下一代移动通信系统中的空时分组码技术研究
摘要
随着多媒体移动通信等新业务的发展,频谱资源日益紧张。这对未来的移动通信构成了极大的威胁。因而,开发高效的编码、调制和信号处理技术已成为提高无线频谱效率的当务之急。空时码是一种结合信道编码和分集技术的新型的编码和信号处理方法。它可以不需增加带宽,大幅度的提高无线通信系统的信息容量和传输速率,从而提供远高于传统单天线系统的频带利用率。
本文对空时码中的空时分组码进行了深入地研究。空时分组码以其译码的简单性获得人们的广泛关注,目前已被纳入第三代移动通信(3G)标准,并极有可能成为下一代移动通信中的关键技术。
第一章我们回顾了现代移动通信的发展,并对下一代移动通信系统及其关键技术进行了展望;第二章通过对移动通信信道的分析,引出了克服移动信道中多径衰落的主要措施——分集技术;第三章由MIMO信道容量公式得出空时编码的理论基础,同时介绍了空时编码的编码准则,并对三类主要空时码加以分析和比较;第四章,先简单介绍了Alamouti码,然后就基于满分集的正交空时分组码的系统、编码、以及信号处理进行了深入的探讨。在接下的一章,我们对基于满速率传输的准正交空时分组码的编码、信号处理过程进行了详细的分析。并提出了一种改进的准正交空时分组码译码技术。
With the development of mobile communication, the demands for the limited frequency resource are booming. To develop highly efficient coding, modulation and signal processing technologies is becoming the most necessary measure to meet these demands. Space-time coding (STC), a new coding/signal processing technique, is the combination of channel coding with antenna diversity techniques, and enormously increases the wireless communication system capacity and the data rate without additional system bandwidth and transmitting power.
The dissertation focuses on the space-time block coding (STBC), a kind of STC with simple decoding scheme, which may be used in the next generation mobile communication systems. The main contents are arranged as follows.
The first chapter overviews the development of the mobile communication systems and prospects the next generation communication system, especially its key technology. The mobile wireless channels are analyzed, and the diversity technology, the primary method that used to overcome multipath fading in the mobile communication, is introduced in the second chapter. The third chapter provides the theory about the STC based on multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) channel capacity formula, and derives the criteria of STC, and then compares the performance of the three primary kinds of STC. The next chapter expands Alamouti coding to multiple antennas based on the full-diversity and orthogonal design. STBC is derived. In the fifth chapter, quasi-orthogonal STBC (QSTBC) is derived based on full-rate, and a novel decoding scheme is presented. The conclusions and the next step research targets are provided in the last chapter.
本文对空时码中的空时分组码进行了深入地研究。空时分组码以其译码的简单性获得人们的广泛关注,目前已被纳入第三代移动通信(3G)标准,并极有可能成为下一代移动通信中的关键技术。
第一章我们回顾了现代移动通信的发展,并对下一代移动通信系统及其关键技术进行了展望;第二章通过对移动通信信道的分析,引出了克服移动信道中多径衰落的主要措施——分集技术;第三章由MIMO信道容量公式得出空时编码的理论基础,同时介绍了空时编码的编码准则,并对三类主要空时码加以分析和比较;第四章,先简单介绍了Alamouti码,然后就基于满分集的正交空时分组码的系统、编码、以及信号处理进行了深入的探讨。在接下的一章,我们对基于满速率传输的准正交空时分组码的编码、信号处理过程进行了详细的分析。并提出了一种改进的准正交空时分组码译码技术。
With the development of mobile communication, the demands for the limited frequency resource are booming. To develop highly efficient coding, modulation and signal processing technologies is becoming the most necessary measure to meet these demands. Space-time coding (STC), a new coding/signal processing technique, is the combination of channel coding with antenna diversity techniques, and enormously increases the wireless communication system capacity and the data rate without additional system bandwidth and transmitting power.
The dissertation focuses on the space-time block coding (STBC), a kind of STC with simple decoding scheme, which may be used in the next generation mobile communication systems. The main contents are arranged as follows.
The first chapter overviews the development of the mobile communication systems and prospects the next generation communication system, especially its key technology. The mobile wireless channels are analyzed, and the diversity technology, the primary method that used to overcome multipath fading in the mobile communication, is introduced in the second chapter. The third chapter provides the theory about the STC based on multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) channel capacity formula, and derives the criteria of STC, and then compares the performance of the three primary kinds of STC. The next chapter expands Alamouti coding to multiple antennas based on the full-diversity and orthogonal design. STBC is derived. In the fifth chapter, quasi-orthogonal STBC (QSTBC) is derived based on full-rate, and a novel decoding scheme is presented. The conclusions and the next step research targets are provided in the last chapter.
引文
[1] 张贤达,保铮,通信信号处理,国防工业出版社,2000年12月
[2] 吴伟陵,移动通信中的关键技术,北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2000.11
[3] Vijay K.Garg 第三代移动通信系统原理和工程设计,于鹏等译,北京:电子工业出版社,2001.1
[4] T.S.Rappaport,Wireless Communlications Principle and Practice, Prentice Hall,1996
[5] Arigyaswami Paulraj,Rohit Nabar and Dhananjay Gore, Introduction to space-time wireless communications.
[6] W.C.Y.Lee著,尹浩等译,移动蜂窝通信:模拟和数字系统,电子工业出版社,1996
[7] 祁玉生,邵世祥.现代移动通信系统.通信工程丛书,人民教育出版社,1999年10第一版.
[8] J.K.Proakis,Digital communications(Third edition),McGraw-Hill,1995
[9] 龚耀寰, 自适应滤波(第二版), 北京:电子工业出版社, 2003年7月
[10] 余志坚. 宽带无线通信中发射分集技术的研究:[硕士论文]. 杭州:浙江大学, 2003.1
[11] 孙胜贤. 多用户记忆MIMO系统容量与联合收发波束形成研究:[博士论文]. 成都:电子科技大学,2004.3
[12] 李勇朝. 无线通信下行传输的空时编码技术:[ 硕士论文]. 西安:西安电子科技大学,2001.4
[13] 张治. WCDMA中的发送分集和空时码研究:[硕士论文]. 杭州:浙江大学, 2002.4
[14] 高晶. CDMA系统容量分析与空时分组码性能估计:[硕士论文]. 南京:南京航空航天大学,2002.2
[15] 谢显中. 移动通信中的空时编码技术与接收机设计:[硕士论文]. 西安:西安电子科技大学,2000.9
[16] G.Y. Zysman, J.A.Tarallo, R.E.Howard, et al. Technology evolution for mobile and personal communications, BLTJ, Jan.-Mar., 2000, pp.107-129
[17] 任立刚,李真,宋梅等. 后3G关键技术探讨. 通讯世界 2002年07期
[18] 刘海文.第四代移动通信技术初探,电信蓝页 http://www.lnwx.com.cn
[19] A. Bria, et.al. 4th-Generation Wireless Infrastructures: Scenarios and Research Challenges, IEEE Personal Communications, December 2001, pp.25-31
[20] B.Hjelm, ITU's role in the standardization of IMT-2000 and beyond Stand-ardization and Innovation in Information Technology, 2001 2nd IEEE Confe-rence,3-6,Oct.2001,pp.343-347
[21] J.Chuang and N.Sollenberger, Beyond 3G: Wideband Wireless Data Access Based on OFDM and Dynamic Packet Assignment, IEEE Comm. Mag. July 2000, pp.78-87
[22] Marzetta T.L,Hochwald B.M. Capacity of a Mobile Multiple-antenna Communication Link in Rayleigh Flat Fading[J] .IEEE Trans on IT,1999,45(1):139-176.
[23] L.Zheng, et al. Diversity and Multiplexing: A Fundamental Tradeoff in Multiple-Antenna Channels, IEEE Trans. On Inf. Theory, vol.49, no.5, pp.1073-1096, May 2003
[24] G.Jongren, et al, Combining beamforming and orthogonal space-time block coding, IEEE Trans. On Inf. Theory, Vol.48, No.3, pp.611-626, Mar.2002
[25] Telatar E.Capacity of multiantnna Gaussian channels.ATT&T-Bell Lab. Internal Tech. Memo,1995
[26] A.M.D.Turkmani and J.D.Parasons,”Characterisation of mobile radio signals:base station crosscorrection”,IEE Proc, vol.138, pp.557-565, Dec.1991.
[27] www.3GPP.org
[28] www.3GPP2.org
[29] Tarokh V,Seshadri N,Calderbank A.R Space-Time Codes for High Data Rate Wireless Communication:Performance Criterion and Codes Construction[J]. IEEE Trans on IT,1998,44(2):744-765
[30] P.S.Henry and B.S.Glance,A new approach to high capacity digital mobile raido,Bell syst.Tech,J.,Vol.51,pp.1611-1630,Sept,1992.
[31] J.HWinters. Switched diversity with feedback for DPSK mobile radio system, IEEE Trans.Veb.Technol., Vol.Vt-32,pp.134-150.Feb.1983.
[32] A.Wittneben,Base station modulation diversity for digital SLMULCAST,in Proc.IEEE VIC.91,VOL.1,St Louis,MO,1991,pp848-853.
[33] N.Seshadri and J.H.Winers, Two signal schemes for improving the error performance of frequency-dividion-duplex transmission systems using transmitter antenna diversity, Int.J.Wireless Inform Network, Vol1, NO.1, 1994.
[34]A.Hiroike, F.ADACHI, and N.Nakajima, Combined effects of phase sweeping transmitter diversity and channel coding, IEEE Trans.Veb. Technol, Vol.41, pp170-176. MAY 1992.
[35]V.Weerackody, Diversity for the direct-sequence spread spectrum system using multiple transmit antennas, in Proc.ICC’93, Vol.3, Geneva,
Switzerland, MAY 1993, pp1503-1506.
[36] A.Wittneben,A new bandwidth efficient transmit antenna modulation diversity scheme for linear digital modulation,Proc.IEEE ICC,March 1993,pp.1630-1634
[37] I. E. Telatar, Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channels, European Trans. On Telecomm. Vol. 10, pp. 585-595, Nov. /Dec. 1999.
[38] G. J. Foschini and M. J. Gans, On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas, Wireless Personal Communications, Vol. 6, pp. 311-335, 1998.
[39] M.Patzold, et al, Methods for modeling of specified and measured multipath power-delay profiles, IEEE Trans. On Vehicular Tech., Vol.51, No.5, pp.978-988, Sep.2002
[40] G.J.Foschini, Layered space-time architecture for wireless communication in fading environment when using multi-element antennas, Bell Labs Tech.J. Vol.1, pp.41-59, 1996.
[41] G.J.Foschini, M.J.Gans. Analysis and Performance of Some Basic Space_Time Architectures,IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, vol.21. No.3, APRIL.2000
[42] G. D. Golden et al., Detection Algorithm and Initial Laboratory Results using the V-BLAST Space-time Communication Architecture, Elec. Letters, Vol. 35, No. 1, Jan. 1999, pp. 14–15.
[43] S. M. Alamouti, A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications, IEEE J. Select. Areas Comm., Vol. 16, No. 8, pp. 1451-1458, Oct. 1998.
[44]Vahid Tarkh, Hamid Jafarkhani and A. R. Calderbank ,Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol.45,NO.5,JULY 1999.
[45] Vahid Tarkh, Hamid Jafarkhani and A. R. Calderbank, Space-time block coding for wireless communicatios: Performance Result, IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications, Vol.13, NO.3 MARCH 1999.
[46] H. Jafarkhani, “A quasiorthogonal space time block codes,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 49, pp. 1–4, 2001.
[47] O. Tirkkonen, A. Boariu, and A. Hottinen, “Minimal nonorthogonality rate one space time block codes for 3+ Tx antennas,” Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications, ISSSTA 2000, pp. 429–432, 2000.
[48] Jia Hou, Moon Ho Lee and Ju Yong Park , “ Matrices analysis of quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes ,” communications Letters, IEEE ,
Volume: 7 Issue: 8 , Aug. 2003
[49] Constantinos B. Papadias and Gerard J. Foschini, “A space-time coding approach for systems employing four transmit antennas”
[50]Chau Yuen,Yong Liang Guan and Tjeng Thang Tjhung, Full-rate full-diversity STBC with constellation rotation. IEEE 2003
[2] 吴伟陵,移动通信中的关键技术,北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2000.11
[3] Vijay K.Garg 第三代移动通信系统原理和工程设计,于鹏等译,北京:电子工业出版社,2001.1
[4] T.S.Rappaport,Wireless Communlications Principle and Practice, Prentice Hall,1996
[5] Arigyaswami Paulraj,Rohit Nabar and Dhananjay Gore, Introduction to space-time wireless communications.
[6] W.C.Y.Lee著,尹浩等译,移动蜂窝通信:模拟和数字系统,电子工业出版社,1996
[7] 祁玉生,邵世祥.现代移动通信系统.通信工程丛书,人民教育出版社,1999年10第一版.
[8] J.K.Proakis,Digital communications(Third edition),McGraw-Hill,1995
[9] 龚耀寰, 自适应滤波(第二版), 北京:电子工业出版社, 2003年7月
[10] 余志坚. 宽带无线通信中发射分集技术的研究:[硕士论文]. 杭州:浙江大学, 2003.1
[11] 孙胜贤. 多用户记忆MIMO系统容量与联合收发波束形成研究:[博士论文]. 成都:电子科技大学,2004.3
[12] 李勇朝. 无线通信下行传输的空时编码技术:[ 硕士论文]. 西安:西安电子科技大学,2001.4
[13] 张治. WCDMA中的发送分集和空时码研究:[硕士论文]. 杭州:浙江大学, 2002.4
[14] 高晶. CDMA系统容量分析与空时分组码性能估计:[硕士论文]. 南京:南京航空航天大学,2002.2
[15] 谢显中. 移动通信中的空时编码技术与接收机设计:[硕士论文]. 西安:西安电子科技大学,2000.9
[16] G.Y. Zysman, J.A.Tarallo, R.E.Howard, et al. Technology evolution for mobile and personal communications, BLTJ, Jan.-Mar., 2000, pp.107-129
[17] 任立刚,李真,宋梅等. 后3G关键技术探讨. 通讯世界 2002年07期
[18] 刘海文.第四代移动通信技术初探,电信蓝页 http://www.lnwx.com.cn
[19] A. Bria, et.al. 4th-Generation Wireless Infrastructures: Scenarios and Research Challenges, IEEE Personal Communications, December 2001, pp.25-31
[20] B.Hjelm, ITU's role in the standardization of IMT-2000 and beyond Stand-ardization and Innovation in Information Technology, 2001 2nd IEEE Confe-rence,3-6,Oct.2001,pp.343-347
[21] J.Chuang and N.Sollenberger, Beyond 3G: Wideband Wireless Data Access Based on OFDM and Dynamic Packet Assignment, IEEE Comm. Mag. July 2000, pp.78-87
[22] Marzetta T.L,Hochwald B.M. Capacity of a Mobile Multiple-antenna Communication Link in Rayleigh Flat Fading[J] .IEEE Trans on IT,1999,45(1):139-176.
[23] L.Zheng, et al. Diversity and Multiplexing: A Fundamental Tradeoff in Multiple-Antenna Channels, IEEE Trans. On Inf. Theory, vol.49, no.5, pp.1073-1096, May 2003
[24] G.Jongren, et al, Combining beamforming and orthogonal space-time block coding, IEEE Trans. On Inf. Theory, Vol.48, No.3, pp.611-626, Mar.2002
[25] Telatar E.Capacity of multiantnna Gaussian channels.ATT&T-Bell Lab. Internal Tech. Memo,1995
[26] A.M.D.Turkmani and J.D.Parasons,”Characterisation of mobile radio signals:base station crosscorrection”,IEE Proc, vol.138, pp.557-565, Dec.1991.
[27] www.3GPP.org
[28] www.3GPP2.org
[29] Tarokh V,Seshadri N,Calderbank A.R Space-Time Codes for High Data Rate Wireless Communication:Performance Criterion and Codes Construction[J]. IEEE Trans on IT,1998,44(2):744-765
[30] P.S.Henry and B.S.Glance,A new approach to high capacity digital mobile raido,Bell syst.Tech,J.,Vol.51,pp.1611-1630,Sept,1992.
[31] J.HWinters. Switched diversity with feedback for DPSK mobile radio system, IEEE Trans.Veb.Technol., Vol.Vt-32,pp.134-150.Feb.1983.
[32] A.Wittneben,Base station modulation diversity for digital SLMULCAST,in Proc.IEEE VIC.91,VOL.1,St Louis,MO,1991,pp848-853.
[33] N.Seshadri and J.H.Winers, Two signal schemes for improving the error performance of frequency-dividion-duplex transmission systems using transmitter antenna diversity, Int.J.Wireless Inform Network, Vol1, NO.1, 1994.
[34]A.Hiroike, F.ADACHI, and N.Nakajima, Combined effects of phase sweeping transmitter diversity and channel coding, IEEE Trans.Veb. Technol, Vol.41, pp170-176. MAY 1992.
[35]V.Weerackody, Diversity for the direct-sequence spread spectrum system using multiple transmit antennas, in Proc.ICC’93, Vol.3, Geneva,
Switzerland, MAY 1993, pp1503-1506.
[36] A.Wittneben,A new bandwidth efficient transmit antenna modulation diversity scheme for linear digital modulation,Proc.IEEE ICC,March 1993,pp.1630-1634
[37] I. E. Telatar, Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channels, European Trans. On Telecomm. Vol. 10, pp. 585-595, Nov. /Dec. 1999.
[38] G. J. Foschini and M. J. Gans, On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas, Wireless Personal Communications, Vol. 6, pp. 311-335, 1998.
[39] M.Patzold, et al, Methods for modeling of specified and measured multipath power-delay profiles, IEEE Trans. On Vehicular Tech., Vol.51, No.5, pp.978-988, Sep.2002
[40] G.J.Foschini, Layered space-time architecture for wireless communication in fading environment when using multi-element antennas, Bell Labs Tech.J. Vol.1, pp.41-59, 1996.
[41] G.J.Foschini, M.J.Gans. Analysis and Performance of Some Basic Space_Time Architectures,IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, vol.21. No.3, APRIL.2000
[42] G. D. Golden et al., Detection Algorithm and Initial Laboratory Results using the V-BLAST Space-time Communication Architecture, Elec. Letters, Vol. 35, No. 1, Jan. 1999, pp. 14–15.
[43] S. M. Alamouti, A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications, IEEE J. Select. Areas Comm., Vol. 16, No. 8, pp. 1451-1458, Oct. 1998.
[44]Vahid Tarkh, Hamid Jafarkhani and A. R. Calderbank ,Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol.45,NO.5,JULY 1999.
[45] Vahid Tarkh, Hamid Jafarkhani and A. R. Calderbank, Space-time block coding for wireless communicatios: Performance Result, IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications, Vol.13, NO.3 MARCH 1999.
[46] H. Jafarkhani, “A quasiorthogonal space time block codes,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 49, pp. 1–4, 2001.
[47] O. Tirkkonen, A. Boariu, and A. Hottinen, “Minimal nonorthogonality rate one space time block codes for 3+ Tx antennas,” Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications, ISSSTA 2000, pp. 429–432, 2000.
[48] Jia Hou, Moon Ho Lee and Ju Yong Park , “ Matrices analysis of quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes ,” communications Letters, IEEE ,
Volume: 7 Issue: 8 , Aug. 2003
[49] Constantinos B. Papadias and Gerard J. Foschini, “A space-time coding approach for systems employing four transmit antennas”
[50]Chau Yuen,Yong Liang Guan and Tjeng Thang Tjhung, Full-rate full-diversity STBC with constellation rotation. IEEE 2003