射频识别系统及其数据安全性的研究
摘要
射频识别(RFID)技术，作为一种新兴的识别技术，可以广泛地应用于各个领域。它最大的特点就是无需接触就可以以无线射频的方式完成通信，达到自动识别的目的。相对于接触式识别，它有许多自己独有的优点，如使用方便、灵活，能高效地自动识别移动中的物体等。
在国外，射频识别系统已被广泛的应用。而在国内，自主开发的成熟的射频识别系统包括非接触IC卡和相应的读写器的专用芯片还没有，绝大部分都要依靠进口。这就要求我们能够自主开发射频识别系统读写器的专用芯片。据了解，目前复旦微电子公司正在进行非接触IC卡的设计和开发工作，华虹集成电路设计公司正在开发的电子身份证也是同类型产品的研究。本文在深入了解了射频识别系统的基础上，按照ASIC的正向设计流程，对射频识别系统读写器设计的专用芯片化及其数据通信安全性方面进行了一定的研究。文章所做的工作包括：
1、对整个射频通信系统的工作原理进行了深入的研究和介绍。包括系统构成、工作流程、能量及数据的射频传输接口、数据传输的完整性和安全性等关键技术。
2、对系统中影响系统性能的关键部分：防冲突模块的算法进行了比较和分析。采用优化了的动态时隙随机推迟算法。该算法性能优于ATMEL公司AT88RF256型号的同类型非接触识别产品。用verilog硬件描述语言对算法进行了实现。并针对该算法编写了测试向量，对其进行了仿真和测试。然后采用上华06μCMOS双阱双铝双多晶的工艺库对其进行了综合。
3、对数据通信安全性起决定作用的加密模块所采用的加密算法进行了深入的分析，综合加密性能和实现的复杂度的考虑，采用了流密码的加密算法。文章提出了一种带有自同步功能的非线性流密码加密算法，并用verilog语言进行参数化的描述。同样为其编写了测试向量，进行了仿真、测试和综合。
4、提出了一种射频识别系统读写器Driver的解决方案，并进行了初步的调试和验证。
5、文章最后对工作进行了总结和展望。
As a new technology of Auto-ID, RFID can be widely used in all kinds of fields. The most significant feature of RFID is that it can contactlessly communicate to reach the goal of Auto-ID by radio frequency. It has many merits over identification by contact, such as convenience, flexibility, being able to identify moving objects effectively.
This kind of RFID system has been widely used in some developed countries. However there is still not mature RFID system including contactless IC cards and read/write devices in our country. Almost all these kinds of device should be imported. So it is very necessary to develop our own technology of cantactless IC cards and driver IC of read/write device. Some research about using means of ASIC to realize read/write device and security ability of data communication is made on the basis of well knowing of the whole RFID systems.
These works are presented in this paper:
1 , research and introduce the theory of the whole RFID system, including key technologies such as structure of the system, flow of working, interface of energy and data, integrality and security of transmission of data.
2, As the key module to the performance of whole system, anti-collision algorithm was compared and analyzed. Then an optimized dynamic ALOHA algorithm is selected and realized using verilog HDL. Test bench to this algorithm is also written to simulate this module. At last this module is synthesized using 6S06DPDM technology library.
3 , The algorithm used in key module to the performance of data security is thoroughly analyzed. Considering both performance of enciphering and degree of complexity of realization, steam cipher algorithm is used. A new non-linear stream cipher algorithm with ability of self synchronization is presented. This algorithm is also realized using verilog HDL and is simulated.
4 , A solution of realization of driver IC in read/write device is presented and some test are also performed.
5 , At the end of the paper, conclusion and expectation are made.
在国外，射频识别系统已被广泛的应用。而在国内，自主开发的成熟的射频识别系统包括非接触IC卡和相应的读写器的专用芯片还没有，绝大部分都要依靠进口。这就要求我们能够自主开发射频识别系统读写器的专用芯片。据了解，目前复旦微电子公司正在进行非接触IC卡的设计和开发工作，华虹集成电路设计公司正在开发的电子身份证也是同类型产品的研究。本文在深入了解了射频识别系统的基础上，按照ASIC的正向设计流程，对射频识别系统读写器设计的专用芯片化及其数据通信安全性方面进行了一定的研究。文章所做的工作包括：
1、对整个射频通信系统的工作原理进行了深入的研究和介绍。包括系统构成、工作流程、能量及数据的射频传输接口、数据传输的完整性和安全性等关键技术。
2、对系统中影响系统性能的关键部分：防冲突模块的算法进行了比较和分析。采用优化了的动态时隙随机推迟算法。该算法性能优于ATMEL公司AT88RF256型号的同类型非接触识别产品。用verilog硬件描述语言对算法进行了实现。并针对该算法编写了测试向量，对其进行了仿真和测试。然后采用上华06μCMOS双阱双铝双多晶的工艺库对其进行了综合。
3、对数据通信安全性起决定作用的加密模块所采用的加密算法进行了深入的分析，综合加密性能和实现的复杂度的考虑，采用了流密码的加密算法。文章提出了一种带有自同步功能的非线性流密码加密算法，并用verilog语言进行参数化的描述。同样为其编写了测试向量，进行了仿真、测试和综合。
4、提出了一种射频识别系统读写器Driver的解决方案，并进行了初步的调试和验证。
5、文章最后对工作进行了总结和展望。
As a new technology of Auto-ID, RFID can be widely used in all kinds of fields. The most significant feature of RFID is that it can contactlessly communicate to reach the goal of Auto-ID by radio frequency. It has many merits over identification by contact, such as convenience, flexibility, being able to identify moving objects effectively.
This kind of RFID system has been widely used in some developed countries. However there is still not mature RFID system including contactless IC cards and read/write devices in our country. Almost all these kinds of device should be imported. So it is very necessary to develop our own technology of cantactless IC cards and driver IC of read/write device. Some research about using means of ASIC to realize read/write device and security ability of data communication is made on the basis of well knowing of the whole RFID systems.
These works are presented in this paper:
1 , research and introduce the theory of the whole RFID system, including key technologies such as structure of the system, flow of working, interface of energy and data, integrality and security of transmission of data.
2, As the key module to the performance of whole system, anti-collision algorithm was compared and analyzed. Then an optimized dynamic ALOHA algorithm is selected and realized using verilog HDL. Test bench to this algorithm is also written to simulate this module. At last this module is synthesized using 6S06DPDM technology library.
3 , The algorithm used in key module to the performance of data security is thoroughly analyzed. Considering both performance of enciphering and degree of complexity of realization, steam cipher algorithm is used. A new non-linear stream cipher algorithm with ability of self synchronization is presented. This algorithm is also realized using verilog HDL and is simulated.
4 , A solution of realization of driver IC in read/write device is presented and some test are also performed.
5 , At the end of the paper, conclusion and expectation are made.
引文
[1]Lu Chao, Li Yong-ming, "The RF Interface Circuits Design of Contactless IC Cards" IEEE Journal, 0-7803=6677, pp.278-280, Aug 2001
[2]AndréAbrial, Jacky Bouvier, Marc Renaudin, "A New Contaetless Smart Card IC Using an On-Chip Antenna and an Asynchronous Microcontroller" IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol.36,NoT,pp.1101-1106, July 2001
[3]Ulrich Kaiser and Wolfgang Steinhagen, "A Low-Power Transponder IC for High-Performance Identification Systems" IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol.30, No3, March 1995
[4]沈宇超，沈树群，“射频识别技术及其发展现状”，电子技术应用，p．4-5，1999．1
[5]俞林，甘骏人，“一个适用于逻辑加密IC卡的认证加密方案”，应用科学学报，第18卷，第2期，2000．6
[6]纪风华，容太平，王筠，“基于IC卡的一种实用加密方法”，电子技术应用，p．18-19，1997．6
[7]Shen Yu-chao, Wang Hai-bo, "A New Anti-collision Algorithm for Multi-Target Real Time Recognition in RFID System" The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunica, Vol.7, No.3, p.64-69, sep.2000
[8]于宏军，智能卡技术全书，北京：电子工业出版社，1996
[9]沈宇超，沈树群，“射频识别系统中通信协议的模块化设计”，通信学报，第22卷，第2期，p．54-58，2002．2
[10]刘琰，李辉，“射频识别技术软硬件系统研制”，电子技术，第3期，p．29-302002．3
[11]ISO/IEC 14443 International Standard, First edition, 04-15-2000
[12]Manual of 13.56MHz RFID Transponder IC AT88RF256-13, Atmel, Rev. 1944c,July. 2001
[13]卢开澄，计算机密码学，清华大学出版社，1998．7
[14]张明，Verilog HDL实用教程，电子科技大学出版社，1999．11
[15]Klaus Finkenzeller，陈大才 编译，射频识别(RFID)技术，电子工业出版社，2001．6
[16]吴文玲，肖国镇，“关于非线性组合序列的稳定性”，西安电子科技大学学报，第25卷，第一期，1998．2
[17]谭浩强，C程序设计，清华大学出版社，1989
[18]邱卫东，谷大武，“一种实用的密钥流生成器方案”，上海交通大学学报，第33卷，第11期，1999．11
[19]倪昊，电子标签系统的研究和开发，中科院上海冶金研究所硕士论文，2001．7
[20]李志坚，周润德，ULSI器件电路与系统，科学出版社，2000．1
[2]AndréAbrial, Jacky Bouvier, Marc Renaudin, "A New Contaetless Smart Card IC Using an On-Chip Antenna and an Asynchronous Microcontroller" IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol.36,NoT,pp.1101-1106, July 2001
[3]Ulrich Kaiser and Wolfgang Steinhagen, "A Low-Power Transponder IC for High-Performance Identification Systems" IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol.30, No3, March 1995
[4]沈宇超，沈树群，“射频识别技术及其发展现状”，电子技术应用，p．4-5，1999．1
[5]俞林，甘骏人，“一个适用于逻辑加密IC卡的认证加密方案”，应用科学学报，第18卷，第2期，2000．6
[6]纪风华，容太平，王筠，“基于IC卡的一种实用加密方法”，电子技术应用，p．18-19，1997．6
[7]Shen Yu-chao, Wang Hai-bo, "A New Anti-collision Algorithm for Multi-Target Real Time Recognition in RFID System" The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunica, Vol.7, No.3, p.64-69, sep.2000
[8]于宏军，智能卡技术全书，北京：电子工业出版社，1996
[9]沈宇超，沈树群，“射频识别系统中通信协议的模块化设计”，通信学报，第22卷，第2期，p．54-58，2002．2
[10]刘琰，李辉，“射频识别技术软硬件系统研制”，电子技术，第3期，p．29-302002．3
[11]ISO/IEC 14443 International Standard, First edition, 04-15-2000
[12]Manual of 13.56MHz RFID Transponder IC AT88RF256-13, Atmel, Rev. 1944c,July. 2001
[13]卢开澄，计算机密码学，清华大学出版社，1998．7
[14]张明，Verilog HDL实用教程，电子科技大学出版社，1999．11
[15]Klaus Finkenzeller，陈大才 编译，射频识别(RFID)技术，电子工业出版社，2001．6
[16]吴文玲，肖国镇，“关于非线性组合序列的稳定性”，西安电子科技大学学报，第25卷，第一期，1998．2
[17]谭浩强，C程序设计，清华大学出版社，1989
[18]邱卫东，谷大武，“一种实用的密钥流生成器方案”，上海交通大学学报，第33卷，第11期，1999．11
[19]倪昊，电子标签系统的研究和开发，中科院上海冶金研究所硕士论文，2001．7
[20]李志坚，周润德，ULSI器件电路与系统，科学出版社，2000．1