苹果种植农户使用农药行为及其控制研究
摘要
陕西省是我国的主要优势苹果产区，使用农药仍是目前苹果树病虫害防治的主要方法，果农是否严格按照农业部无公害苹果基地农药使用规范要求使用农药将直接影响生产者、消费者的健康和生态环境的安全，同时对于陕西苹果优势产区的无公害苹果基地建设质量和有机苹果基地建设质量产生重要影响，并最终影响陕西苹果的竞争力。为从理论和实践中探索如何规范果农的农药使用行为，提升陕西苹果种植面积中无公害和有机苹果种植面积的比例，需要深入研究目前果农的农药使用行为规律。
基于认知心理学理论和行为经济学不确定性决策理论，立足苹果种植农户对使用农药知识存在认知偏差、对未来预期风险存在风险厌恶等假设基础上，从农民、农药零售商、农药价格、农药使用相关社会环境及其相互关系角度系统分析果农安全农药购买和安全农药施用规范问题，为陕西及全国苹果基地农药使用规范化水平提高提供控制策略及相应政策建议。选取陕西和甘肃主要苹果主产区有效样本322个农户为分析对象，运用经典多元线性回归模型分析果农购买不安全农药的主要影响因素，用多元Logistic排序选择模型分析果农农药施用行为影响因素，同时对部分典型果农农药使用行为分析采用全程跟踪摄影观察分析的行为科学分析方法，将农民农药不安全农药使用行为细分为不安全农药购买、超浓度配比农药、缩短农药间隔期施用农药、不安全农药施用防护及废弃包装处理等，特别是重点从农药零售商视角对农民农药购买行为和施用行为研究。通过对农民农药使用过程细分及其行为特征分析、农民农药使用行为影响因素分析，提出农民安全农药使用控制策略并对农民安全农药使用控制机制设计进行研究。
通过对果农农药使用行为理论和实证分析，得到如下结论：
（1）果农使用不安全农药的种类和数量虽然很少，但使用不安全农药的农户数量在调查总农户数量中所占比例仍然较高，超过了60%。果农的施用农药间隔时间几乎全部遵循农药安全间隔期，但果农使用农药过程中最大农药配比浓度超过农药说明书最大浓度配比10%的果农达到了40%，施用农药防护不规范的果农占到总调查果农的50%，果农使用农药不安全和不规范行为在一定程度上仍然存在。
（2）果农使用农药行为影响因素结果分析表明：首先，启发式偏向如农药零售商建议、指导与推荐对果农不安全农药使用起主导性影响，果农不安全农药认知、农药使用知识认知对果农的不安全农药使用起次要性影响。因此，发挥农药零售商在安全农药使用管理中的作用、强化农民的不安全农药认知有助于农民购买和施用安全农药。其次，从制度着手进一步完善生鲜农产品的产地信息码的质量追溯机制与收购商收购农产品的农药残留检测以及通过建立农村信息员对不安全农药的监控机制等来控制农民购买不安全农药。再次，进一步探索土地流转机制提高单户果农的规模化经营水平，对于降低不安全农药的使用也有一定的作用。
（3）基于行为控制理论和果农使用农药行为影响因素结论，提出控制果农使用不安全农药的三大控制策略：控制果农购买和施用不安全农药源头的农药零售商控制策略，果农购买和施用不安全农药的内在认知控制策略，控制果农农药使用结果的结果控制策略。
（4）果农农药使用管理制度改进。在借鉴美国的农药使用管理制度框架和分析我国农药使用管理制度不足基础上，将果农农药使用控制策略从法律制度、机构设置、人员职责等方面融入我国农户安全农药使用管理制度框架。
Shanxi, as one of the high quality apple production regions in the world,ranks first in China for its apple production. In apple orchards, chemicalpesticides are still used as a major countermeasure to prevent or cure pests, fungiand bacteria on apple trees. Using pesticides safely and properly by applegrowers plays a prime role for the quality of fresh apples, state of healthcondition of apple growers and apple consumers and quality of ecologicalenvironment, especially for the apple quality grade of safe apple planting areaand organic apple planting area, and for the apple competitiveness of shanxi. Toensure the apple quality grade of safe apple planting area and organic appleplanting area and enlarge the planting area of safe apple planting area andorganic apple planting area, we need to study how to prevent apple growersunproperly pesticides using, such as using unpermitted pesticides, applyingmore pesticides or disobeying preharvest interval, etc..
Base on cognitive psychology theory and uncertainty decision of prospecttheory, and assuming apple growers show cognitive deviation for pesticidesknowledge and risk aversion for future risk, the paper analyses the progress andreasons of apple growers purchasing pesticide and using systematically from theaspects of apple growers, pesticides retailers, pesticides characters and socialenvironments. Its aim is trying to find ways to control apple growers’ unsafetypesticides using or using pesticides unproperly so that the apple quality can beensured and improved. So apple growers’ pesticides purchasing behavior, applegrowers’ pesticides dilutinging behavior, apple growers’ pesticides applyingbehavior, pesticides reside and pesticides package disposing behavior areanalysed more specifically. Based on investigating322households of applegrowers in seven counties in Shanxi and Gansu and related experiments, thepaper uses mutiliner regression model analysing the factors of influencingfarmers’ purchase pesticides from point of view of heuristic bias, and the resultsshow that pesticide retailers’ recommendation plays a key role in influencingfarmers’ pesticides purchase. Farmers’ perception on safety pesticides, riskaversion and other factors play a minor role in influencing farmers’ pesticidespurchase.The paper uses mutiorder logistic model analysing the factors ofinfluencing farmers’ purchasing, diluting pesticides etc., and the results showthat knowledge of diluting pesticides properly play a key role in influencing farmers’ pesticides diluting, farmers’ family numbers, age and other factors playa minor role in influencing farmers’ pesticides diluting. By analyzing theprogress of apple growers’ pesticides using and its influencing factors, the papertries to find ways how to control unsafe pesticides using and pesticides usingunproperly and construct the law system to control them.
According to analysis of pesticides using behavior of apple growers, thepaper proposes the following conclusions:
1. The kinds and quantity of prohibited pesticides used by apple growersare only a few, but the percentage of investigated apple growers who useprohibited pesticides reached60%.Most of apple growers obey pesticidesinterval, but there are40%of sample apple growers who dilute pesticides morethan10%of normal concentration ratio, and half of sample apple growers don’tobey protective measures.
2. Influencing factors of apple growers pesticides using shows that heuristicbias and perception of prohibited pesticides play a key role and minor roleseparately in influencing apple growers’ safe pesticides using. Therefore, weneed to strengthen function of pesticides retailors prescribing safe pesticides forfarmers and the apple growers’ perception of prohibited pesticides. Second, weneed to code apples according their origins, employ village pesticides informerssupervising unsafe pesticides using and better unsafe pesticides detecting system.Third, we need perfect land transference to enlarge orchards scale ofapple growers.
3. There are three related countermeasures to control unsafe pesticidespurchase and using pesticides unproperly. The first measre is to controlconsulting qualifications of pesticides retailers, their suggestions rules andrelating monitoring rules. The second measure is to enhancing apple growers’safe and proper knowledge on pesticides by training and propagandizing andemploying village informers to monitoring apple growers. The third measure isto test pesticides resides on sold apple on a spot check base.
4. On the one hand, It suggests that we should integrate countermeasures ofcontrolling unsafe pesticide to our new pesticides regulations. On the other hand,according to analysis of pesticides regulation of USA and that of China, weshould use the pesticides regulations of USA for reference and perfect ourcountry’s new pesticides regulations to control unsafe and unproperly pesticidesusing from pesticides laws, organization setting and positions responsibilities,etc..
基于认知心理学理论和行为经济学不确定性决策理论，立足苹果种植农户对使用农药知识存在认知偏差、对未来预期风险存在风险厌恶等假设基础上，从农民、农药零售商、农药价格、农药使用相关社会环境及其相互关系角度系统分析果农安全农药购买和安全农药施用规范问题，为陕西及全国苹果基地农药使用规范化水平提高提供控制策略及相应政策建议。选取陕西和甘肃主要苹果主产区有效样本322个农户为分析对象，运用经典多元线性回归模型分析果农购买不安全农药的主要影响因素，用多元Logistic排序选择模型分析果农农药施用行为影响因素，同时对部分典型果农农药使用行为分析采用全程跟踪摄影观察分析的行为科学分析方法，将农民农药不安全农药使用行为细分为不安全农药购买、超浓度配比农药、缩短农药间隔期施用农药、不安全农药施用防护及废弃包装处理等，特别是重点从农药零售商视角对农民农药购买行为和施用行为研究。通过对农民农药使用过程细分及其行为特征分析、农民农药使用行为影响因素分析，提出农民安全农药使用控制策略并对农民安全农药使用控制机制设计进行研究。
通过对果农农药使用行为理论和实证分析，得到如下结论：
（1）果农使用不安全农药的种类和数量虽然很少，但使用不安全农药的农户数量在调查总农户数量中所占比例仍然较高，超过了60%。果农的施用农药间隔时间几乎全部遵循农药安全间隔期，但果农使用农药过程中最大农药配比浓度超过农药说明书最大浓度配比10%的果农达到了40%，施用农药防护不规范的果农占到总调查果农的50%，果农使用农药不安全和不规范行为在一定程度上仍然存在。
（2）果农使用农药行为影响因素结果分析表明：首先，启发式偏向如农药零售商建议、指导与推荐对果农不安全农药使用起主导性影响，果农不安全农药认知、农药使用知识认知对果农的不安全农药使用起次要性影响。因此，发挥农药零售商在安全农药使用管理中的作用、强化农民的不安全农药认知有助于农民购买和施用安全农药。其次，从制度着手进一步完善生鲜农产品的产地信息码的质量追溯机制与收购商收购农产品的农药残留检测以及通过建立农村信息员对不安全农药的监控机制等来控制农民购买不安全农药。再次，进一步探索土地流转机制提高单户果农的规模化经营水平，对于降低不安全农药的使用也有一定的作用。
（3）基于行为控制理论和果农使用农药行为影响因素结论，提出控制果农使用不安全农药的三大控制策略：控制果农购买和施用不安全农药源头的农药零售商控制策略，果农购买和施用不安全农药的内在认知控制策略，控制果农农药使用结果的结果控制策略。
（4）果农农药使用管理制度改进。在借鉴美国的农药使用管理制度框架和分析我国农药使用管理制度不足基础上，将果农农药使用控制策略从法律制度、机构设置、人员职责等方面融入我国农户安全农药使用管理制度框架。
Shanxi, as one of the high quality apple production regions in the world,ranks first in China for its apple production. In apple orchards, chemicalpesticides are still used as a major countermeasure to prevent or cure pests, fungiand bacteria on apple trees. Using pesticides safely and properly by applegrowers plays a prime role for the quality of fresh apples, state of healthcondition of apple growers and apple consumers and quality of ecologicalenvironment, especially for the apple quality grade of safe apple planting areaand organic apple planting area, and for the apple competitiveness of shanxi. Toensure the apple quality grade of safe apple planting area and organic appleplanting area and enlarge the planting area of safe apple planting area andorganic apple planting area, we need to study how to prevent apple growersunproperly pesticides using, such as using unpermitted pesticides, applyingmore pesticides or disobeying preharvest interval, etc..
Base on cognitive psychology theory and uncertainty decision of prospecttheory, and assuming apple growers show cognitive deviation for pesticidesknowledge and risk aversion for future risk, the paper analyses the progress andreasons of apple growers purchasing pesticide and using systematically from theaspects of apple growers, pesticides retailers, pesticides characters and socialenvironments. Its aim is trying to find ways to control apple growers’ unsafetypesticides using or using pesticides unproperly so that the apple quality can beensured and improved. So apple growers’ pesticides purchasing behavior, applegrowers’ pesticides dilutinging behavior, apple growers’ pesticides applyingbehavior, pesticides reside and pesticides package disposing behavior areanalysed more specifically. Based on investigating322households of applegrowers in seven counties in Shanxi and Gansu and related experiments, thepaper uses mutiliner regression model analysing the factors of influencingfarmers’ purchase pesticides from point of view of heuristic bias, and the resultsshow that pesticide retailers’ recommendation plays a key role in influencingfarmers’ pesticides purchase. Farmers’ perception on safety pesticides, riskaversion and other factors play a minor role in influencing farmers’ pesticidespurchase.The paper uses mutiorder logistic model analysing the factors ofinfluencing farmers’ purchasing, diluting pesticides etc., and the results showthat knowledge of diluting pesticides properly play a key role in influencing farmers’ pesticides diluting, farmers’ family numbers, age and other factors playa minor role in influencing farmers’ pesticides diluting. By analyzing theprogress of apple growers’ pesticides using and its influencing factors, the papertries to find ways how to control unsafe pesticides using and pesticides usingunproperly and construct the law system to control them.
According to analysis of pesticides using behavior of apple growers, thepaper proposes the following conclusions:
1. The kinds and quantity of prohibited pesticides used by apple growersare only a few, but the percentage of investigated apple growers who useprohibited pesticides reached60%.Most of apple growers obey pesticidesinterval, but there are40%of sample apple growers who dilute pesticides morethan10%of normal concentration ratio, and half of sample apple growers don’tobey protective measures.
2. Influencing factors of apple growers pesticides using shows that heuristicbias and perception of prohibited pesticides play a key role and minor roleseparately in influencing apple growers’ safe pesticides using. Therefore, weneed to strengthen function of pesticides retailors prescribing safe pesticides forfarmers and the apple growers’ perception of prohibited pesticides. Second, weneed to code apples according their origins, employ village pesticides informerssupervising unsafe pesticides using and better unsafe pesticides detecting system.Third, we need perfect land transference to enlarge orchards scale ofapple growers.
3. There are three related countermeasures to control unsafe pesticidespurchase and using pesticides unproperly. The first measre is to controlconsulting qualifications of pesticides retailers, their suggestions rules andrelating monitoring rules. The second measure is to enhancing apple growers’safe and proper knowledge on pesticides by training and propagandizing andemploying village informers to monitoring apple growers. The third measure isto test pesticides resides on sold apple on a spot check base.
4. On the one hand, It suggests that we should integrate countermeasures ofcontrolling unsafe pesticide to our new pesticides regulations. On the other hand,according to analysis of pesticides regulation of USA and that of China, weshould use the pesticides regulations of USA for reference and perfect ourcountry’s new pesticides regulations to control unsafe and unproperly pesticidesusing from pesticides laws, organization setting and positions responsibilities,etc..
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