.9,1613.
13Tudor and Stuart Proclamations nos.1134,1142,1143,1184,1636.
14Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.82.87.
15Spedding,op.cit.iv403:Atty.-Gen.v.Kelly(1632)Cases in the Star Chamber and HighCommission(C.S.)112-115.-an information against Kelly ore tenus for sending a chanllenge.
①Lord Darcy of the North v.Gervase Markham(1616) Hob.at p.121.
②17世纪后期对这个实践的控诉可见Tudor and Stuart Proclamations nos.3245,3710;1668年的一个法案，提议严重的惩罚决斗准备活动，并且给Marshal伯爵及其助理对产生决斗的争吵行使管辖权，见Hist.MSS.Com.8th Rep.App.pt.I.122,no.168.
③Spedding,Letters and Life of Bacon iv412.
④Spedding,Letters and Life of Bacon iv412.
⑤Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.108.
⑥Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,vol.ii,p.222;P.andM.vol.ii,p.474n5.
⑦Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,vol.iip.223-224.
⑧Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,vol.iip.223-224.
①Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,vol.iii,p.239.
②Reportes del Cases300-331;vol.vii534-537.
③Reportes del Cases331—他们不可以为其委托人垫付金钱；但是一个人可以写信给律师指示或获得建议，或者开始诉讼。这被称为“对国家的穷人是如此的普遍和必需，”以至于“即使是一个犯罪，这个法院也不会审判它。”
④Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.90-91.
⑤Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.90.
⑥Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.90.
⑦Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,89-90—“任何人在为了国王利益而进行的起诉中支付金钱都是合法的。”
⑧Winfield, The present law of abuse of legal procedure, Cambridge: Cambridge University press,1921,pp.5-6.
⑨Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.91.
⑩Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.91-93;Reports del Cases96,243.
①William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.v,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1937,p.203;Vol.iv,p.105-106,163,214.
②Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.104-107.
③Nicolas vii77,78,101,102;Dasent x262;xi348;xii94,95.
④Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.106.
①Coke,The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,London:1797,p.143.
②“他们将失去自由保有地或者法律特许，使他们不能被带到任何陪审团或巡回法庭，或者进行任何事实作证。如果他们和国王的法院有关系的话他们的房子、土地、和物品应当被国王占有，他们的房子和土地被毁坏，他们的数目被连根拔起，他们则被监禁，摧毁所有愉悦并给养他们的东西，因为通过错误、蓄意和伪证他们试图剥夺和压迫无辜。”Coke, The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws ofEngland,London:1797,p.143.
③Stephen,AHistory of The Criminal Law of England, vol.ii,MacmillanAnd Co.London:1883,p.229.
④Coke, The Reports of Sir Edward Coke In Thirteen Parts,vol.v,part ix,(London:1826),p.102.
⑤Coke, The Reports of Sir Edward Coke In Thirteen Parts,vol.vi,part xi,(London:1826),pp.174-187.
⑥Rex v.Starling,1Sid.168and1Keb.650(1664).83Eng. Rep.1164
⑦86Eng. Rep.196(1677-78).
①Regina v. Bass,11Mod.55,88Eng.Rep.881(1705).
②Francis B. Sayre,“Criminal Conspiracy”,Harvard Law Review,v.35(1921-22),p.402.
③Rex v. Joumeymen Tailors,8Mod.10(1721).
④Rex v.Edwards,8Mod.320(1724).
⑤Harold J.Berman,Law and Revolutionary,vol II(The Impact of the Protestant Reformations on the WesternLegal Tradition), Harvard University Press,2003,p.327.
⑥Carr,The English Law of Defamation,L.Q.R.xviiip.270-272.
⑦Co.Litt.96b
⑧(1583)4Co.Rep.20a—“如果诽谤触及到或者关系到在普通法上可以查明的任何事情，教会法官则对其不能进行审判.”
⑨“尽管这些诽谤只是仅仅的精神上的；然而那些被中伤的人却不能控告获得损害赔偿，但是案件可能只是罪孽的惩罚，pro salute animce,”(1583)4Co.Rep.20a.
①William Holdsworth,AHistory of English Law,vol.viii,Methune＆Co Ltd SweetAnd Maxwell,London:19,pp.346-361.
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.103.
③3Edw I.c.34;2Richard II.st.I c.5.;12Richard II.C.11.
④1554年制定法（1,2Philip and Mary c.3）和1558年制定法（1Elizabeth c.4）将心怀恶意的说出或者写出对国王或女王的错误或诽谤性言词行为规定为轻罪；1580-1581年制定法（23Elizabeth c.2.）规定，写下这样的（1554和1558规定的）言词将被视为重罪，而说出这样的言词在第二次被定罪时作为重罪。
⑤W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.39.
⑥Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.101-102;Nicolas vii306(1542); Cases in the StarChamber(C.S.)38-40.
①W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.176-177.
②W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.225.
③W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.372-373.
⑤Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.103.
⑥Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.102-103.
⑦Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.103.
⑧Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.101.
③W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.226.
④Cases in the Star Chamber(C.S.) p.71;Hudson,ibid,p.102.
⑤Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.104
⑥W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privately printed,1894.p.247.
⑦Cases in the Star Chamber(C.S.)1-37.
①W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.59,60,70;Dasent xv47,84-85,195(1587).
②Hudson, ATreatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.99.
③W.P.Baildon,Les Reportes del Case in Camera Stellata,1593-1609,from the MS.of John Hawarde,privatelyprinted,1894.p.47,48.
④Dasent xiv29(1585-1586),313,330,347(1586-1587);xxii414(1592).
⑤Dasent xx100,101(1590)——一个珠宝商以185镑的价格卖了价值20镑的货物。
⑥Cases in the Star Chamber (C.S.)115-116——他们以铜和其他基础金属制作他们的帽带，然后以上乘银或者金带售出；“由于欺诈对公众利益造成普遍损害，在所有的制造商，从重要的日用品到最普通的东西，欺诈遍布，分布在全部王国的贸易中，为了举例，应当谨慎的做出命令,并在下一次伦敦同业公会(liverycompany)的一般会议以及行会会馆（Guyldhall）中宣读。”
⑦Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.107.
⑧William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.iii,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1942,p.210-211.
⑨William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.iv,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1945,p.380-381,385-386.
⑩William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.iv,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1945,pp.335-338.
11William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.iv,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1945,p.77-80,85-87.
12Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.115-119.
①Hudson, A Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber,in Collectanea Turidica, vol. II.The Legal Classics LibraryDivision of Gryphon Editions,Ltd.Birmingham,1986,p.117-118.
②James Bradley Thayer,APreliminary Treatise on Evidence at the Commom Law,1898,p.140.
③福蒂斯丘在赞颂英国陪审团时将失权令作为陪审团作用发挥的一部分进行论述，见John Fortescue,DeLaudibus Legum Angliae, With Translation by Francis Gregor, ROBERT CLARKE&CO:Cincinnati,1874,p.92-93.
④亨利2世时所创立的一种由16位骑士组成的咨审团决定哪一方当事人对争议地产更有权利的审判方式。被告有权在决斗和咨审之间作出选择，一旦选择后就意味着本来在领主法庭进行的诉讼将被移送到郡法庭，这是王室法庭扩大管辖权的举措之一。
⑤William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.I,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1956,p.337-339.
①在1360年之前失权令在制定法上的扩大可见James Bradley Thayer,A Preliminary Treatise on Evidence atthe Commom Law,1898,p.146-148.
②James Bradley Thayer,APreliminary Treatise on Evidence at the Commom Law,1898,p.138.
③Sir Thomas Smith, De Republica Anglorum, Edited by L. Alston, Cambridge University: Cambridge,1906,p.111.
④William Blackstone, Commentaries on the laws of England,vol.III,Printed by A. Strahan:London,1800,p.405.
⑤Hudson,p.14.
⑥James Bradley Thayer,APreliminary Treatise on Evidence at the Commom Law,1898,p.157-159.
①William Holdsworth,AHistory of English Law,vol.II,Methune＆Co Ltd SweetAnd Maxwell,London:1936,p.415;对于普通法在处理当时犯罪上的不足问题时，Holdsworth进而指出，“法律的形式和身体暴力成为成为看似最为方便的替代手段…法律不再是弱者和受压迫者的庇护地，而是肆无忌惮者手中的一把剑。人们学习它的规则如同学习舞剑的招数。”Ibid,p.416.对于中世纪后期贵族统治下英国的混乱，Palgrave指出，内战创造了一个喜怒无常的贵族政治，甚至不愿意服从权利规则或者承认法律的至上权威。而随着贵族在中世纪逐渐失去经济和身份地位上的传统地位，“大贵族们致力于通过混乱和暴力对其进行弥补。而针对这些犯罪，普通法无济于事。正义之源在其源头就被陪审团的持续无效给污染了。”Francis Palgrave,An Essay upon The Original Authority of the King’s Council,1834,p.101,102;此外，Palgrave还列出了反映当时陪审团问题的诗歌，见ibid,p.103,289.
②Palgrave指出，“我并不否认，我们生活下的政府的各种利益以及我们享受到的宪政价值是由于陪审团审判的影响。它将自由的精神带入这片土地。但是没有比在合法形式下的专横更加罪恶：而陪审团审判已经且可能正受到社会一般地位的影响，成为一个痛苦和压迫的积极工具。”Francis Palgrave,An Essayupon The Original Authority of the King’s Council,1834,p.52-53.
③William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.II,Methune＆Co Ltd Sweet And Maxwell,London:1956,,p.343.
④Palgrave指出，“当陪审员是真正的证人时，将陪审团的提名和选任交给组建官员的裁量权就是绝对必要的…但是，这个任命陪审团的裁量权成为了腐败和怀疑的土壤…在法律的掩盖下提供私人报复和怨恨的镇和百户区陪审团组建的方法，太容易被滥用了。”Francis Palgrave,An Essay upon The OriginalAuthority of the King’s Council,1834,p.55.
⑤Thomas A. Green,The Jury and the English Law of Homicide,1200-1600,Michigan Law Review74
(1974),p.431.n.68.此外，Green教授从有关杀人的社会观念的角度对13-15世纪英国的低定罪率进行了解读，具体可见Thomas A. Green, Societal Concepts of Criminal Liability for Homicide in Mediaeval England,Speculum: A Journal of Mediaeval Studies Vol.47,No.4(Oct.,1972), pp.669-694.
②James Fitzjames Stephen,A History of The Criminal Law of England,vol.I,Macmillan And Co.London:1883,p.177.
③Statutes of the Real,vol.iii,p.499.
④Floyd v.Barker(1608)12Co.Rep.23-24.
①Samuel Rawson Gardiner(edited),Reports of Cases in the Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission,Camden Society:1886,p.20.
②有学者并不赞同Holdsworth的推论，并举出了1540年到1581年中星座法院惩罚陪审团的一些案例，这些案件中“并没有显示出有贿赂或者任何其他形式的腐败或者恐吓出现。”参见Charles Hamilton, StarChamber and Juries: Some Observations, Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies,Vol.5,No.3(Autumn,1973), p.237.n.2.
③在Burn的著作中可以看到大量的星座法院惩罚陪审团的案例，John Southerden Burn, Star chamber:Notices of the court and its proceedings.(J. R. Smith,London:)1870,p.43,53,54,55,64,66,66(n.1),132,152,154.
④HM Ellesmere MSS.,2768,fols.45-49.转引自Charles Hamilton, Star Chamber and Juries: Some Observations,Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies,Vol.5,No.3(Autumn,1973), p.238-239.
⑤Geoffrey Rudolph Elton, Star Chamber stories,Methuen,(London:1958),p.113. Hamilton指出，在Ellsmere所提供的案例中“即使面对着到星座法院的威胁而且还没有贿赂的情况下，地方陪审团都会作伪证。因此常常用于形容都铎的强势政府这一词只能在相对的意义上使用。如果专制在16世纪的英格兰存在的话，它更有可能是在地方社会中由多数人对那些基于各种原因而冒犯其邻人的可怜之人实施的。”CharlesHamilton, Star Chamber and Juries: Some Observations, Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with BritishStudies,Vol.5, No.3(Autumn,1973), p.241-242.
⑥Halmilton对Ellesmere收集的星座法院在1540年到1581年间星座法院管辖的陪审团审理案件研究后发现，只有一个案件星座法院惩罚了一个做出被告有罪裁决。参见Charles Hamilton, Star Chamber and Juries:Some Observations, Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies,Vol.5, No.3(Autumn,1973),p.237-238.
①Star Chamber documents,Henry VIII,Vol II,pp.156,157.
②AComplete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors(Cobbett),London:1809,vol.1,p.901;有关Throckmorton案的详细介绍参见ibid,pp.869-900;Jardine,CriminalTrials,vol.1(London:1832),p.62-109; The Trial of Nicholas Throckmorton(edited by Annabel M. Patterson),Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies,1998.
③Thomas A. Green, The Jury and the English Law of Homicide,1200-1600, Michigan Law Review Vol.74, No.3(Jan.,1976),p.491.
①如在1665年的Wagstaffe案中，Hale法官提出，“所有的英格兰法官一致认为，（只有一个人不同意），这种对陪审团施加的罚金时不合法的，因为他们是事实问题的法官，即使处以了罚金也不解决问题，因为直到事实问题被陪审团解决、陈述并一直同意之前，是不可能出现任何有需要考虑的法律问题的，而陪审团是这样的事实问题的唯一胜任的裁判者。”Matthew Hale,The History of The Pleas of the Crown,1736,p.313.
②Bushell等陪审员由于在此前的贵格教信徒Penn和Mead案件中坚持做出被告无罪判决而被处以罚金和监禁。他们随后到普通诉讼法院获得了人身保护令状并被释放。Vaughan法官认为，陪审团不能因其司法行为受到惩罚的理由是：首先，陪审团是事实的裁判官而不是法官，因而可以得出和法官不同的事实结论；其次，陪审团的成员可能比法官更熟悉案件事实的情况，因为陪审团可以从个人知悉或者证人处获得法官所无法获得的案情；第三，如果陪审团服从法官的意见可能导致失权令程序的惩罚，而如果不服从法官的意见则可能受到罚金和监禁，因此无论如何都是矛盾的。Vaughan法官的结论做出后，对于陪审团的罚款监禁制度便彻底废止了。有关该案的审理以及Vaughan法官的意见，见A CompleteCollection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors(Cobbett),London:1810,vol.vi,p.1000-1026.
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