环境中冲突信息加工的认知与神经机制
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摘要
一个人可以迅速从嘈杂的交通噪音中分辨出救护车的警示声音。一个人可以排除一段音乐的干扰参加另一段旋律的演奏。一个人可以在餐厅中阅读报纸上的新闻不受旁边人们谈话的影响。人们可以很容易了解环境中新颖和变化的刺激,并且不断的同步更新和整合刺激源。这是人类日常生活需要的一种能力,使个体有选择地运用环境中的某些特点,并且排除其他冲突或分心刺激,从而进行认知加工。这是对环境中冲突信息加工的能力,它对人类生存和适应是必不可少的。然而,由于冲突信息加工研究范式的多样性,国内外关于冲突信息加工的认知与神经机制的研究还是处在比较不系统的情况下。依据人类在真实生活环境中经常出现的接受外界信息的方式(单一感觉通道信息输入和跨感觉通道信息输入),本论文设计利用和发展经典冲突信息加工的实验范式,并以事件相关电位(ERP)和功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)作为技术手段,从多个维度系统地探讨了环境中冲突信息加工的认知与神经机制。
首先,研究一以颜色、大小、形状以及距离方面的冲突信息素材为实验材料,使用单一感觉通道刺激呈现方式建立冲突信息加工范式,利用ERP作为技术手段,记录分析环境中单一感觉通道冲突信息加工的相关脑电信号。通过数据分析发现,单一感觉通道冲突信息加工是分为两个阶段的,主要涉及到冲突信息察觉监视和冲突信息反应抑制。在脑电信号上,对不同类型冲突信息的察觉监视的表现形式是相似的,“不一致”条件比“一致”条件诱发出了一个更加负性的ERP成分。对不同类型冲突信息反应抑制的表现形式与任务的类型有关。其中,在对颜色冲突信息加工中和大小冲突信息加工中,与冲突信息反应抑制相关的脑电成分是以晚期负成分(N500或者N500-700)的形式出现的。而在对形状冲突信息加工中和距离冲突信息加工中,与冲突信息反应抑制相关的脑电成分是以晚期正成分(LPC)的形式出现的。此外,在距离冲突信息加工中,从差异波(“距离不一致”条件减“距离一致”条件)观察分析,在150到300毫秒时间窗口中,出现一个显著负成分N280。该负成分反映了认知加工初期大脑在表象层面对冲突信息的加工。
其次,研究二以“视-听”、“视-嗅”、“视-味”以及“视-触”方面的冲突信息素材为实验材料,使用跨感觉通道刺激呈现方式建立冲突信息加工范式,利用ERP作为技术手段,记录分析环境中跨感觉通道冲突信息加工的相关脑电信号。通过数据分析发现,跨感觉通道冲突信息加工涉及到一个阶段,冲突信息整合反应阶段。在脑电信号上,对不同类型冲突信息整合反应的表现形式是相似的,“不一致”条件比“一致”条件诱发出了一个更加负性的ERP成分。但是只有当“听”、“味”以及“触”所呈现的信息是负性,被试的情绪心境为负性时,与冲突信息整合反应相关的负性脑电成分(“不一致”条件减去“一致”条件)才会出现。而在正性情绪心境条件下,“不一致”条件与“一致”条件所诱发的脑电信号之间没有差异。这是由于正性情绪对人脑加工冲突信息的认知能力有促进作用。此外,当被试在看见具有刺激性嗅觉特征的植物的图片后会比看见具有清香性嗅觉特征的植物的图片后,诱发一个更大波幅的N1成分。当被试在看见具有酸性味觉特征的食物的图片后会比看见具有甜性味觉特征的食物的图片后,诱发一个更大波幅的P2成分。这反映了,大脑对具有负性嗅觉特征的物体和负性味觉特征的物体重视程度更高。具有负性感觉特征的刺激对人的生存和环境适应很重要。
最后,研究三两个实验从单一感觉通道冲突信息加工范式和跨感觉通道冲突信息加工范式中选取了形状冲突信息加工范式和“视-味”冲突信息加工范式,结合fMRI技术考察了环境中冲突信息加工的脑激活模式。实验结果显示,单一感觉通道冲突信息加工会激活腹内侧前额叶、额下回、颞上回以及缘上回。其中颞上回可能与冲突信息察觉监视有关,而腹内侧前额叶、额下回以及缘上回是负责单一感觉通道冲突信息反应抑制这一认知过程。同时,跨感觉通道冲突信息加工会激活额中回、舌回以及中央后回。其中额中回与舌回被认为是负责对跨感觉通道冲突信息整合加工,而中央后回可能与感觉对比有关。fMRI实验与ERP实验同样发现,只有当“味”所呈现的信息是负性的时候,“不一致”条件减去“一致”条件才会出现相应脑部区域的激活。也就是说在跨感觉通道信息加工过程中,只有在情绪心境是负性的情况下,大脑才会反映出对冲突信息的加工困难。从而进一步论证了ERP实验的推测,人类对环境中冲突信息加工能力会受到情绪心境的影响。
综合本论文设计中三个研究的10个实验,得到的结论如下。第一,颜色、大小、形状和距离冲突信息加工范式以及“视-听”、“视-嗅”、“视-味”和“视-触”冲突信息加工范式,是研究环境中冲突信息加工的认知与神经机制的有效可靠的实验范式。第二,单一感觉通道冲突信息加工是分为两个阶段,主要涉及到冲突信息察觉监视和冲突信息反应抑制。第三,跨感觉通道冲突信息加工涉及到一个阶段,冲突信息整合反应阶段。第四,颞上回与单一感觉通道冲突信息察觉监视有关,而腹内侧前额叶、额下回以及缘上回是负责对单一感觉通道冲突信息反应抑制。此外,额中回与舌回是负责对跨感觉通道冲突信息整合加工,而中央后回可能与感觉对比有关。第五,在跨感觉通道冲突信息加工过程中,环境中的信息会从不同的感觉通道输入,可能进行语义编码,最后进行整合反应。正性情绪心境会对人脑冲突信息加工的认知能力有促进和加强的作用。
A person can quickly identify the warning sound of an ambulance from the loud traffic noise. One can exclude the interference of a piece of music to play a melody. A person can read the newspaper without being affected by the talk from the next table. Human can easily understand the stimulus novelty and change in the environment to synchronize and integrate the source of stimuli. Activity in daily life requires an ability to make individuals choose to use some of the characteristics of the environment and exclude other conflict or distraction stimuli. After that an individual could make cognitive processing successfully, which is the conflict information processing in environment. It is essential for the adaptation and the survival of human. However, the present situation about the cognitive and neural basis of conflict information processing in environment is still not systematic due to the diversity of the conflict information processing research paradigms. Based on the human styles of accepting outside information (single-sensory-channel information input and cross-feeling-channel information input), the thesis design has developed the classic conflict information processing paradigms. Using event-related potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the present study aimed to systematically explore the cognitive and neural mechanisms of the conflict information processing in environment from multiple dimensions.
Firstly, study1has utilized the conflict information materials from color, size, shape and distance aspects as the experimental materials in the single sensory conflict information processing paradigm. The ERPs technology was used to record the physiological electrical signals during the single sensory conflict information processing. Scalp event-related potential analysis revealed the single sensory channel conflict information process was divided into two phases, mainly related to the conflict information monitoring and the conflict information response. Manifestations about physiological electrical signals of the different types of the conflict information monitoring were similar. The conflict information monitoring was reflected by a negative ERP component elicited by the incongruent condition than the congruent condition. Manifestations about physiological electrical signals of the different types of conflict information response were related to the stimulus dimensions. In color conflict information processing and size conflict information processing, the conflict information response was reflected by a late negative ERP component (N500or N500-700) elicited by the incongruent condition than the congruent condition. However, in shape conflict information processing and distance conflict information processing, the conflict information response was reflected by a late positive ERP component (LPC) elicited by the incongruent condition than the congruent condition. In addition, in distance conflict information processing paradigm, observing from the difference wave, a significant negative component N280was elicited by the distance incongruent condition than the distance congruent condition. This negative component reflected the conflict information processing in the representation level at the early phase of the cognitive processing.
Then. study2has utilized the conflict information materials from visual-audio, visual-olfactory, visual-taste and visual-touch aspects as the experimental materials in the cross-modal conflict information processing paradigm. The ERP technology was used to record the physiological electrical signals during the cross-modal conflict information processing. Scalp event-related potential analysis revealed the cross-modal conflict information processing happened in the conflict information integration and response stage. Manifestations about physiological electrical signals of the different types of the conflict information integration and response were similar. The conflict information integration and response were reflected by a negative ERP component elicited by the incongruent condition than the congruent condition. However, only when the stimuli on auditory channel, gustatory channel and tactile channel are negative, the participants would gain negative emotions. After that, the negative ERP component related to the conflict information integration and response would appear. When the participants gain positive emotions, there would be no difference on the physiological electrical signals between the incongruent condition and the congruent condition. The reason of this phenomenon was the positive emotion would facilitate the cognitive abilities of human brain about the conflict information processing. In addition, after the participants saw a photo of the plant with a pungent olfactory characteristic, a more negative N1component would be elicited, compared with seeing a photo of the plant with fragrance olfactory characteristic. After the participants saw a photo of the food with the sour feature, a more positive P2component would be elicited, compared with seeing a photo of the food with the sweet feature. This reflects that human brains pay more attention on the object with a negative taste characteristic or a negative olfactory characteristic. The stimuli with the negative characteristics are very important for human survival and adaptation to the environment.
Finally, study3has chosen the shape conflict information materials and the visual-taste conflict information materials as the experimental materials, combining fMRI technology, to explore the cognitive and the neural mechanisms of the conflict information processing in environment. The pattern of the neural activity from the contrast between the shape incongruent condition and the shape congruent condition showed that the inferior frontal gyrus, the medial frontal gyrus, the supramarginal gyrus and the superior temporal gyrus might be related to the conflict information processing in the single sensory channel. Specifically, the superior temporal gyrus might be involved in the conflict information monitoring; the inferior frontal gyrus, the medial frontal gyrus and the supramarginal gyrus were probably involved in the conflict information response. The pattern of the neural activity from the contrast between the negative visual-taste incongruent condition and the negative visual-taste congruent condition showed that the middle frontal gyrus, the lingual gyrus, and the postcentral gyrus might be related to the conflict information processing in the cross modality. Specifically, middle frontal gyrus and the lingual gyrus might be involved in the conflict information integration and response; the postcentral gyrus was probably involved in the sensory contrast. The results of fMRI experiment and ERP experiment were similar. Only when the stimuli on gustatory channel were negative, the participants would gain negative emotions. After that, there were three regions that showed positive activation from the contrast between the visual-taste incongruent condition and the visual-taste congruent condition. When the participants gain positive emotions, there would be no regions that showed positive activation from the contrast between the visual-taste incongruent condition and the visual-taste congruent condition. In other words, conflict information processing appears only in the negative environment in the cross modality. These results further demonstrate the ERP experiments speculation, the capacity of the conflict information processing is influenced by the emotional state of human.
Together with the10experiments in the present study, the results indicated that, firstly, four single sensory conflict information processing paradigms (color, size, shape and distance) and four cross-modal conflict information processing paradigms (visual-audio, visual-olfactory, visual-taste and visual-touch) are effective and reliable paradigms to explore the cognitive and neural mechanisms of the conflict information processing in environment. Secondly, the single sensory channel conflict information process is divided into two phases, mainly related to the conflict information monitoring and conflict information response. Thirdly, the cross-modal conflict information processing happens in the conflict information integration and response stage. Fourthly, the superior temporal gyrus might be involved in the conflict information monitoring; the inferior frontal gyrus, the medial frontal gyrus and the supramarginal gyrus are probably involved in the conflict information response; The middle frontal gyrus and the lingual gyrus might be involved in the conflict information integration and response; the postcentral gyrus is probably involved in the sensory contrast. Fifthly, during the cross-modal information processing, the environmental information is imported through different sensory channels then converted into the semantic coding. The conflict information integration and response happens in the end. Positive emotional state of mind will promote and strengthen the cognitive capacity of human brain about the conflict information processing.
首先,研究一以颜色、大小、形状以及距离方面的冲突信息素材为实验材料,使用单一感觉通道刺激呈现方式建立冲突信息加工范式,利用ERP作为技术手段,记录分析环境中单一感觉通道冲突信息加工的相关脑电信号。通过数据分析发现,单一感觉通道冲突信息加工是分为两个阶段的,主要涉及到冲突信息察觉监视和冲突信息反应抑制。在脑电信号上,对不同类型冲突信息的察觉监视的表现形式是相似的,“不一致”条件比“一致”条件诱发出了一个更加负性的ERP成分。对不同类型冲突信息反应抑制的表现形式与任务的类型有关。其中,在对颜色冲突信息加工中和大小冲突信息加工中,与冲突信息反应抑制相关的脑电成分是以晚期负成分(N500或者N500-700)的形式出现的。而在对形状冲突信息加工中和距离冲突信息加工中,与冲突信息反应抑制相关的脑电成分是以晚期正成分(LPC)的形式出现的。此外,在距离冲突信息加工中,从差异波(“距离不一致”条件减“距离一致”条件)观察分析,在150到300毫秒时间窗口中,出现一个显著负成分N280。该负成分反映了认知加工初期大脑在表象层面对冲突信息的加工。
其次,研究二以“视-听”、“视-嗅”、“视-味”以及“视-触”方面的冲突信息素材为实验材料,使用跨感觉通道刺激呈现方式建立冲突信息加工范式,利用ERP作为技术手段,记录分析环境中跨感觉通道冲突信息加工的相关脑电信号。通过数据分析发现,跨感觉通道冲突信息加工涉及到一个阶段,冲突信息整合反应阶段。在脑电信号上,对不同类型冲突信息整合反应的表现形式是相似的,“不一致”条件比“一致”条件诱发出了一个更加负性的ERP成分。但是只有当“听”、“味”以及“触”所呈现的信息是负性,被试的情绪心境为负性时,与冲突信息整合反应相关的负性脑电成分(“不一致”条件减去“一致”条件)才会出现。而在正性情绪心境条件下,“不一致”条件与“一致”条件所诱发的脑电信号之间没有差异。这是由于正性情绪对人脑加工冲突信息的认知能力有促进作用。此外,当被试在看见具有刺激性嗅觉特征的植物的图片后会比看见具有清香性嗅觉特征的植物的图片后,诱发一个更大波幅的N1成分。当被试在看见具有酸性味觉特征的食物的图片后会比看见具有甜性味觉特征的食物的图片后,诱发一个更大波幅的P2成分。这反映了,大脑对具有负性嗅觉特征的物体和负性味觉特征的物体重视程度更高。具有负性感觉特征的刺激对人的生存和环境适应很重要。
最后,研究三两个实验从单一感觉通道冲突信息加工范式和跨感觉通道冲突信息加工范式中选取了形状冲突信息加工范式和“视-味”冲突信息加工范式,结合fMRI技术考察了环境中冲突信息加工的脑激活模式。实验结果显示,单一感觉通道冲突信息加工会激活腹内侧前额叶、额下回、颞上回以及缘上回。其中颞上回可能与冲突信息察觉监视有关,而腹内侧前额叶、额下回以及缘上回是负责单一感觉通道冲突信息反应抑制这一认知过程。同时,跨感觉通道冲突信息加工会激活额中回、舌回以及中央后回。其中额中回与舌回被认为是负责对跨感觉通道冲突信息整合加工,而中央后回可能与感觉对比有关。fMRI实验与ERP实验同样发现,只有当“味”所呈现的信息是负性的时候,“不一致”条件减去“一致”条件才会出现相应脑部区域的激活。也就是说在跨感觉通道信息加工过程中,只有在情绪心境是负性的情况下,大脑才会反映出对冲突信息的加工困难。从而进一步论证了ERP实验的推测,人类对环境中冲突信息加工能力会受到情绪心境的影响。
综合本论文设计中三个研究的10个实验,得到的结论如下。第一,颜色、大小、形状和距离冲突信息加工范式以及“视-听”、“视-嗅”、“视-味”和“视-触”冲突信息加工范式,是研究环境中冲突信息加工的认知与神经机制的有效可靠的实验范式。第二,单一感觉通道冲突信息加工是分为两个阶段,主要涉及到冲突信息察觉监视和冲突信息反应抑制。第三,跨感觉通道冲突信息加工涉及到一个阶段,冲突信息整合反应阶段。第四,颞上回与单一感觉通道冲突信息察觉监视有关,而腹内侧前额叶、额下回以及缘上回是负责对单一感觉通道冲突信息反应抑制。此外,额中回与舌回是负责对跨感觉通道冲突信息整合加工,而中央后回可能与感觉对比有关。第五,在跨感觉通道冲突信息加工过程中,环境中的信息会从不同的感觉通道输入,可能进行语义编码,最后进行整合反应。正性情绪心境会对人脑冲突信息加工的认知能力有促进和加强的作用。
A person can quickly identify the warning sound of an ambulance from the loud traffic noise. One can exclude the interference of a piece of music to play a melody. A person can read the newspaper without being affected by the talk from the next table. Human can easily understand the stimulus novelty and change in the environment to synchronize and integrate the source of stimuli. Activity in daily life requires an ability to make individuals choose to use some of the characteristics of the environment and exclude other conflict or distraction stimuli. After that an individual could make cognitive processing successfully, which is the conflict information processing in environment. It is essential for the adaptation and the survival of human. However, the present situation about the cognitive and neural basis of conflict information processing in environment is still not systematic due to the diversity of the conflict information processing research paradigms. Based on the human styles of accepting outside information (single-sensory-channel information input and cross-feeling-channel information input), the thesis design has developed the classic conflict information processing paradigms. Using event-related potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the present study aimed to systematically explore the cognitive and neural mechanisms of the conflict information processing in environment from multiple dimensions.
Firstly, study1has utilized the conflict information materials from color, size, shape and distance aspects as the experimental materials in the single sensory conflict information processing paradigm. The ERPs technology was used to record the physiological electrical signals during the single sensory conflict information processing. Scalp event-related potential analysis revealed the single sensory channel conflict information process was divided into two phases, mainly related to the conflict information monitoring and the conflict information response. Manifestations about physiological electrical signals of the different types of the conflict information monitoring were similar. The conflict information monitoring was reflected by a negative ERP component elicited by the incongruent condition than the congruent condition. Manifestations about physiological electrical signals of the different types of conflict information response were related to the stimulus dimensions. In color conflict information processing and size conflict information processing, the conflict information response was reflected by a late negative ERP component (N500or N500-700) elicited by the incongruent condition than the congruent condition. However, in shape conflict information processing and distance conflict information processing, the conflict information response was reflected by a late positive ERP component (LPC) elicited by the incongruent condition than the congruent condition. In addition, in distance conflict information processing paradigm, observing from the difference wave, a significant negative component N280was elicited by the distance incongruent condition than the distance congruent condition. This negative component reflected the conflict information processing in the representation level at the early phase of the cognitive processing.
Then. study2has utilized the conflict information materials from visual-audio, visual-olfactory, visual-taste and visual-touch aspects as the experimental materials in the cross-modal conflict information processing paradigm. The ERP technology was used to record the physiological electrical signals during the cross-modal conflict information processing. Scalp event-related potential analysis revealed the cross-modal conflict information processing happened in the conflict information integration and response stage. Manifestations about physiological electrical signals of the different types of the conflict information integration and response were similar. The conflict information integration and response were reflected by a negative ERP component elicited by the incongruent condition than the congruent condition. However, only when the stimuli on auditory channel, gustatory channel and tactile channel are negative, the participants would gain negative emotions. After that, the negative ERP component related to the conflict information integration and response would appear. When the participants gain positive emotions, there would be no difference on the physiological electrical signals between the incongruent condition and the congruent condition. The reason of this phenomenon was the positive emotion would facilitate the cognitive abilities of human brain about the conflict information processing. In addition, after the participants saw a photo of the plant with a pungent olfactory characteristic, a more negative N1component would be elicited, compared with seeing a photo of the plant with fragrance olfactory characteristic. After the participants saw a photo of the food with the sour feature, a more positive P2component would be elicited, compared with seeing a photo of the food with the sweet feature. This reflects that human brains pay more attention on the object with a negative taste characteristic or a negative olfactory characteristic. The stimuli with the negative characteristics are very important for human survival and adaptation to the environment.
Finally, study3has chosen the shape conflict information materials and the visual-taste conflict information materials as the experimental materials, combining fMRI technology, to explore the cognitive and the neural mechanisms of the conflict information processing in environment. The pattern of the neural activity from the contrast between the shape incongruent condition and the shape congruent condition showed that the inferior frontal gyrus, the medial frontal gyrus, the supramarginal gyrus and the superior temporal gyrus might be related to the conflict information processing in the single sensory channel. Specifically, the superior temporal gyrus might be involved in the conflict information monitoring; the inferior frontal gyrus, the medial frontal gyrus and the supramarginal gyrus were probably involved in the conflict information response. The pattern of the neural activity from the contrast between the negative visual-taste incongruent condition and the negative visual-taste congruent condition showed that the middle frontal gyrus, the lingual gyrus, and the postcentral gyrus might be related to the conflict information processing in the cross modality. Specifically, middle frontal gyrus and the lingual gyrus might be involved in the conflict information integration and response; the postcentral gyrus was probably involved in the sensory contrast. The results of fMRI experiment and ERP experiment were similar. Only when the stimuli on gustatory channel were negative, the participants would gain negative emotions. After that, there were three regions that showed positive activation from the contrast between the visual-taste incongruent condition and the visual-taste congruent condition. When the participants gain positive emotions, there would be no regions that showed positive activation from the contrast between the visual-taste incongruent condition and the visual-taste congruent condition. In other words, conflict information processing appears only in the negative environment in the cross modality. These results further demonstrate the ERP experiments speculation, the capacity of the conflict information processing is influenced by the emotional state of human.
Together with the10experiments in the present study, the results indicated that, firstly, four single sensory conflict information processing paradigms (color, size, shape and distance) and four cross-modal conflict information processing paradigms (visual-audio, visual-olfactory, visual-taste and visual-touch) are effective and reliable paradigms to explore the cognitive and neural mechanisms of the conflict information processing in environment. Secondly, the single sensory channel conflict information process is divided into two phases, mainly related to the conflict information monitoring and conflict information response. Thirdly, the cross-modal conflict information processing happens in the conflict information integration and response stage. Fourthly, the superior temporal gyrus might be involved in the conflict information monitoring; the inferior frontal gyrus, the medial frontal gyrus and the supramarginal gyrus are probably involved in the conflict information response; The middle frontal gyrus and the lingual gyrus might be involved in the conflict information integration and response; the postcentral gyrus is probably involved in the sensory contrast. Fifthly, during the cross-modal information processing, the environmental information is imported through different sensory channels then converted into the semantic coding. The conflict information integration and response happens in the end. Positive emotional state of mind will promote and strengthen the cognitive capacity of human brain about the conflict information processing.
引文
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